Ég€→⑧•-E-_-←-

@⑥⇐_⑧ →E €F_⑥AE
Excretory Products And Their →g - z-
Elimination--§
 Entrenchments :

Ammonia toxic
> → most , require large
amount of H2O
> Urea →
moderate toxic

> uric acid → least toxic →

min tho req .

Major nitrogenous forms

> CO2 , H2o and ions like K+ ,
p+
,
S , cej Nat
* Excretion of Ammonia → Ammon otelism

qq.it#fishesTaquatic
aquatic insects .
amphibians ,

Ammonia →
readily soluble
t
excretion →
diffusion across body surface
t or
gills
as ammonium ions
1 No significant role kidneys in its
of
removal )
*
Exceeding Irena : Uueoteeism
e-g. terestial amphibians and marine
fishes
" " er
Ammonia > Urea
I
1 Produced by released into blood
metabolism) to
filtered by kidneys

maintain SOME Excreted

desired <
retained
osmolarity back in
kidney medulla
 > Excretion of uric acid → Ueeicoteeism

e±:Reptbid snails
'
Pellets
t
or

insects Paste
( Min . Water loss)

>
Invertebrates :
excretory
I
structures

siimple tubular

4) Peeotonepbeeidia or
flame cells in
C Flatworms)
platyhelminth
annelids
es

Conifers , , cephalochordate
Atmphioxus
( Primarily concerned with
Osmo regulation)
(2) NIKKA : Earthworm and other

t annelids

> remove
nitrogenous waste
> maintain fluid and ionic balance

(3) phigian
Mal
F-
-
tubule : Most insects and
cockroaches
> removal of nitrogenous waste

> Osmo
regulation
141 Attend glands oognoeenngenands :

crustacean
Prawn
Eg
:

tenterhooks :
kidneys
to
complex tubular organ
 HEmeEI✗EeEouy_system
> pair of kidneys
> a pair of ureters

> a
urinary bladder

> a urethra

kidney : •
reddish brown
nerves
ureter
° bean shaped broods t →
'
vessel
12cm
lo
length entry of
-
o

° 5 -7cm width T
o 2- 3cm thick Hilum
T
120
170g eight
° -

IN

inner concave notch

surface
o >
Location :

( last thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebrae)

"

close to inner dorsal wall in abdomen

cavity
> renal pelvis ( broad funnel shape)
inner to hilum

projection Cla calyces

> outer
layer >

tough capsule
> 2 zones > outer > cortex → btw
"
pyramids
°
column of ( eeenal columns)
inner '
Bertini <

t
medulla > conical masses ( medullary
pyramids)
project into calyces

> Nephrosis :
functional unit of kidney
> 1 million
> 2 parts

lylomtrulus Renal tubule

Georgius >
type of capillaries
"

afferent arteriole
( Fine branch
of
v renal artery)
blood
t
arteriole
efferent
t
Peri tubular capillaries
around renal tubule
RLKtubUle_ : Bowman 's capsule
(
beginning)
Cup like-

,
double walled
Iv
encloses
glomerulus
Bowman 's capsule +
glomerulus
H

Tubule
Maepheigian
continues
Body
to
proximal convulated tubules (hÉhG)
coiled
&
Henle 's loop chair pin shaped)
( Medullary
region )
 Henle 's loop
descetsding
limb
descending limb
to
distal convulated
tubule ( highly
cortical region coiled

Collett ing duct

cstoayht
tube)
v

medullary
pyramids
1
Renal Pelvis
keeetienakesmeeegutantie.no
Nephron
→
collecting →
Renal papilla
duct

Renal Calyx
Renal
Ureter minor
pelvis
← a
a
major
Utinary >
Out
bladder
 3
layer filtration
I

UIEafiltration-Izglomerulus.me
>
Podocytes
Basement - I
cells present on
membrane
capillaries inside
^
bohlmann 's capsule
which help in
Bohlmann 's

capsule
formation offspf.it?j
helps its ultra
epithelium
o

filtration
- v

Endothelium inside
1 Filtration
slits ) glomerulus
 "
"

EFF
AFF

FEM
Hydrostatic
PEoe]
Filtrate
containing
waste ,
ions etc .

+ re
pressure
 GHP

Particles
( proteins) "
:
>
Capsular
create
Hyoostatic
.

blockage Pressure
Colloidal
Osmotic
Pressure
-
ve Pressure
 GHP 60 65mm
Hq
= -

COP 30 32mm
Hq
-

CHP 10 18mm
Hg
-

NET =
GHP -
COP -
CHP

NET = 10 -25mm
Hq
BP a GHP

o Renal Plasma flow ( RP F) →

input
GFR ( filtration Rate )
0
glomerular I
output
 Uecker formation
1.
GlomesularFiÉaton
> Filtration of blood
by glomerulus
> Rate 1100 -

1200mL blood 1min

glomerular t capillary
T
>
pressure

Filtration
① through
②
3
layers
endothelium epithelium of
Bow mann 's capsule
of glomerular ( c. a .

podocytes )
B. vessels
③ Basement Memb .

btw these two

 constituents
> Hee
of plasma except
the proteins are
pass onto the lumen

bowman 's
of capsule
Cia ultra
filtration
.

>

> Amt -

of filtrate formed 1min .

= Glomerular Filtration Rate CGFR)

= 125mL / Min =
180 lit f day
Lueteyhome@anEpp.sMech.t
o control GFR Is carried out

in DCT and
> Cellular modification
afferent art .

at the location of
their contact .

> GFR tr →
JG cells activated
t
stimulates
glomerular blood flow
to
GFR back to normal
2.
Reabsorption
s filtrate 180 lit /
→
day ,
urine released
1.5 11 day .

>
99°/ .
filtrate reabsorbed by renal
tubules
>
Glucose a
amino acids ,
Nat etc .

reabsorbed
actively .

>
Nitrogenous lniastes reabsorbed by
passive transport .

>
IN ater reabsorbed passively in the
initial segments .
secretions
3.

H+ g
K+ and ammonia released

by tubular cells .

Helps in maintenance ionic

>
of and

acid base balance body fluids

of .
 Nephoorism
Cortical Nephrons Juxta medullary
85 /
°

15
°
>
o
> / o

> Vasa recta ✗ > Vasa recta ✓

> PTC ✓ > PTC not Klett

( Peoitubularr developed
capillaries)
> Loop is confined >
Loop is deep
to cortex penetrating
IV. short in medulla) in medulla
 ( ɵy¥
*

p, ,

Retinal capsule / Malphigian

body
t
Bohlmann 's lap
+
.
ltopoftl .

Glomerulus
Functions
OI

tusks >
PI
>
reabsorption
>
majority reabsorption ( Max ) .

acid and amino

> all
glucose fatty
,

acid are reabsorbed

> all essential elemements

> 70-8001 .
nutrients are re -
absorbed

>
actively reabsorption
↳ consume energy
Go 65% lniater & ions passively
-

>
-

ce
reabsorbed osmosis
by .
 D
> selective / conditional reabsorption
> kiosk under influence of ADH ,

RAAS ,
aldosterone .
•
pct DCT

> MOTE microvilli > Letsmicrovilli

> More absorption > Less absorption
> Max .

reabsorption > less reabsorption

Filtrate
Glucose
•
:

acids
Fatty
Amino acids
H2O
Ions
 ÷÷÷÷
Ascending

1)
descending
loop loop
i i
concentrating diluting loop
loop

water electrolyte
permeable
o
impermeable
to heater
 EEEkñg
ducts if
H2O absorbed necessary
> Wee a

> Some amount of urea is reabsorbed

maintains
and
osmolarity of
medullary interstitial .
 EKEE←Éh .

>
Helps in making waste more &

more conc .

>
H2O is reabsorbed in more quantity .

> Salts (
electrolytes ) are also eeeabs .

to maintain
osmolarity .
 Begulnatlnnofkindney Functions
>
By hormonal
feedback mech .

involving
"

Hypothalamus IGA Heart

Lto certain
extent)

in blood volume
-

change
>

→
activates
blood
fluid Vol .

Osmo receptors
ionic cone .
-
> excessive loss
of fluid → activates the
receptor
to
stimulate hypothalamus
I
Release ADH
I

fauiates water reabsorption

from
latter
part of tubules and

prevent diuresis
> increase in body fluid volume
I
siaiitch off Osmo receptors
I
suppress ADH release

> ADH
affect kidney by constrictors
effect on blood vessels
t
Tse in blood pressure
to
Tse
glomerular
to
b.
flow
TGFR
> Fall in GFR 1 Glomerular blood
flow
to

activates JG cells
I
releases renin
&
Converts
angiotensin ogen to angiotensin
I

to
angiotensin II

( Powerful vaso - constrictor)

I
T GFR And Glomerular Blood
Pressure
>
Angiotensin II →
activates adrenal
cortex
I
release aldosterone
t
causes reabsorption of Nat
and IN ater
from DCT

to
9 b. P I GFR

This complex mech .

is Kia Renin -

Anngintenmin MECHI
> Tse in Blood Flow to the atria
I
Release of atrial natriuretic factor
( ANF)
t
cause vasodilation
t
tr blood pressure
0
ANF checks on Renin -

Angiotensin
Mech .
Micturition
Weiner formed by nephron
&
carried to
urinary bladder
I
stored till voluntary signal
given by CNS
t
it
Due to
stretching of urine bladder as

get filled in / ith

t
cont .

of smooth muscle
to
relaxation
of& urethral sphincter
release of urine
> Process
of Weenie release →
Micturition

it
> Neural mech .

causing → micturition
reflex
> Adult human → 1 to 1.5 lit / day

busier
1. light yellow coloured ,
watery fluid
2.
Slightly acidic ( pH -

- 6)

3. 2.5 -

3g urea / day
 ]
Glycosuria
Presence in weenie
>
of Glucose →

> " "

ketone bodies → ketonuria

Judicative
2
of
diabetes mellitus
 RILEY IEoganÉEEEEIN :

liver skin
Lungs ,
and

thongs : removes CO2 ( approx 200Mt/min)

and 1Nater

hired : secretes bile containing substances

( bilirubin a
bill Verdin) ,
cholesterol ,

steroid hormones
degraded ,

vitamin adrugs
sweaty : > Produce by sweat glands
>
Nacl a urea a lactic acid etc .

>
primary funct is to cool body
.

surface
Seebeck glands
sterols ,
hydrocarbon and INaxes

through sebum
 Disorders
1. Uremia >
malfunctioning of kidney
leads to accumulation in
of area
blood .

-
may lead to
kidney failure
> Urea can be removed using
haemo
dialysis
>
kidney transplantation → ultimate

method in correction of acute Renal

failure
 Benneteau
.

2-

Stone or insoluble mass

of crystallised
salts ( oxalates ithin
. . etc )
formed IN

Kidney .

3.
ghommxnkeut.us
Inflammation of glomeruli of kidney .

# Hraemimmdialysisn
Blood drained from a convenient
I artery
Pumped into a
dialysing unit
v1 ( Artificial
kidney
 +

adding anti like

after
-

coagulant
t Heparin
unit contains cellophane tubes
surrounded
by dialysing fluid
( have same
composition of plasma
except Na -
wastes )

t
Porous memb- cellophane tube
of
allow
passable of molecule based on

conc .

gradient
&
 I
Blood is cleared
to
blood is
cleared
pumped back to

body through vein after

adding anti -

heparin
> This method is boon to 1000s
of
uremic patients all over lnlorld .
 Thank You

Believe you can and

you’re halfway there