Human Anatomy & Physiology, 9e, Global Edition (Marieb)

Chapter 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue

9.1 Matching Questions

Figure 9.1

Using Figure 9.1, match the following:

A) A
B) E
C) D
D) C
E) B

1) Connective tissue sheath surrounding individual muscle fibers.

Section: 9.2
Learning Outcome: 9.3
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

2) Bundle of muscle cells surrounded by a perimysium.

Section: 9.2
Learning Outcome: 9.3
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

3) Connective tissue covering the exterior of a muscle organ.

Section: 9.2
Learning Outcome: 9.3
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

4) Connective tissue surrounding muscle fiber bundles.

Section: 9.2
Learning Outcome: 9.3
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

5) Individual muscle fiber.

Section: 9.2
Learning Outcome: 9.3
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

Answers: 1) E 2) C 3) A 4) B 5) D
Figure 9.2

Using Figure 9.2, match the following:

A) E
B) A
C) D
D) C
E) B

6) I band.
Section: 9.3
Learning Outcome: 9.4
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

7) H zone.
Section: 9.3
Learning Outcome: 9.4
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

8) A band.
Section: 9.3
Learning Outcome: 9.4
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

9) Z disc.
Section: 9.3
Learning Outcome: 9.4
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

10) M line.
Section: 9.3
Learning Outcome: 9.4
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

Answers: 6) D 7) E 8) C 9) B 10) A

Match the following:

A) Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers
B) Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibers
C) Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibers

11) Depends on oxygen delivery and aerobic mechanisms.

 -

Section: 9.7
Learning Outcome: 9.15
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

12) Have very fast-acting myosin ATPases and depend upon anaerobic metabolism
during contraction.
Section: 9.7
Learning Outcome: 9.15
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

13) Red fibers, the smallest of the fiber types.

Section: 9.7
Learning Outcome: 9.15
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

14) Contain abundant amounts of glycogen.

Section: 9.7
Learning Outcome: 9.15
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

15) Abundant in muscles used to maintain posture.

Section: 9.7
Learning Outcome: 9.15
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

16) A relatively high percentage are found in successful marathon runners.

Section: 9.7
Learning Outcome: 9.15
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

Answers: 11) A 12) B 13) A 14) C 15) A 16) A

Match the following:

A) Tetanus
B) Maximal stimulus
C) Wave summation
D) Muscle tone
E) Multiple motor unit summation

17) The stimulus above which no stronger contraction can be elicited, because all motor
units are firing in the muscle.
Section: 9.5
Learning Outcome: 9.10a
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

18) Determined by alternating motor units of a muscle organ even when the muscle is at
rest.
Section: 9.5
Learning Outcome: 9.10a
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

19) Continued sustained smooth contraction due to rapid stimulation.

Section: 9.5
Learning Outcome: 9.10a
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

20) The situation in which contractions become stronger due to stimulation before
complete relaxation occurs.
Section: 9.5
Learning Outcome: 9.10a
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

21) How a smooth increase in muscle force is produced.

Section: 9.5
Learning Outcome: 9.10a
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

Answers: 17) B 18) D 19) A 20) C 21) E

Match the following:

A) A band
B) Z discs
C) I band
D) Myosin

22) A sarcomere is the distance between two ________.

Section: 9.3
Learning Outcome: 9.4
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

23) The ________ contains only the actin filaments.

Section: 9.3
Learning Outcome: 9.4
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

24) The thicker filaments are the ________ filaments.

Section: 9.3
Learning Outcome: 9.4
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

25) Both actin and myosin are found in the ________.

Section: 9.3
Learning Outcome: 9.4
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

26) The myosin filaments are located in the ________.

Section: 9.3
Learning Outcome: 9.4
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

Answers: 22) B 23) C 24) D 25) A 26) A

Match the following:

A) Sodium ions
B) Acetylcholinesterase
C) Calcium ions
D) Acetylcholine
E) Creatine phosphate

27) The final chemical messenger and "trigger" for muscle contraction. It binds to
troponin.
Section: 9.2
Learning Outcome: 9.3
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

28) A neurotransmitter released at motor end plates by the axon terminals.

Section: 9.2
Learning Outcome: 9.3
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

29) It diffuses across the cell membrane resulting in depolarization.

Section: 9.2
Learning Outcome: 9.3
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

30) Activates synaptic vesicles in axon terminals to fuse with plasma membrane of axon
terminal.
Section: 9.2
Learning Outcome: 9.3
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

31) Used to convert ADP to ATP by transfer of a high-energy phosphate group. A reserve
high-energy compound.
Section: 9.2
Learning Outcome: 9.3
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

32) Breaks down ACh into its building blocks, rendering it ineffective.
Section: 9.2
Learning Outcome: 9.3
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

Answers: 27) C 28) D 29) A 30) C 31) E 32) B

Match the sport to the energy system primarily used to perform the activity:
A) Direct phosphorylation
B) Anaerobic pathway
C) Aerobic pathway

33) Marathons.
Section: 9.7
Learning Outcome: 9.15
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

34) 25 meter swim.

Section: 9.7
Learning Outcome: 9.15
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

35) Weight lifting.

Section: 9.7
Learning Outcome: 9.15
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

Answers: 33) C 34) B 35) A

9.2 True/False Questions

1) Once a motor neuron has fired, all the muscle fibers in a muscle contract.
Answer: FALSE
Section: 9.5
Learning Outcome: 9.9
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS4
Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension

2) The thin filaments (actin) contain a polypeptide subunit G actin that bears active sites
for myosin attachment.
Answer: TRUE
Section: 9.3
Learning Outcome: 9.4
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

3) The force of muscle contraction is controlled by multiple motor unit summation or

recruitment.
Answer: TRUE
Section: 9.7
Learning Outcome: 9.14
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

4) Eccentric contractions are more forceful than concentric contractions.

Answer: TRUE
Section: 9.5
Learning Outcome: 9.11
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

5) A motor neuron and all the muscle cells that it stimulates are referred to as a motor end
plate.
Answer: FALSE
Section: 9.5
Learning Outcome: 9.9
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

6) Peristalsis is characteristic of smooth muscle.

Answer: TRUE
Section: 9.9
Learning Outcome: 9.18
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

7) A contraction in which the muscle does not shorten but its tension increases is called
isometric contraction.
Answer: TRUE
Section: 9.5
Learning Outcome: 9.11
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

8) Muscle cells store more creatine phosphate than ATP resulting in the muscle having a
reserve source of energy.
Answer: TRUE
Section: 9.6
Learning Outcome: 9.12
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

9) During isometric contraction, the energy used appears as movement.

Answer: FALSE
Section: 9.5
Learning Outcome: 9.11
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

10) One of the functions of skeletal muscle contraction is production of heat.

Answer: TRUE
Section: 9.1
Learning Outcome: 9.2
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

11) An increase in the calcium ion level in the sarcoplasm starts the sliding of the thin
filaments. When the level of calcium ions declines, sliding stops.
Answer: TRUE
Section: 9.3
Learning Outcome: 9.5
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

12) Muscle contraction will always promote movement of body parts regardless of how
they are attached.
Answer: FALSE
Section: 9.5
Learning Outcome: 9.11
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

13) Although there are no sarcomeres, smooth muscle still possesses thick and thin
filaments.
Answer: TRUE
Section: 9.9
Learning Outcome: 9.17
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

14) Muscle tone is the small amount of tautness or tension in the muscle due to weak,
involuntary contractions of its motor units.
Answer: TRUE
Section: 9.5
Learning Outcome: 9.10a
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

15) Cells of unitary smooth muscle are found in the longitudinal and circular muscle
layers of the intestine.
Answer: TRUE
Section: 9.9
Learning Outcome: 9.17
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

16) A resting potential is caused by a difference in the concentration of certain ions inside
and outside the cell.
Answer: TRUE
Section: 9.4
Learning Outcome: 9.6
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

17) The effect of a neurotransmitter on the muscle cell membrane is to modify its ion
permeability properties temporarily.
Answer: TRUE
Section: 9.4
Learning Outcome: 9.6
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 3 Application

18) When a muscle fiber contracts, the I bands diminish in size, the H zones disappear,
and the A bands do not diminish in length.
Answer: TRUE
Section: 9.3
Learning Outcome: 9.5
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension

19) Cardiac muscle has a limited regenerative capacity.

Answer: TRUE
Section: 9.1
Learning Outcome: 9.1
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge
20) Smooth muscles relax when intracellular Ca2+ levels drop but may not cease
contractions.
Answer: TRUE
Section: 9.9
Learning Outcome: 9.18
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

1.3 Multiple Choice Questions

1) What is the role of tropomyosin in skeletal muscles?

A) Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the myosin binding sites on
the actin molecules.
B) Tropomyosin is the chemical that activates the myosin heads.
C) Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the actin binding sites on
the myosin molecules.
D) Tropomyosin is the receptor for the motor neuron neurotransmitter.
Answer: A
Section: 9.3
Learning Outcome: 9.5
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

2) Which muscle cells have the greatest ability to regenerate?

A) no muscle can regenerate
B) smooth
C) skeletal
D) cardiac
Answer: B
Section: 9.1
Learning Outcome: 9.1
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension

3) Which of the following would be recruited later in muscle stimulation when contractile
strength increases?
A) large motor units with small, highly excitable neurons
B) motor units with the longest muscle fibers
C) many small motor units with the ability to stimulate other motor units
D) motor units with larger, less excitable neurons
Answer: D
Section: 9.7
Learning Outcome: 9.15
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension

4) Which of the following is a factor that affects the velocity and duration of muscle
contraction?
A) number of muscle fibers stimulated
B) muscle length
C) size of the muscle fibers stimulated
D) load on the fiber
Answer: D
Section: 9.7
Learning Outcome: 9.14
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

5) Myoglobin ________.
A) breaks down glycogen
B) is a protein involved in the direct phosphorylation of ADP
C) produces the end plate potential
D) stores oxygen in muscle cells
Answer: D
Section: 9.3
Learning Outcome: 9.5
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

6) What structure in skeletal muscle cells functions in calcium storage?

A) intermediate filament network
B) sarcoplasmic reticulum
C) mitochondria
D) myofibrillar network
Answer: B
Section: 9.3
Learning Outcome: 9.5
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

7) What does excess postexercise oxygen consumption represent?

A) the difference between the amount of oxygen needed for totally aerobic muscle
activity and the amount actually used
B) the amount of oxygen equal to the oxygen already used
C) the amount of oxygen taken into the body immediately after the exertion
D) amount of oxygen needed for aerobic activity to accomplish the same amount of work
Answer: A
Section: 9.3
Learning Outcome: 9.13
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

8) Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell there is a
short period called the ________ period during which the neurotransmitter is released by
exocytosis, diffuses across the synaptic cleft, and binds to its receptors.
A) relaxation
B) refractory
C) latent
D) contraction
Answer: C
Section: 9.5
Learning Outcome: 9.9
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

9) Creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by ________.

A) forming a temporary chemical compound with myosin
B) forming a chemical compound with actin
C) storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP
D) inducing a conformational change in the myofilaments
Answer: C
Section: 9.6
Learning Outcome: 9.13
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

10) What is the primary function of wave summation?

A) increase muscle tension
B) prevent muscle relaxation
C) prevent muscle fatigue
D) produce smooth, continuous muscle contraction
Answer: D
Section: 9.5
Learning Outcome: 9.9
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 3 Application

11) Which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell?

A) epimysium
B) endomysium
C) fascicle
D) perimysium
Answer: B
Section: 9.2
Learning Outcome: 9.3
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

12) Rigor mortis occurs because ________.

A) no ATP is available to release attached actin and myosin molecules
B) proteins are beginning to break down, thus preventing a flow of calcium ions
C) the cells are dead
D) sodium ions leak into the muscle causing continued contractions
Answer: A
Section: 9.3
Learning Outcome: 9.5
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

13) The oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells is ________.

A) hemoglobin
B) immunoglobin
C) ATP
D) myoglobin
Answer: D
Section: 9.6
Learning Outcome: 9.12
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

14) The contractile units of skeletal muscles are ________.

A) microtubules
B) myofibrils
C) mitochondria
D) T tubules
Answer: B
Section: 9.3
Learning Outcome: 9.4
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

15) What is the functional unit of a skeletal muscle called?

A) a myofibril
B) the sarcoplasmic reticulum
C) a sarcomere
D) a myofilament
Answer: C
Section: 9.3
Learning Outcome: 9.4
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

16) What is the functional role of the T tubules?

A) synthesize ATP to provide energy for muscle contraction
B) enhance cellular communication during muscle contraction
C) stabilize the G and F actin
D) hold cross bridges in place in a resting muscle
Answer: B
Section: 9.3
Learning Outcome: 9.4
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

17) When a muscle is unable to respond to stimuli temporarily, it is in which of the

following periods?
A) latent period
B) refractory period
C) fatigue period
D) relaxation period
Answer: B
Section: 9.5
Learning Outcome: 9.10a
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

18) In an isotonic contraction, the muscle ________.

A) never converts pyruvate to lactate
B) changes in length and moves the "load"
C) does not change in length but increases tension
D) rapidly resynthesizes creatine phosphate and ATP
Answer: B
Section: 9.5
Learning Outcome: 9.11
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

19) Which of the following is the correct sequence of events for muscle contractions?
A) muscle cell action potential, neurotransmitter release, ATP-driven power stroke,
calcium ion release from SR, sliding of myofilaments
B) motor neuron action potential, neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential,
release of calcium ions from SR, ATP-driven power stroke, sliding of myofilaments
C) neurotransmitter release, motor neuron action potential, muscle cell action potential,
release of calcium ions from SR, ATP-driven power stroke
D) neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential, motor neuron action potential,
release of calcium ions from SR, sliding of myofilaments, ATP-driven power stroke
Answer: B
Section: 9.3
Learning Outcome: 9.5
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

20) The mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle is different from skeletal muscle in
that ________.
A) ATP energizes the sliding process
B) the site of calcium regulation differs
C) the trigger for contraction is a rise in intracellular calcium
D) actin and myosin interact by the sliding filament mechanism
Answer: B
Section: 9.9
Learning Outcome: 9.18
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 3 Application

21) Which of the following describes the cells of unitary smooth muscle?
A) They exhibit spontaneous action potentials.
B) They are used for vision and hair raising.
C) They depend upon recruitment using the autonomic nervous system.
D) They consist of muscle fibers that are structurally independent of each other.
Answer: A
Section: 9.9
Learning Outcome: 9.17
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

22) Which of the following is true about smooth muscle?

A) Certain smooth muscle cells can actually divide to increase their numbers.
B) Smooth muscle has well-developed T tubules at the site of invagination.
C) Smooth muscle, in contrast to skeletal muscle, cannot synthesize or secrete any
connective tissue elements.
D) Smooth muscle cannot stretch as much as skeletal muscle.
Answer: A
Section: 9.9
Learning Outcome: 9.17
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

23) Smooth muscle is characterized by all of the following except ________.

A) there are more thick filaments than thin filaments
B) there are no sarcomeres
C) it appears to lack troponin
D) there are noncontractile intermediate filaments that attach to dense bodies within the
cell
Answer: A
Section: 9.9
Learning Outcome: 9.17
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

24) Muscle tissue has all of the following properties except ________.
A) excitability
B) extensibility
C) contractility
D) secretion
Answer: D
Section: 9.1
Learning Outcome: 9.2
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

25) Which of the following statements is true?

A) Cardiac muscle cells have many nuclei.
B) Striated muscle cells are long and cylindrical with many nuclei.
C) Smooth muscle cells have T tubules.
D) Cardiac muscle cells are found in the heart and large blood vessels.
Answer: B
Section: 9.1
Learning Outcome: 9.1
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

26) An anaerobic metabolic pathway that results in the production of two net ATPs per
glucose plus two pyruvic acid molecules is ________.
A) glycolysis
B) the electron transport chain
C) the citric acid cycle
D) hydrolysis
Answer: A
Section: 9.6
Learning Outcome: 9.12
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

27) Muscle tone is ________.

A) the condition of athletes after intensive training
B) a state of sustained partial contraction
C) the ability of a muscle to efficiently cause skeletal movements
D) the feeling of well-being following exercise
Answer: B
Section: 9.5
Learning Outcome: 9.10a
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension

28) The sliding filament model of contraction involves ________.

A) actin and myosin lengthening in order to slide past each other
B) the Z discs sliding over the myofilaments
C) actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlapping
D) the shortening of thick filaments so that thin filaments slide past
Answer: C
Section: 9.3
Learning Outcome: 9.5
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension
29) After nervous stimulation stops, what prevents ACh in the synaptic cleft from
continuing to stimulate contraction?
A) the tropomyosin blocking the myosin once full contraction is achieved
B) acetylcholinesterase destroying the ACh
C) calcium ions returning to the terminal cisternae
D) the action potential stops going down the overloaded T tubules
Answer: B
Section: 9.4
Learning Outcome: 9.6
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 3 Application

30) Which of the following statements is most accurate?

A) T tubules may be sliding during isotonic contraction.
B) Myofilaments slide during isometric contractions.
C) Muscle tension remains relatively constant during isotonic contraction.
D) The I band lengthens during isotonic contraction.
Answer: C
Section: 9.5
Learning Outcome: 9.11
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

31) What is the most distinguishing characteristic of muscle tissue?

A) it is composed of multiple cells working together
B) the ability to respond to nervous stimulation
C) the ability to transform chemical energy into mechanical energy to move the body
D) its cells' in ability to reproduce by mitosis
Answer: C
Section: 9.1
Learning Outcome: 9.2
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 3 Application

32) Of the following muscle types, which has only one nucleus, no sarcomeres, and few
gap junctions?
A) skeletal muscle
B) multiunit smooth muscle
C) cardiac muscle
D) visceral smooth muscle
Answer: B
Section: 9.9
Learning Outcome: 9.17
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

33) Hypothetically, if a muscle were stretched to the point where thick and thin filaments
no longer overlapped, ________.
A) maximum force production would result because the muscle has a maximum range of
travel
B) ATP consumption would increase because the sarcomere is "trying" to contract
C) no muscle tension could be generated
D) cross bridge attachment would be optimum because of all the free binding sites on
actin
Answer: C
Section: 9.3
Learning Outcome: 9.5
Global LO: G2, G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS4
Bloom's Level: 4 Analysis

34) What part of the sarcolemma contains acetylcholine receptors?

A) motor end plate
B) part adjacent to another muscle cell
C) any part of the sarcolemma
D) end of the muscle fiber
Answer: A
Section: 9.4
Learning Outcome: 9.6
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

35) Although all the anatomical parts of muscle work together to give it it's
characteristics, which of the following proteins listed below would be most associated
with the characteristics of extensibility?
A) elastic (titin) filaments
B) potassium (K+) leak channels
C) acetylcholine receptors in the motor end plate
D) thick (myosin) filaments
Answer: A
Section: 9.1
Learning Outcome: 9.2
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 3 Application

36) Although all the anatomical parts of muscle work together to give it it's
characteristics, which of the following proteins listed below would be most associated
with the characteristics of excitability?
A) acetylcholine receptors in the motor end plate
B) the Na+-K+ pump
C) actin of thin filaments
D) elastic (titin) filaments
Answer: A
Section: 9.1
Learning Outcome: 9.2
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 3 Application

37) Although all the anatomical parts of muscle work together to give it it's
characteristics, which of the following proteins listed below would be most associated
with the characteristics of contractility?
A) voltage gated sodium channels
B) thick (myosin) filaments
C) elastic (titin) filaments
D) potassium (K+) leak channels
Answer: B
Section: 9.1
Learning Outcome: 9.2
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 3 Application

38) Oxygen starved tissues can release chemical signals into the blood that can change
the diameter of nearby blood vessels delivering oxygen and nutrients to the tissues. In
doing so the blood vessels will respond through vasodilation (widening of the vessel).
Which muscle type is responsible for this vasodilation?
A) skeletal muscle
B) striated muscle
C) smooth muscle
D) cardiac muscle
Answer: C
Section: 9.1
Learning Outcome: 9.1
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 3 Application

39) Of the following items listed below, which is the best description for why skeletal
muscle stores glycogen.
A) Glycogen provides a smooth surface for filaments to slide on.
B) Glycogen is part of muscles rigid supporting framework.
C) Skeletal muscle is a heavy consumer of energy.
D) The glycogen is an insulating layer that helps regulate body temperature.
Answer: C
Section: 9.1
Learning Outcome: 9.2
Global LO: G2, G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 3 Application

40) During development embryonic cells will fuse to form muscle fibers. This will result
in ________.
A) the coordination of nerve signals to muscle fibers
B) the striations that appear in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues
C) multinucleated muscle fibers that can extend as long as 30 centimeters
D) interlocking of cells that can prevent the filaments from sliding
Answer: C
Section: 9.2
Learning Outcome: 9.3
Global LO: G2, G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2
Bloom's Level: 3 Application

41) Approximately 80% of a muscle fiber's volume are the myofibrils. This characteristic
reflects muscles ability to ________.
A) store oxygen molecules that can be used in aerobic respiration
B) produce relatively high amounts of ATP
C) produce movement through contractile force
D) generate and propagate action potential
Answer: C
Section: 9.2
Learning Outcome: 9.3
Global LO: G2, G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2
Bloom's Level: 3 Application

42) A myosin molecule in the thick filaments can be considered a protein having a
quaternary structural level. Which of the following best describes this structural level?
A) Myosin molecules consist of two heavy and to light polypeptide chains.
B) Myosin has an ATP binding site, actin binding site and flexible hinge region.
C) Myosin is a primary component within a myofibril.
D) Myosin is involved in the power stroke of muscle contraction.
Answer: A
Section: 2.10, 9.3
Learning Outcome: 2.19, 9.4
Global LO: G2, G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2
Bloom's Level: 4 Analysis

43) Curare is a poisonous plant extract. Curare molecules have a chemical structure like
the neurotransmitter ACh. Curare can bind to the ACh receptor site on the chemically
gated ion channels in the motor end plate. Even though curare will bind to the receptor
site it will not open the ion channel and no ions will pass through. What do you think the
symptoms of curare poisoning would look like?
A) Curare will only affect muscles with ACh receptors, paralyzing them.
B) Smooth muscles will become stimulated causing quick movement of nutrients through
the digestive system.
C) Curare will only affect cardiac muscle, causing fibrillations of the heart.
D) Muscles will respond too quickly and cause a severe tremor.
Answer: A
Section: 9.4
Learning Outcome: 9.6
Global LO: G2, G7
HAPS LO: HAPS2, HAPS4
Bloom's Level: 6 Evaluation

44) Myasthenia gravis is a disease that is believed to be caused by autoimmune disorder,

resulting in the loss of ACh receptors at the motor end plate of muscle fibers. Which of
the following is likely to be a symptom of myasthenia gravis?
A) dehydration with headache
B) weakness of muscle
C) seizures and uncontrollable muscle movement
D) coma and loss of voluntary muscle movement
Answer: B
Section: 9.4
Learning Outcome: 9.6
Global LO: G2, G7
HAPS LO: HAPS2, HAPS4
Bloom's Level: 6 Evaluation

45) Which of the following statements best illustrates the fact that skeletal muscle is
voluntary muscle?
A) Skeletal muscle is wrapped in several layers of connective tissue. The deepest layer
being the endomysium.
B) Skeletal muscle appears striated due to the structure of the sarcomeres.
C) Skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by somatic motor neurons.
D) The shivering reflex aids in maintaining body temperature.
Answer: C
Section: 9.1, 9.4
Learning Outcome: 9.4, 9.6
Global LO: G2, G7
HAPS LO: HAPS2, HAPS4
Bloom's Level: 6 Evaluation

46) If a muscle fiber were to suddenly and permanently stop producing ATP the fiber
would no longer be able to actively transport calcium out of the cytoplasm (sarcoplasm)
and the intracellular calcium concentration would rise. Which of the following would you
expect to happen?
A) The fiber would twitch uncontrollably due to excessive calcium bound to troponin.
B) Myosin would be able to bind to the exposed binding sites on thin filaments but it
would not be able to detach.
C) Calcium would be transported to the sarcoplasmic reticulum therefore contractions
would cease.
D) No change would occur in a muscle that was relaxed to begin with.
Answer: B
Section: 9.1, 9.4
Learning Outcome: 9.5
Global LO: G2, G7
HAPS LO: HAPS2, HAPS4
Bloom's Level: 6 Evaluation

47) When a sarcomere contracts and thin filaments move over thick filaments you would
expect to see ________.
A) the H zone to appear wider
B) the I bands to appear smaller
C) the I bands to appear wider
D) the A band to appear darker
Answer: B
Section: 9.4
Learning Outcome: 9.5
Global LO: G2, G7
HAPS LO: HAPS2, HAPS4
Bloom's Level: 3 Application

48) Addition of more myoglobin to a muscle fiber would have the largest effect on
________.
A) fast oxidative and slow oxidative fibers
B) fast glycolytic and fast oxidative fibers
C) fast glycolytic fibers only
D) fast oxidative fibers only
Answer: A
Section: 9.7
Learning Outcome: 9.15
Global LO: G2, G7
HAPS LO: HAPS2, HAPS4
Bloom's Level: 3 Application

49) Exhaustion of glycogen storage within a muscle fiber would have the biggest effect
on ________.
A) both slow and fast oxidative fibers
B) slow oxidative fibers
C) fast oxidative fibers
D) fast glycolytic fibers
Answer: D
Section: 9.4
Learning Outcome: 9.5
Global LO: G2, G7
HAPS LO: HAPS2, HAPS4
Bloom's Level: 3 Application

50) Reduction in blood flow to a muscle fiber would have the greatest effect on
________.
A) slow oxidative fibers
B) fast oxidative fibers
C) both slow and fast oxidative
D) fast glycolytic
Answer: A
Section: 9.4
Learning Outcome: 9.5
Global LO: G2, G7
HAPS LO: HAPS2, HAPS4
Bloom's Level: 3 Application

51) A potential benefit of recruiting slow oxidative fibers for contraction before recruiting
fast oxidative and fast glycolytic fibers might be ________.
A) because they are slower to respond, slow oxidative fibers must be stimulated first in
order to contract simultaneously with the faster fibers
B) there is little to no benefit from recruiting slow oxidative fibers first and therefore it is
in fact fast glycolytic fibers that will be recruited first
C) recruiting slow oxidative fibers early helps to tire them out first so that they won't
interfere with the more powerful contractions of fast glycolytic fibers
D) this will help to allow for fine control with delicate contractile force with a small
stimulus
Answer: D
Section: 9.7
Learning Outcome: 9.15
Global LO: G2, G7
HAPS LO: HAPS2, HAPS4
Bloom's Level: 6 Evaluation

52) Addition of more mitochondria to a muscle fiber will have the least effect on
________.
A) slow oxidative fibers
B) fast glycolytic fibers
C) fast oxidative fibers
D) both slow and fast oxidative fibers
Answer: B
Section: 9.4
Learning Outcome: 9.5
Global LO: G2, G7
HAPS LO: HAPS2, HAPS4
Bloom's Level: 6 Evaluation

53) If given the exact same amount of ATP, which of the three fiber types would be able
to contract for the longest amount of time?
A) slow oxidative fibers
B) fast glycolytic fibers
C) both fast glycolytic and fast oxidative fibers
D) fast oxidative fibers
Answer: A
Section: 9.4
Learning Outcome: 9.5
Global LO: G2, G7
HAPS LO: HAPS2, HAPS4
Bloom's Level: 3 Application

54) The 100 meter dash is a quick and short run requiring explosive speed. On
completion of the dash the runners will continue to breathe hard for several seconds to
minutes even though they are no longer running. Which of the following is the best
explanation for why this is so?
A) Since the exercise was mostly aerobic exercise, the runners' bodies have not yet
realized the run is over.
B) The runners' fast oxidative muscles are so slow to utilize oxygen it only begins aerobic
respiration by the time the run has finished.
C) The runners' use of stored oxygen, glucose and creatine phosphate is being replenished
and this requires a prolonged increase of oxygen intake.
D) Slow oxidative fibers are recruited last and have only started to work at completion of
the run.
Answer: C
Section: 9.6
Learning Outcome: 9.13
Global LO: G2, G7
HAPS LO: HAPS2, HAPS4
Bloom's Level: 4 Analysis

1.4 Short Answer Questions

1) Only ________ muscle cells are multinucleated.

Answer: skeletal
Section: 9.1
Learning Outcome: 9.1
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

2) The end of the muscle that is attached to the part of the body in motion when a muscle
contracts is called the ________.
Answer: insertion
Section: 9.2
Learning Outcome: 9.3
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

3) The enzyme ________ is present in the synaptic cleft. Its activity stops the
neutotransmitters stimulation.
Answer: acetylcholinesterase
Section: 9.4
Learning Outcome: 9.6
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

4) Which cells help repair injured skeletal muscle fibers and allows regeneration of dead
skeletal muscle?
Answer: satellite cells
Section: 9.8
Learning Outcome: 9.16
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

5) Only ________ muscle cells commonly branch.

Answer: cardiac
Section: 9.1
Learning Outcome: 9.1
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

6) A smooth, sustained contraction from rapid stimulation is called ________.

Answer: tetanus
Section: 9.5
Learning Outcome: 9.10a
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

7) Define muscle fatigue.

Answer: It is an inability of the muscle to contract despite continued stimulation.
Section: 9.6
Learning Outcome: 9.3
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 3 Application

8) Describe two ways in which the lack of ATP production results in rigor mortis.
Answer: Following the death of an individual, ATP is rapidly consumed and cannot be
replaced. Because cross bridge detachment and calcium active transport is ATP driven,
calcium leakage from the sarcoplasmic reticulum causes attachment of cross bridges, and
lack of ATP prevents detachments.
Section: 9.3
Learning Outcome: 9.5
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 4 Analysis

9) Describe the anatomical parts of the muscle triad and how the function of these
organelles work together to initiate contraction.
Answer: The parts of the muscle triad are two adjacent SR terminal cisterns plus one
intervening T tubule. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a reservoir for calcium ions in the
cell's normal resting state. The T tubule is a fold in the cell membrane between the
sarcoplasmic reticuli. When an impulse is activated by a motor neuron, the voltage-
regulated change causes SR foot proteins to open Ca2+ channels. The calcium ions are
flushed out where they interact with the troponin complex to initiate a contraction. Once
the axon stops firing, the membrane polarity is quickly restored and the calcium ions are
pulled off the troponin and attracted back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Section: 9.4
Learning Outcome: 9.8
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

10) Briefly explain the sources of energy for a one-minute sustained muscle contraction.
Answer:
1. The first 4-6 seconds of energy come from stored ATP in the muscle cell.
2. 6-15 seconds of energy come from the transfer of creatine phosphate and ADP (which
come from the first few seconds of burn) to form additional ATP.
3. 15-60 seconds of energy come from glycolysis, which by now has begun full
production of ATP from glucose.
Section: 9.6
Learning Outcome: 9.12
Global LO: G2, G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2
Bloom's Level: 3 Application

11) Caveolae are an anatomical feature of smooth muscle. Describe this anatomical
feature and specifically how it improves smooth muscles' response to nervous stimulation
Answer: Caveolae are pouch like inholdings on the sarcolemma that contain many
voltage gated calcium ion channels. These inholdings greatly increase the surface area
that will respond to nervous stimulation.
Section: 9.9
Learning Outcome: 9.18
Global LO: G2, G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2
Bloom's Level: 4 Analysis

12) How is it that norepinephrine (NE) can inhibit smooth muscle action in airways, yet
stimulate contractions in smooth muscles everywhere else in the body?
Answer: Norepinephrine's effects depend upon the action of the receptor to which it
binds. There is a different type of NE receptor on bronchiolar muscle than the NE
receptor in other places.
Section: 9.9
Learning Outcome: 9.18
Global LO: G2, G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2
Bloom's Level: 3 Application
13) Describe how the unique contractile mechanism of smooth muscle allows it to
contract and remain in a contracted state for long periods of time with relatively little
energy expenditure.
Answer: Smooth muscle possesses a latch state in which it can maintain its new length
while relaxed and therefore hold a contracted state using little energy.
Section: 9.9
Learning Outcome: 9.18
Global LO: G2, G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

14) Describe the difference between muscle tension, muscle contraction and a muscle
twitch.
Answer: A muscle twitch is the response of a motor unit to a single action potential from
a motor neuron. A twitch consists of three phases, latent period, contraction and
relaxation. Contraction is simply the activation of the myosin cross bridge cycle and
tension is the force that is excreted by this contractions.
Section: 9.5
Learning Outcome: 9.9
Global LO: G2, G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2
Bloom's Level: 4 Analysis

1.5 Clinical Questions

1) Gary was injured in an automobile accident that severed the motor neurons innervating
his quadriceps. Even though he has had extensive physical therapy, he is still suffering
muscle atrophy. Why is the therapy not working?
Answer: In denervation atrophy, fibrous connective tissue replaces the muscle tissue that
was lost. When atrophy is complete, fibrous tissue cannot be reversed to muscle tissue.
Section: 9.7
Learning Outcome: 9.15
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

2) Aaron arrived at the hospital with the following symptoms: drooping eyelids; fatigue
and weakness of his muscles; and difficulty talking, breathing, and swallowing. What was
his diagnosis?
Answer: Aaron probably has myasthenia gravis (an autoimmune disease), which
involves a shortage of ACh receptors at the neuromuscular junction.
Section: 9.7
Learning Outcome: 9.15
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

3) Lynn has been waking up each night with intense pain in her calves. She does not feel
that it is serious enough to seek medical attention but would like to know what is causing
the pain. What would you tell her concerning this problem? She has been playing tennis
all summer for several hours each day. Could this have anything to do with the night
pain?
Answer: This is due to sustained spasm, or tetanic contraction, of the gastrocnemius
muscle. The causes could be low blood sugar, electrolyte depletion (particularly sodium
and calcium), dehydration, or irritability of the spinal cord neurons. The fact that Lynn
has been playing tennis for several hours each day may have caused an electrolyte
depletion. She should increase her intake of sodium and calcium.
Section: 9.7
Learning Outcome: 9.15
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

4) When a geriatric patient is admitted to the postsurgical unit, an important nursing

measure is to prevent the loss of muscle mass. What is the term used for loss of muscle
mass and how can the patient prevent it?
Answer: Disuse atrophy is degeneration and loss of muscle mass. The size, shape, tone,
and strength of muscles (including the heart) are maintained with mild exercise and
increased with strenuous exercise. Promoting exercise to maintain a patient's muscle tone,
joint mobility, and cardiovascular function is an important nursing function.
Section: 9.7
Learning Outcome: 9.15
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

5) The nurse encourages the patient to do his own activities of daily living such as
bathing, eating, dressing, and toileting activities. How do these activities promote
physical conditioning?
Answer: These activities are isotonic exercises in which muscle tension is constant and
then shortens to produce muscle contraction and movement. Because the muscles
contract, the shape, size, and strength of the muscles are maintained as well as joint
mobility.
Section: 9.7
Learning Outcome: 9.15
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

6) A patient is admitted for electroconvulsive treatment (ECT). The physician orders the
neuromuscular blocking agent succinylcholine to reduce trauma by relaxing skeletal
muscles. Explain the process of muscle contraction and how a neuromuscular blocking
agent such as succinylcholine would interfere with muscle contraction.
Answer: Muscle contraction begins with a stimulus to the nerve. When the impulse
reaches the neuromuscular junction, depolarization occurs, resulting in an influx of
calcium ions from the extracellular fluid into the terminals, which then release a
neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (ACh), into the cleft. The ACh combines with receptor
sites on the postjunctional muscle cell membrane, depolarizing it and facilitating the
entry of sodium. Neuromuscular blocking agents act at the motor end plate by competing
with the ACh for the receptor sites, or by blocking depolarization.
Section: 9.7
Learning Outcome: 9.15
Global LO: G7
HAPS LO: HAPS1
Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge