Dual nature of radiation

and matter
 lÉÉwu→ The
phenomenon of emission
of electrons
from as metal
surface
is called electron emission .

methods
energy required supplied by following
For e- emission
,
the can be :

metal heated its electrons

t.tn#niEmissiow- when a is
, free get sufficient
thermal
energy
and
they can overcome
surface barrier -

is
2- Field emission on cold cathode emission -

When a metal
surface subjected
to
Iec-hiWto3
's
-108 Hmt
,
e-'s are emitted from it .

3.ph#Emisswn- e- are emitted from a metal surface when

e.
sufficiently high frequency
radiations of
incident are on it .

m .

4.se#-emisswu- when fast moving electrons strike a metal surface ,

electrons metal and

they transfer to some
of their
energy
the
free of the

woukfunetif
theygetejectediftheenergyismouethantheenergyof
•

amount electron
The minimum
of energy required by an
-

metal surface called work

function of
b-
just escape from the is

metal .

ltisdenotedbyhloandmeasweeduielecbuonvoetce.it#
LÉ) is kinetic electron
energy gained by
-

one ex the an

accelerated potential difference of 1

uol. tl
it
through
when is a

(1.6×10-19)
ell = I ✗ all

1ev-a.l.to/lo-19-f
a m
ÉÉ→wheneightofsuitablefrequeneyiUuminaTsu
surface ,
electrons are emitted
from a metal surface
-

This phenomenon is

called photo electric

effect
-

light) generated
The photo ( electrons are called

photo -
electrons -

netf
HÉbF-WhieedemonsbTatingtheexislenceofelecbo-mag

÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷:÷÷÷""
detector
electrodes
of loop more
easily
when cathode was illuminated

Hall coach 's observations -

Utina violet
light was allowed to
fall on Line

1-
unchanged if initially negatively changed .

positively changed if initially unchanged

2. .

3. movie
rely changed if initially uely changed
+ 1- .

concluded that
Foom these observations it ,
was some
negatively changed
particles plate when to
by
ultraviolet
were emitted the nine
exposed
eighty
Neha Chhabra
PGT Physics
ÉbÑrs -
when ultraviolet radiations are allowed to
fall on the

evacuated
ultraviolet
light
emitter plate of an
glass

÷÷"_
tube
enclosing
two electrodes ,
current
flows
electrons in the eiorcuit . As soon as v11 Nadia tons
µA the current also stops
are
stopped ,
-

1411
-

'

Quanta
E×ÉtIsÉIlµ → window allows the radiations
UV

to
window Evacuated
tube
irradiate the folate c. The e-s are emitted
by
tpholo sensitive and collected
by plate
collector cathode e A called anode
*

m
Ove collector .

So
,
as current called photoelectric
in measured
current flows the outer circuit which is

ammeter
by micro .

E. my
divider

.
H -1.13

intensity of
"
.
.

light photoelectric current

If allow
1-
Effect of on we
-

÷÷÷÷"÷ " "

photocurrent electrodes
found
•
the
b/w the
,
then is to increase

radiation
linearly with the incident •
This implies that the
intensity of eight →

to
no .

of photo electrodes emitted per second is

proportional the
Intensity of incident

radiation .

2.tw#b-E-bemnen- If we
keep the

intensity
and
frequency of incident radiation fixed ,
it is found
photocurrent
accelerating potential
that the increases with the increase in stopping

till saturation is reached ( photocurrent becomes constant ) " →

stage
a - -

Vo 0 Anode potential
←
Retarding potential .

If we never see the

polarity of potential ,
it is
found that the
photocurrent starts to

decrease it becomes
stopping
in potential until
negative
with the at
increase hero
cutoff on

potential .

is
by stopping
At
stopping potential ,
the work done
potential equal to the kinetic

electron
energy of fastest
.

kma×=i_mvm2a×=#
With the incident radiation saturation
intensity of frequency of
increase in value
of same ,
the

current increases .

3.

For

with
e-wectEyqmudentas-b.gl
constant

the
Intensity of
radiation

increase
stopping potential
in
frequency of
,
the

incident radiation which

increases

implies
-

÷÷÷¥÷
-
.

Voz -

Von -

Voi 0 Anode
current

potential V →

incident radiation
frequency
is the
that
greater the
of , greater

I
md hence is the
maximum K.E.
of photoelectrons greater stopping
É÷i÷É ✗
=
Metal it
fsotential .

Metal B

Neharadiation
Chhabra co ) →

PGT Physics
 ÉPÉE →
frequency incident radiation
and
1. For a.
given photosensitive material of ,
the photocurrent is

to the
directly proportional intensity of light
-

material , exists certain

given photosensitive
For amount below
2. a. there a minimum cut
off frequency
-

which no
photoelectrons are emitted howsoever
high is the
intensity of incident radiation -
This
frequency
is called
thÉf^

frequency stopping potential/ maximum of photoelectrons

Above threshold K.E. is
directly
3-
the g the

prop otwnal to the

frequency of
incident radiation but is
independent of intensity
-

instantaneous fsorocess lag b/w

The is radiation
4.
photoelectric emission an ( the time the incidence
of light

.:÷÷÷:÷÷÷÷÷::÷÷÷÷÷÷→
RÉSEAU

density of
the wave so
,
liberated
→

photoelectrons have
greater
kinetic
energy
.

fails frequency according to

to
theory
existence
2. wave
explain the
of threshold which

a
light of sufficient Intensity should be able to
eject electrons from the metal surface no

is
frequency
radiation
matter what the
of incident .

The distributed its

energy of light is
evenly advancing wavefront it should
3. wave across .
so
,

÷÷÷:÷÷""*→
÷÷÷:
Einstein 's
theory

:÷÷÷::÷÷÷÷÷:÷:÷
and electron
particles
-

photon .

%
2 . The minimum
energy required to liberate an electron
from
.

Bound electron

3. The
energy
( hd)
of incident
photon is used in lino
parts :

d) to liberate electrons from metal

surface ( ulo )

di) to
impart K .
E. to the
ejected electrons

Energy of
incident photon = Maximum KE .

of photoelectrons + Wouk
function
E- = hlo 1- kmax -

is

hdol-lzmfmafi-mv.sn?x=hI-hT#
hO=

do
frequency
where -
threshold
,

d-
frequency of incident photon
Note 0200 dzmrtmhaxe
If
then will be
negative
:
,

This has no
physical meaning . so photo - electric emission does not take place below threshold
frequency .

evo
stopping potential
is the then ,
If Yo kmax =

and
eqn.ci ) becomes ; hi -
- hoo + evo Neha Chhabra
PGT Physics
 µ
"a*→÷÷÷¥:÷÷÷¥÷÷
evo =

vo-th-jo-Y-e.jo#
hi -
hi .
I
stopping
µ§¥÷É:
it
on
comparing; +
m - c
y
-

%,
-

we .tn

have ; to
we y =

me slope)= hz
✗ =D
and c. (intercept) =
-

h-e.io

1. in the interaction
of radiation with matter
,
radiation behaves as
if it is made
of particles ,

called photons -

2- Each
photon has
E=hO=h÷ and momentum f. Ele hole h
/ ✗
energy
= =
=

3 . Photons are
electrically neutral and are not
deflected by
Electric and
magnetic fields .

total
4. In
photon -

particle collision ,
the
energy
and total momentum a re conserved -
However
,
the no .

of photons a re not

conserved .

photons of
frequency wavelength momentum pendent
5. All same have same and wide
energy
on

of intensity of light
.

increased
light of
is incident
6 .

If the
intensity of a
given wavelength ,
the no .

of photons
is increased But the
of
each
photon remains same
energy
-

, .

The nest
photon cannot exist at rest
of photon
7 mass is aero Li e a
,
- .
.

MEI
m =

✓ 1- v2

for vatpholon)
since
g ✓ = e (

so Mo Crest )
= 0 mass
,

D-És:giew
De -

Broglie put forth a

hypothesis that material particles in motion should
display
wave - like properties .

Two considerations :

1- The two
physical quantities which
govern
all the
forms of physical universe

are mass and

energy
-

"
that
complete equivalence
'
is E- me shouts
energy equivalence
Einsteins mass there
-

between matter Cmars

) and radiation ( energy ) .

2. since nature loves

symmetry therefore De Broglie predicted that matter must -

also
possess dual nature photons possess as .

•
associated material particles called
'

The waves with in motion are matter waves on

gÉsandtheinwanel÷ngmtgiscauedDe-Bnogeiewauel
engf
Einstein 's
De-ÉÑ- mass -

energy equivalence :

E=h0
Energy of photon ,

'm' ; -

photon particle of mars hi me

considering
as a =

h÷=mc2
D= h_mo= ↳ Neha Chhabra
→ momentum of photon
PGT Physics
 to 's must
hypothesis
'
particle of velocity
'
with
According Broglie
•

moving
•
De -

,
a mass m w

"
be
of wavelength
•
associated with matter a is :

by
wave
a
given

×=hp_=d
's
De
Broglie wave
equation
-
.

associated with material

particles
If
then that
This
implies
Note > as waves are
: •
v=o =
-

only when
they are in motion .

j÷:÷;÷÷÷:
electron
Broglie wavelength of
De -
an →

revolving
e-
; 2ñM=wd (
integral multiple of
wavelength)
wavelength of
the e- ✗
,
=hg- where momentum
p of e-
-

,
>
=÷v k k E. e-
of
-
-

:# accelerating potential
4-

:-# =÷→
• =

here h= 6.6×10-34 Is

i2-¥÷
, so > =
, m
-31
m= 9. I ✗ to
kg
C = I -6×10-19 C

a=÷÷

⇐µimentigismeasw÷É
fill . ( capable
rotation
of
(Davisson

as a
and

function of scattering
Germer experiment)

angle § ,
the

①
€-3
between the incidence and scattered
angle
- - -

for different
accelerating
electron beam
'

)
potentials V
emits electrons
( -

Construction -

.=ed movement
i chamber :
for free of
electrons without air resistance
any
.

Electron electrons
2
gun :
for emission
of
.
.

electrons
3 .

Battery :
for acceleration of in the
cylinder .

detector
a. Nickel
target : used to
deflect electron beam towards the .

5. Movable detector (collector ) : to detect the

intensity of electrons
deflected
by the nickel crystal at
varying voltage supplies ( 44 to 684 ) .

6
Galvanometer to measure small values
of current
-

.
:

detected at and
observations
strong peak was sst the
angle of scattering
-

used to be 50°
diffraction similar to that
.
The
pattern was
of the

waves and the

wavelength corresponding to the eteibion wave was
found to

's
be 0.165 nm which is
strong
in
agreement to the De -

Broglie hypothesis
✗ = i. 227 = t.LI = o . 165 nm Neha Chhabra
g- V55
PGT Physics
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natuue(malterwa