Preliminary Screening of Herbicides on Coriander

(Coriandrum sativum L.)

By:

Saber Merghani Mohammed

B.Sc. (Agric.) Honours
University of Gezira

A thesis submitted to the University of Khartoum in partial

fulfillment for the requirement of the Degree of Master of
Science (Crop Protection)

Supervisor: Dr. Salah Eltom Elamin

Associate Professor

Department of Crop Protection

Faculty of Agriculture
University of Khartoum
November. 2003
 DEDCATION
To my family with love
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

All my thanks and praise to Allah, who gave me health, strength

and patience during my study to complete this work.

I would like to express my deepest appreciation, gratitude and

sincere thanks to my supervisor Dr. Salah Eltom Elamin, University of

Khartoum, Faculty of Agriculture for his continuous interest, and help.

My special and deep thanks to Dr. Nagat Moubark for the

revision and patient reeding of the manuscript and her valuable

comments.

Thanks are also extended to Prof. Abdal Mageed Yassin

coordinator for higher studies and Research, University of Juba for his

suggestions and advice during this work.

Gratitudes are due to my family of the Department of Crop

Protection, friends, and colleagues for their co-operation and

assistance.
 CONTENTS

Page

Table of contents iii

List of tables vi

List of figurs vii

Engilsh Abastract viii

Arabic Abastract ix

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER TOW: LITERATURE REVIEW 4

2.1 Definition of weed 4

2.2 Classification of weeds 4

2.3 Economic importance of weeds 4

2.4 Losses in different crops due to weeds infestation 5

2.5 Losses in vegetable crops due to weeds 7

2.6 Methods of weed control 8

2.6.1 Preventive weed control 9

2.6.2 Cultural weed control 9

2.6.2.1 Hand weeding 9

2.6.2.2 Mechanical weeding 9

2.6.2.3 Tillage 10

2.6.2.4 Burning 10

2.6.2.5 Flooding 10

2.6.2.6 Mulching 11

2.6.2.7 Crop roation 11

2.6.3 Biological control 11

2.6.4 Chemical control 12

2.7 Classification of herbicides 12

2.8 Chemical control in vegtable crops 13

2.9 Use of Herbicide in coriander crop 15

2.10 Herbicides used in this investigation 16

2.10.1 Stomp (pendimethalin) 500EC 16

2.10.2 Goal (oxyfluorfen) 18

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS 19

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS 21

4.1 Effect of herbicides used on some growth components of

coriander crop 21

4.1.1 The effect of herbicides on plant shoot height 21

4.1.2 The effect of herbicides on germination of coriander seeds 21

4.1.3 The effect of the herbicides on the fresh weight of plant 22

4.1.4 The effect of the herbicides on the dry weight of the plant 22

4.2 The effect of the herbicides on weed control 31

4.2.1 The effect of the herbicides on the grass weeds 31

4.2.2 The effect of the herbicides on the broad-leaved weeds 31

4.2.3 The effect of the herbicides on the total weed control 32

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION 39

CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 42

References 44

Appendices
 LIST OF TABLES

Table (1) The effect of herbicides treatments on plant height (cm). 23

Table (2) The effect of herbicides treatments on percentage

germination of coriander crop. 24

Table (3) The effect of herbicides treatments on plant shoot fresh

weight four weeks after application. 25

Table (4) The effect of herbicides treatments on plant shoot dry

weight four weeks after application. 26

Table (5) The effect of herbicides treatments on grass weeds four

weeks after application. 33

Table (6) The effect of herbicides treatments on broad-leaved four

weeks after application. 34

Table (7) The effect of herbicides treatments on total of weeds as

percentage control four weeks after application. 35

 LIST OF FIGURE

figure (1) Total effect of herbicides on coriander plant hieght. 27

Figure (2) Total effect of herbicides on coriander seed germination. 28

Figure (3) Total effect of herbicides on coriander fresh weight. 29

Figure (4) Total effect of herbicides on coriander dry weight. 30

Figure (5) Total effect of herbicides on coriander grasses (%) four

weeks after application. 36

Figure (6) Total effect of herbicides on coriander broad-leaved weeds

control (%) four weeks after application. 37

Figure (7) Total effect of herbicides on coriander total of weeds control

(%) four weeks after application 38

 ABSTRACT

This study was conducted in a semi- controlled condition in a

glasshouse in the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum,
Shambat, during the winter growing season 2002/2003 to evaluate the
selectivity and efficacy of four herbicides for control of weed in
coriander crop (Coriandrum sativum L.).
The herbicides used were pendimethalin, oxyfluorfen, atrazine
and oxadiazon. Each herbicide was used at three rates, pendemathalin
at 0.25,0.50,0.75 L/feddan, oxyfluorfen at 0.3 , 0.4, 0.5, L/feddan,
atrazine at 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 L/feddan and oxadiazon at 0.25, 0.50, 0.75
L/feddam.
Results showed that the herbicides atrazine and oxadiazon lead
to failure germination and death of crop, so their use was discontinued
Also, the study showed at the two herbicides pendimathalin and
oxyflurofen treatments have significantly increased the percentage
control of annual broad land narrow leaved weeds compared to weedy
check.
The herbicide pendamathalin increased the growth parameters
including plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, while percentage
germination in the control treatment was not affected.
The herbicide oxyfluorfen at it is high rate caused injury to the
crop and reduced the growth parameters.
Some weed species in the experimental site such as Datura spp,
Solanum dubium L., Cyndon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus L. and
Euphorbia spp, have showed some tolerance to the applied of
herbicides.
 ‫ﺨﻼﺼﺔ ﺍﻷﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ‬

‫ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺯﺠـﺎﺠﻲ ﺒﻜﻠﻴـﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻁﻭﻡ ﺒﺸﻤﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺨﻼل ﻤﻭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻡ ‪2003/2002‬ﻡ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺘﻘـﻴﻡ‬

‫ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﻪ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﺭﺒﻌـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﻤﺒﻴـﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤـﺸﺎﺌﺵ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﻤﺤـﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻜﺯﺒـﺭﺓ‬

‫)‪.(Coriandrum sativum L.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻫـﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺩﻤﺎﺜﻠﻴﻥ )‪ ،(pendemathalin‬ﺃﻭﻜـﺴﻠﻔﻭﺭﻓﻴﻥ‬

‫)‪ ،(oxyfluorfen‬ﺍﺘﺭﺍﺯﻴﻥ )‪ ،(atrazine‬ﺍﻭﻜﺴﺎﺩﻴﺯﻭﻥ )‪.(oxadiazon‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺩﻤﺎﺜﻠﻴﻥ ﻫـﻲ )‪0.75, 0.50, 0.25) (pendemathalin‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﺭ‪/‬ﻟﻠﻔﺩﺍﻥ( ﻭﻟﻸﻭﻜﺴﻠﻔﻭﺭﻓﻴﻥ )‪ 0.5, 0.4, 0.3) (oxyfluorfen‬ﻟﺘﺭ‪/‬ﻟﻠﻔـﺩﺍﻥ( ﻭ ﺍﺘـﺭﺍﺯﻴﻥ‬

‫)‪ 1.0, 0.75, 0.5) (atrazine‬ﻟﺘﺭ‪/‬ﻟﻠﻔﺩﺍﻥ( ﺍﻭﻜـﺴﺎﺩﻴﺯﻭﻥ )‪،0.50 ،0.25) (oxadiazon‬‬

‫‪ 0.75‬ﻟﺘﺭ‪/‬ﻟﻠﻔﺩﺍﻥ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻤﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻜﺯﺒﺭﺓ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺘﺭﺍﺯﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻭﻜﺴﺎﺩﻴﺯﻭﻥ ﺃﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻭل ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻤﻭﺘـﻪ ﻤﻤـﺎ ﺃﺩﻱ‬

‫ﻻﺴﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺩﻴﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺩﻤﺎﺜﻠﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺴﻠﻔﻭﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﻗـﺩ ﺃﻋﻁـﺕ ﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺎﺌﺵ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﺭﻴﻀﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻀﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨـﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻟـﺸﺎﻫﺩ‬

‫)‪ .(Control‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻋﻁﻲ ﻤﺒﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺩﻤﺎﺜﻠﻴﻥ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻤﺜل ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﺏ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻫﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﻤﺒﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜـﺴﻭﻟﻔﻭﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﻭﺨﺎﺼـﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻋـﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻜﺯﺒﺭﺓ ﻭﺴﺠل ﺃﻋﻠﻲ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻀﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺎﺌﺵ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﻜﺭﺍﻥ )‪ (Datura spp‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺒـﻴﻥ‬

‫)‪ (Solanum dubium L.‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺠﻴﻠـﺔ )‪ (Cyndon dactylon‬ﻭﺍﻟـﺴﻌﺩﺓ ‪(Cyperus‬‬

‫)‪ rotundus L.‬ﻭﺃﻡ ﻟﺒﺒﻴﻨﺔ )‪ .(Euphorbia spp‬ﻗﺩ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻨﻭﻋﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤل ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻴـﺩﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

Humanity relies on a diverse range of cultivated plant species;

at least 6000 species are used for a variety of purposes. It’s often
stated that only a few staple crops produce the majority of food
supply. This might be correct but the important contribution of many
minor species should not be underestimated (Hammer, 1993).
Little attention has been given to minor (underutilized or
neglected) crops, particularly by scientists in developed countries. The
limited information available on many important and basic aspects of
the neglected and underutilized crops hinder their development and
their sustainable conservation.
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is an annual herb, that
belongs to carrot family, Umbelliferae. Its name is derived from the
Greek koris, meaning bed bug, because of the unpleasant fetid bug,
also called cilantro or Chinese, Mexican or Japanese parsley.
Coriander is a native of eastern Mediterranean region and Africa,
Asia, the U.S.A, southern Europe, Morocco and Western Australia
(Simon et al., 1984).
Coriander is well suited to grow on a range of soils, but prefers
under well-drained loamy and sandy loom soils. Suitable pH range is
from 4.5 to 8.5 with an optimum of 6.3. Although for its production
this crops is tolerant to cold, heat and drought stresses. It has an
optimum growing, temperature of 18ºC, the crop is erect and has a tap
root. The flowering stem, which is a slender and smooth can reach
heighest between 40 – 60 cm. The flower is a compound umbels,
bears small white or pink flower (Simon et al., 1984).
In Sudan, coriander is grown in the Northern Central and
Western part of the Country (Ginawi, 2002). It plays an important role
in traditional Medicine, as antispasmatic, antiacid, antihypertensive,
also the coriander seed have been reported to have several
pharmalogical effects such as antifertility (Al- Said et al., 1987), and
antiinflammatory effects, (Chaturvedi, et al., 1974). It is also plays a
protective role against the deleterious effect on lipid metabolism in
experimental colon cancer, in Rate (Chithra and Leelamma, 2000).
Coriander is generally recognized safe for human consumption
as spice and natural flavoring (Simon et al., 1984), the ripe fruit of
coriander has a pleasant flavour owing to the particular composition of
essential oils. It contains a bout 18% of volatile oil, which varies
between 8.8 – 14% according to strain, it contains also malic acid
taninin, and some fatty matter (Husain, 1994), moreover the extracted
essential oil is used as a falvouring agent in a number of food products
and soap. It also principly used as falvouring agent in the liqueur,
cocoa and chocolate industries (Bhatnagar, 1950).
The green herb of coriander is excellent source of vitamin A
and C (Girenko, 1982), so to day most coriander is consumed in from
of curry powder of which it form 25 – 40% (Purseglove et al; 1981).
The main producing countries in the world are: Morocco,
Canada, India, Pakistan, Romania, Soviet Union, Turkey, Egypt, and
Iraq. Other producers include China, Thailand, Poland, Bulgaria,
Hungary, U.S.A, and France (Anderson and Jia, 1995).
According to Idris (2003) no insect or disease pest was reported
to affect this spice crop plant. He added that the crop is sometimes
grown with some important cash crops as repellent for some insect
pests in Sudan.
The main problem facing coriander production is competition
from weeds. In Sudan weeds cause enormous loss of the crop
produced every year and no improved system of management was
developed to control such weeds.
Any weed control strategy should ensure that the weed
population in the land can be kept at low level efficiently and
economically (Ivens, 1967).
In developing countries manual weeding, is the most common
method of weed control but in many instances the available labour is
unable to weed vast areas of land during the critical periods, this
makes the application of herbicides very important (Abdel Rasowl,
1998, Elamin 1991). In dry drill crop use of herbicides is the sound
practice for controlling weeds and represent the major crop protection
use, the crop is always grown by farmer in big plots as a broadcast,
this makes control of weeds even difficult by manual and traditional
methods sometimes this lead to complete destruction of the crop it self
(Elamin, personal contact), therefore this investigation was undertaken
with the following objective: -
1. To screen some of the soil- applied herbicides for weed
control in coriander crop.
2. To determine the most reasonable dose for controlling of
weeds without causing any damage or injury of the crop.
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Definition of weeds:

A weed is any plant that grows out of place or is unwanted
because of certain undesirable characteristics (Parker and Riches
,1993).
2.2 Classification of weeds:
Weeds are grouped according to their habit of growth
reproduction, accordingly they are classified as:
1. Monocotyledonus and dicotyledonus.
2. Annual, biennial and perennial.
3. Aquatic terrestrial.
2.3 Economic importance of weeds:
Control of weeds is one of the most important production
practices in farm management (Ennis et al.,1963 ) . Weed present a
major costraint in crop production on global scale, yet they are the
underestimated pests. Losses inflicted by weeds in agriculture are by
far greater than those caused by combined effects of pathogen and
insects (Elamin, 1991).
Weeds through competition with crops for water nutrient space
and light lead to serious yield losses. Weeds also act as an alternative
hosts for many plant disease and animal pests (Babiker, 1976). They
cause damage by reduction in value and reduction in farm loans, loss
of quality of crop produce, reduce human efficiency, increased costs
of insect and diseases control problems and impair the quality of farm
products and some weeds are poisonous to man and animals
 (Chapman and Carter, 1976). Also weeds reduce the quantity and
quality of live stock products, increase the cost of labour and
equipment and irrigation (Chapman andCarter,1976; Rao, 1983) .
Weeds in irrigation canals impede water flow and encourage
siltation (Hamada, 1991). In addition to consumption of water, weeds
generally disrupt efficient farm operation, they cause damage to
machinery or clogging of harvest equipment. Also they hamper
navigation and reduce fishing activities (Thomans, 1970; Oerke,
1997).In some ways they can be beneficial (Thomans, 1970). They
reduce soil erosion on abandoned land, add organic matter to the soil,
provide food and cover for wildlife, yield useful drugs or delicacies,
beautify the land scape and constitute a potential source of
domesticated plants (Babiker, 1976).
2.4 Losses in different crops due to weeds infestation:
Weeds interact with many components of agricultural
production system and also with farmers socio-economic environment
(Koch and Beshir, 1981).
Losses in tropical areas due to high temperature and high
relative humidity are often much higher, also losses due to weeds are
highest about 25% with ordinary control operations in the least
developed crop production systems, and lowest about 5% in highly
developed ones (Koch et a1., 1982). Different crops have different
susceptibilities to weed competition.
Rao (1983) reported that the loss due to weeds in crop yield is
highest in the temperate climatic. In Nigeria, Okafor (1987) reported
that cotton yield was not depressed significantly when all weeds were
removed 14 days after crop emergence while weeding after three or
more weeks significantly lowered cotton seed yield. He also stated
that, the optimum time for weeding varied according to the incident of
weeds and the type of crop.
According to Fageiry (1987) full season competition of weeds
reduced seed yield of soybean by 78% – 100%. Cereals are the most
sensitive field crops to weed competition in early stages of growth i.e.
3 – 6 leaf stage. Estimation of wheat losses due to weeds amount to
17% in Lebanon, 19% in North Africa, 20% in Turkey,45% in Iraq
and 30-80 % in Jordan (Saghir,1987). In Iraq, estimated losses due to
weeds infestation were more than 30 million Iraqe Dinars each year
(Hussin and Kasim, 1979). According to Mohamed (1992) the
reduction of chickpea yield due to weed infestation was 70%. Ismail
and Hassan (1988) reported that weeds infestation reduce barely yield
18 and 8% in 1984/85 and 1985/86 season respectively.
Mohamed and Nourai (1997) reported that yield reduction in
garlic as a result of unrestricted weed growth ranged from 22 to 26%.
Mohamed and Mohamed (1992) reported that unrestricted weed
growth reduced grain and straw yield of faba bean by 64 and 70%,
respectively. Lawson and Wiseman (1978) reported that uncontrolled
weed reduced common bean yield by 24%.
In Kenana area of sudan similar or identical weed densities
reduced the yield of cotton seed and groundnut by 74% and 73%,
respectively and grain yield of sorghum by 47% (Koch et al., 1982).
Also in Sudan, Ishag (1979) indicated that unrestricted weed
competition in early stages of growth of field and horticultural crops
could lead to severe yield losses. The reduction due to weed
competition ranges between 18 to 83%. He added that the losses in
yield due to weed interference are greater than those caused by insect
pests and plant diseases combined.
 In Gezira Scheme about 45% of tenant share in cost of
production is on weed control (Hamdoun and Eltigani,1977).
In Kashm El Girba Scheme, due to serious weed problem,
heavy weed infested areas have been abandoned and the yields of
cotton and groundnut were very low (Hamdoun and Eltigani, 1977). In
central rain lands, competing weeds reduce seed cotton yield by 63-
88%, groundnut yield by 65-93% ,sorghum by 85% and maize by
60% ( Hamdoun 1969,70,71).
Yassin (1979) reported that predominant weed species in
Sudan, Acalpha indica L., Datura stramonium L., and Solanum
dubium Fr., were found to be among the best alternative hosts of leaf
curl virus and Nicotina virus.
2.5 Losses in vegetable crops due to weeds:
In Sudan vegetable crops constitute an important segment of the
total agricultural production of the country. Tomatoes, onions,
cucurbits, potatoes, eggplants, okra, green bean and carrots are the
major vegetables grown in Sudan . Some of these vegetable are now
exported to a number of Arab and European Countries (Anon, 1997 ).
The coriander crop is sometimes cultivated for use as green leaf
in tropical areas e.g. in Cuba (Purseglove et al., 1981 ) and is known
as minor crop and now become an important vegetable crop in overall
countries.
Weed present a serious problem in vegetable production in
Sudan, reducing crop yield and quality. Babiker and Ahmed (1986)
reported that weeds growth reduce yield of transplanted onion by
26-48%. It was mentioned by Braun et al., (1991) that the potential
yield losses of some vegetable crops mainly direct-seeded, onion,
transplanted onion and eggplant, through unrestricted weed growth
were found to be 73 % and 31- 99% respectively. Some specific
vegetable crop, namely Solanaceous e.g. tomatoes and potatoes crops
may sometimes lose the whole yield due to presence of Orobanche
ramosa.
In Jordan, Abu-lramileh (1987) reported that early infestation
of Orobanche ramosa can cause disastrous yield losses to tomato and
eggplant.
Adam (1988) found that leaving weeds unchecked caused up to
62 % reduction in onion bulb yield. Adam (1989) reported that weed
competition reduced potato yield by about 50%. Furtick (1970)
reported that 17 % yield losses in potatoes were due to weeds.
Information of total losses in coriander is at most lacking in
Sudan. However Kotharit et al., (1989) found that unrestricted weed
growth reduced the seed and oil yield of Bulgarian coriander by 40.3
and 37 %, respectively .
In india, Jansen (1981) reported, that the yield of coriander
dropped to half in some trials undertaken during cold weather due to
weeds competitions.
2.6 Methods of weed control:
Weed control is one of the most important practices in crop
production (Braun et al,1991).
Weed problems in vegetable nurseries can result from the
common practice of leaving gaps of bare ground and growing single
species crops, to reduce the cost of weed control nursery manger in
Ireland rely heavily on the use of herbicides although hand weeding is
also still used for the larger weeds.
 Farmer usually uses a variety of methods to control weeds. The
methods in common use for control including preventive, cultural
biological and chemical (Rao, 1983).
2.6.1 Preventive weed control:
Preventing the introduction of new weed species is highly
desirable and less costly than controlling them after they are
established (Radosevich et al., 1997). Measures that should be taken
include a national quarantine system, use of weed-free crop seeds,
avoidance of soil containing weed seeds or weed vegetative parts,
cleaning farm equipment before moving them to other farm
etc….(Akobundu,1987).
2.6.2 Cultural Weed Control:
Cultural weed management includes cropping practices that
favour the crop to be in preference to the weeds.These consist of
hand-weeding, mechanical weeding, burning, flooding, mulching and
crop rotation (Ennis, 1977; Roa,1983).
2.6.2.1 Hand Weeding:
Hand weeding is probably the oldest method of weed control
and is consisted of hand pulling, slashing, hoeing and mowing of
weeds (Akobundu, 1987).
Hand weeding demonstrates man’s most intimate association
with the weed removal process. Untimely hand weeding is a common
practice and it leads to crop yield losses. Hand slashing is used mainly
in right –of- way, non-crop areas, bush clearing and plantation crops.
2.6.2.2 Mechanical Weeding:
Mechanical weeding includes all weed control practices, where
a mechanical device is used for weed control with the aid of animals,
or fossil fuel as the source of energy (Radosevnich et al, 1997).
2.6.2.3 Tillage:
Weed control by tillage physically alters the weed relationship
with soil. Tillage may remove weeds from the soil resulting in their
death or merely weaken plant through root pruning or other injury.
Tillage is done with implements drawn by animals or machines
(tractor, tillers, etc…) (Rao, 1993).
2.6.2.4 Burning:
Burning and flame weeding have been used to control weeds.
Most burning is done before crops are planted (Akobundu, 1987). One
of the few cases of post plant burning is in sugarcane where fire is
used partly to get rid of weeds and partly to prepare the cane stem for
harvest. The burning of agricultural fields to remove residues of the
previous crop can suppress pathogen insects or weeds that might occur
in the new crop. Flaming is used in crops in which the growing points
(meristems) are either beneath the soil and protected or the crop is
relatively and woody (Akobundu, 1987).
2.6.2.5 Flooding:
Flooding is the inundation of land with standing water and is
carried out primarily to satisfy the water requirement of crops like
paddy (Low land) rice and taro which are adapted to grow under
flooded conditions (Akobundu, 1987).
Flooding prevents many weed seeds from germinating and has a
major suppressive effect on weed establishment and growth when
applied during the early stages of growth in low land rice (Moody,
1994).
2.6.2.6 Mulching:
Mulching is defined as the application or creation of any soil
cover that constitutes a barrier to the transfer of light, heat, or moisture
(Rosenberg et al.,1984).
There are many materials which can be used for soil surface
including plant residues, wood shaving, sand, quarrychips, paper and
plastic (Ployethlene sheets ).The crop residues left on the soil surface
help to arrest soil erosion, reduce run off (Unger et al., 1987). Crop
residues may also reduce weed germination and growth through
allelopathy (Overland, 1966; Putman, 1988) and their physical
interference with quantity and quality of light that gets to weed seeds
on the soil surface layers (Egley and Duke, 1985).
2.6.2.7 Crop rotation:
Crop rotation plays a long-term role in weed control by
preventing particular weed species from adapting to the growth cycle
of a specific crop (Akobundu, 1987).Crops rotation also helps to
rotate herbicides, thus ensuring that weed resistance and or tolerance
to given herbicides does not take over in a field (Akobundu,1987).
If crop rotation in properly practiced, it can play a role in weed
control, but it must be born in mind that crop rotation needs to be
adopted in conjunction with other methods of weed control (Rao,
1983).
2.6.3 Biological control:
Biological control employs the use of natural enemies such as
insects and plant diseases to control weeds(Yassin,1979).Biological
weed control may be the most effective and environmentally friendly
approach against invading plant species threatening endangering
ecosystems and wild species (Holden et al., 1992, Anon., 1994).
2.6.4 Chemical Control:
Herbicides are chemicals that kill plants or curtail their normal
growth . Their means of doing so are diverse ( Babiker, 1976) .
Chemical control (use of herbicides) is an important practice in
many countries.A successful herbicide should be safe to the crop with
reliable performance and must not be influenced by soil and/or
environmental condition. Moreover, herbicides as a substitute for
cultivation should be safe to mammals and inexpensive (Rao, 1983).
Chemical methods include use of organic and inorganic
chemical as foliar sprays, soil and water treatments, fumigants, and
stream application for selective or non-selective control of weeds.
Chemical weed control reduces the need for tillage and minimizes the
risk of soil erosion, conserves soil moisture and humus, makes
fertilization more economical and saves labour time for other
agricultural and social activities (Rao, 1983) . The use of herbicides,
especially pre-emergence ones, protects crop from adverse effect of
early weed competition (Rao, 1983).
2.7 Classification of herbicides
Herbicides are divided in accordance to the method of
application into two large groups:
Soil applied and foliage applied herbicides. They are also
divided according to time of application into:
(1) Pre-plant herbicides:
These herbicides are applied to the soil before seeding of the crops,
some types may be incorporated into the soil after application.
(2) Pre- emergence herbicides:
These are applied following seeding of the crops, pre- emergent to
the crop or pre- emergent to both crops and weeds.
(3) Post- emergence herbicides:
These are applied following emergence of the crops or weeds or
both.
All herbicides applied at pre- planting and pre- emergence are
included in the soil – applied group and those applied post- emergence
to the crop are included in the foliage – applied group ( Rao, 1983 ).
Herbicide can act on weed by contact, or by systemic action. They can
be further classified as grass weed killers or broad- leaved weed
killers. However, some of them are effective on both. (Abdel Rasowal,
1998).
2.8 Chemical control in vegetable crops:
Some vegetable crop are slow growing, and produce very open
canopy . Onions are, poor competitors with weeds.
Per-emergent or early post- emergent herbicides with good
residual activity are commonly used for weed control.
Due to the limited choice of herbicides available for this crop,
there is a need to increase the number of registered herbicides and
herbicides tank-mixtures.
In previous trials Pardner (bromoxynil) has shown potential for
use in onion.To further assess this use another trial was conducted
involving tank-mixtures, Stomp (pendimethlin) and Goal
(oxyfluorfen), which were applied to onion at 1-2 leaf stage.
Additional tank-mixtures including (Pardner) and Afolan
(linuron) were applied at 2-3 or 3-4 leaf stages. These applications
resulted in minimal crop injury with average ratings no higher than 4.5
percent. Injury symptoms were most apparent with the Pardner and
Prowl mixutre. At the second observation date injury symptoms had
mostly disappeared and there were no significant differences between
treatments. This was also reflected in the yield measurements where
there were no significant differences between treatments. (Neeser and
Kruger, 2000).
Carrot are slow to produce a competitive crop canopy. Effective
weed management tools are required to lower weed management costs
and minimize potential negative impacts resulting from repetitive
equipment traffic.To this effect it is advantageous to apply herbicides
in the form of a mixture . Lorox (linuron) is commonly used in carrots
as pre or post- emergence herbicide to control a wide range of
broadleaf weeds as well as some grasses. Grassy weeds not controlled
by Lorox can be killed with Poast (sethoxydin).
Noticeable injury was only observed at high rates of Lorax
(1.1kg a.i/ha), tank-mixtures resulted in lower weed control than
separate applications of the two herbicides. Best overall control was
obtained with Lorox applied at 0.55 kg a.i/ha at the 1-2 leaf – stage
followed by Poast at the 2- leaf stage. Broadleaf weed control was
best with an application of Lorox at 0.35 kg a.i/ha at 1- leaf stage
followed by same rate at the 2-leaf stage (Neeser and Kruger, 2000).
Weed control is a significant cost in potato production. The
average cost of herbicides is estimated at $69 per acre, which
represents 30 percent of total pesticide cost. The cost of herbicides can
vary considerably depending on the particular choice of products, in
order to asssist producer in making optimal choices a research trial
conducted where the performance of different herbicide programs was
compared on two patato varieties (Shepody and Russet Burbank).
Herbicides tested include Sencor (metribuzin),Prism
(rismsulfuron), Lorox (linuron), Stomp (pendemathalin), Roundup
(glyphosate) and Poast (sethoxydim).
 Generally there was no yield difference between the various
treatments. However, at lower rates (<0.28 kg a.i/ha) Sencor did not
effectively controled wild tomato. At the lowest rate (0.21 kg a.i/ha)
poor control of wild tomato resulted in yield loss in Shepody potatoes,
but not in Russet Burbank potatoes. Prowl in combination with Lorox
produces excellent results,which suggested that Prowl may be good
candidate for minor use registration to broaden the spectrum of
available pre-emergence grass herbicides.
2.9 Use of herbicides in coriander crop:
Coriander is a very sensitive crop to weed competition during
the early stage of growth (Diederichsen, 1996).
Some of herbicids used for weed control in coriander crop were
reported by Pandy and Singh (1977). They mentioned that coriander
treated with trifluralin at 1 kg/ha pre-emergence, were effective in
coriander, also they reported that the herbicide controlled, annul and
broad-leaved weeds and significantly increased yields. Hand weeding
was not as efficient as chemical weeding.
Lugo and Santiago (1996) reported that the efficacy and
phytotoxicity of pre-emergence and post-emergence, herbicide
evaluated in coriander and spiny coriander (Eryngium foetidum). The
treatment were chlorthal-dimethlyl at 0.8 and 0.9 kg a.i/ha,
Napropamoide at 2.24 and 4.48 kg/ha, oxyfluorfen at 0.13 and 0.26
kg/ha, post-emergence, Sethoxydim at, 0.22 and 0.44 kg/ha, as well as
hand weeding and unweeded control. They found that Euphorbia
heterophlla was the most abundant weed in the coriander experiment
and its control was poor with all herbicides treatments. oxyfluorfen at
0.26 kg/ha and sethoxydim at 0.44 kg/ha gave 83 and 97% control of
grasses. None of the herbicides was phytotoxic to the coriander, in
addition they showed that the oxyfluorfen at 0.26 kg/ha gave 82 and
92% control of grass and broad-leaved weeds.
Martynyuk in Russia (1974) reported that Stam (propanil) post-
emergence gave 94% control of weeds in coriander and was not toxic
to the crop, trifluralin, pre emergence combined with atrazine post -
emergence, was just as effective but more expensive.
James and Mitchell, (1991) found that pre- emergence
herbicides pendimethalin at 1.5 kg/ha and linuron at 1.0 kg/ha or
prometryne; and post-emergence application paraquat, at 0.5 kg/ha
plus diquat 0.3 kg/ha compared with other herbicides, pendimthlin
showed the least phytotoxic effect on coriander population and vigour
in the spring yet gave the best early control of weeds.
Pendimethalin gave more effective control than other
herbicides, it is recommended for further evaluation in controlling
weeds in coriander crops, Linuron at 1 kg/ha because of its
effectiveness in weed control and low phytotoxicity was the next best
herbicides of those tested for weed control in coriander corp.
2.10 Herbicides used in this investigation:
The following herbicides were used in the present investigation.
2.10.1 (pendimethalin) Stomp 500EC.
Molecular formula: C13H19N3O4.
No2
Structured formula:

CH3 NHCH (CH2 – CH3)2

CH3 No2
Common name: Pendimethalin, Penoxalin
Trade name: Stomp, Prowl, Herbadox, way-up and Gogo san.
Chemical family: Dinitroaniline
Chemical name: N - (1-ehtylpropyl) – 3,4 – dimethyl – 2,6
Dinitrobenzine – amine.
Pendimethalin is a dinitroaniline herbicide discovered and
developed by American Cyanamid company. This group of herbicides
alters chemical composition and several biochemical processes in
higher plants. They induce change in sugars, amino acids, and malic
acids content as well as inhibition of photosynthesis. (Robert, 1982;
Vouzouis, 1995).
It selectively controls annuls broad leaf weeds and grasses in a
range of crop such as cotton, ground nut, beans, sunflower, maize,
rice, and some vegetable crops such as potato and tomato (Anon,
1993; Elamin, 1991). It can be applied pre-plant incorporated pre-
emergence, pre -transplant or post- emergence. Stomp has a low
solubility in water, soluble in most organic solvents, stable to acidic
and alkaline conditions at normal temperature, it indicate high
leaching potential (Zimdahl et al, 1984). Pendimenalin herbicide
inhibits both cell division and cell elongation in shoot and root
meristems of susceptible plants (Elamin, 1991).The herbicide readily
absorbed by the roots and shoots , but only slightly translocated .
Stomp inhabits cell division ; several biochemical processes can be
altered such as photosynthesis , RNA and protein synthesis,lipid
synthesis and oxidative phosphorylation .(Robert, 1982) .
 2.10.2 (oxyfluorfen) Goal:
Molecular formula C15 H11 CLF3 NO4
Structure formula
CL OCH2CH3

CF3 No2

Common name: oxyfluorfen

Trade name: Goal.
Chemical family: Diphenylether
Chemical name: 2-cholora – 1 – (3-ethoxy – 4 – nitrophenoxy) – 4 –
(trifluoromethyl) benzene.
Goal is a diphenyl ether compound used as a selective herbicide
applied pre and post emergence against both types of annual weed in
beans, sunflower, citrus, onion, garlic, cabbage, artichoke, soybean,
groundnut and other crop.
Goal causes necrosis and some times chlorosis when applied to
foliage, while pre-emergence application inhabit seed germination.
Early seedling growth and merstemati activitiy (Roberts, 1982 and
Mohamed, 1995). Exposure of the shoot zones to oxyflurofen
herbicide casuedl much more injury to the plants than root exposure.
There was very little movement of the compound from the roots
(Fadagomi and Warren, 1977).
 CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS

This experiment was conducted during 2002/2003 winter

season in a semi – controlled environment of a glasshouse of the
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum Shambat.
The purpose of this experiment was to test the efficacy of two
soil- applied herbicides and to examiner the crop tolerance to those
chemicals on coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.).
The experimental area lies at latitude 15o 40 E and longitude 30o
32 N at elevation of 380 m above sea level.
The soil was collected from different sites from, the
experimental Research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University
of Khartoum. Collected soils were thoroughly mixed using a spade
and a hoe, then the soil was transfer to plastic bags of 30 x 40 cm.
The soil was of a clay loamy type with 30% silt and 1% organic
matter, and the PH was about 7.3- 9.3 and the CEC value was
33mol/100.
Local coriander was used in the experiment and its seeds were
obtained from the local market. To determine the seed viability and
seed germination, seeds of coriander were kept in an incubator at 25oC
and using blotter methods for 7 days.
After the determination of percentage germination seeds were
sown manually at rate of 50 seeds per plastic bag on the surface soil at
a depth of 0.5- 1.0 cm. Irrigation was done every 4-5 days in the first
week and then was continued at the above days till the end of
experiment.
The herbicides used in this study were: -
1. oxyfluorfen 2 – chloro – 1 - (3 – ethoxy – 4 – nitrophonexy –
4 – (trifluoromethl) benzene, as 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 L/feddan.
2. pendimenthalin N-(lethal propyl)-3,4 dimethethyl 1-2,6
dinitrobenzine-amnie, as 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 L/feddan.
3. oxadiazon 5-tert-butyl-3-(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-
1,3,4 oxadiazol-2 (3H)-one, as 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 L/Feddan.
4. atrazine 2- chloro-4-ethyllamino-6-isoproylamin-s-triaize, as
0.5,0.75,1.0 L/Feddan.
The experiment was set-up in accordance to the complete
randomized design (CRD), with eight treatments.
Each treatment with four replicates, which were pendimethalin
with three concentration mainly pendimethalin at 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75
L/Feddan, oxyflourfen at 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, atrazine at 0.5,0.75,1.0
L/Feddan and oxadiazon at 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 L/Feddan product. Hand
weeding and a weedy check were also included for comparison.
Aqueous solution of the four herbicides were applied as pre-
emergence applied after sowing using a knapsack sprayer calibrated to
deliver 130L/Feddan. For evaluation of the effect of herbicides
treatments on the percentage germination of the crop, number of
seedling were acounted after four weeks from planting, ten plants
were taken randomly to determine the plant height fresh weight, and
dry weight. Also after four weeks from planting the number and
species of individual weeds was recorded.
The data collected on both crop and weeds were subjected to
analysis of variance and means were separated using Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
 CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS

Coriander is considerd as a minor crop. Due to the lack of

information and work in Sudan this study was initiated to study effect
of a widely used of herbicides from different group on crop to see
their tolerance, beside their efficacy on weed control.The herbicides
tested during this experiment were atrazine (0.5, 0.75, 1.0 L/feddan),
oxadiazon (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 L/feddan), oxyflourfen (0.3, 0.4, 0.5
L/feddan), pendimethalin (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 L/feddan), each used at
three rates.
The intermediate and higher rates of the two herbicides atrazine
and oxadiazon lead to failure of germination and injury to crop,
hence,they were excluded from the experiment.
4.1 Effect of herbicides used on some growth components of
coriander crop:
4.1.1 The effects on plant shoot height (cm):
Table (1) showed that the low and intermediate rates of the two
herbicides were comparable to each other and gave significantly
shorter plant than hand weeding. While the higher rate of
pendimethalin gave plant length comparable to hand weeding, also the
high rate of herbicide oxyfluorfen was apparently toxic to coriander
and gave significantly shorter plants than all other rates and weedy
check.
4.1.2 The Effect of herbicides on germination of coriander Seeds:
According to the data in Table (2) the highest number of seed
germination was obtained from the hand weeding and weedy check.
While the higher rate of herbicide oxyfluorfen had significantly
reduced seed germination and only 16.67 % of the seeds could
germinate compared to 76.93 % germination in the weed free check.
Also the lower rates of oxyfluorfen and pendimethalin gave
significantly lower germination rates than the weedy check.
The germination of the weedy-check was not significantly
different from the weed-free check.
4.1.3 Effect of the herbicides on the fresh weight of plant (g):
With exception of the herbicide pendimethalin at its high rate,
all herbicides treatments gave significantly lower fresh weights
compared to weed free check Table (3). However, weed free check
treatment resulted in significant increase in fresh weight as compared
to the medium rate of two herbicides used in this study. Oxyfluorfen
at its all rates of application and the low and medium rates of
pendimethalin showed no significant differences from the weedy
check.
4.1.4 Effect of the herbicides on the dry weight of the plant (g):
From Table (4) its apparent that weed-free-check has
significantly increased coriander plant dry weight as compared to all
other herbicides. However, pendimethalin at its high rate and
oxyflurofen at its medium rate had significantly increased coriander
dry weight in comparison with weedy check and other herbicides
treatments.
Moreover, results indicated that oxyfluorfen at its high rate had
significantly resulted in the poorest shoot dry weight per plant as
compared to the rest of treatments.
Table (1)
Effect of herbicides treatments on plant height (cm):

Plant height (cm)

Treatments
2002/2003
Oxyfluorfen
R1 16.00 bc
R2 18.75 b
R3 4.500 d
Pendimethalin
R1 13.75 c
R2 17.00 bc
R3 22.23 a
Weed free check 25.00 a
Weedy check 17.50 b
SE ± 0.81

Treatment with same letter (s) is not significantly different at (P

≤ 0.05) according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Table (2)
Effect of herbicides treatment on percentage germination of
coriander crop:

% germination of seeds
Treatments
2002/2003
oxyfluorfen
R1 57.55 (71.7) bc
R2 67.51 (85.4) ab
R3 16.67 (8.2) d
pendimethalin
R1 51.39 (61.1) c
R2 67.01 (84.7) ab
R3 67.79 (85.7) ab
Weed free check 76.93 (94.9) a
Weedy check 70.60 (89.0) a
SE ± 2.46

Treatment with the same letter (s) are no significantly different

at (P ≤ 0.05) according to Multiple Range Test.
* Data in parenthesis are derived from arcsine transformation of
the original data.
Table (3)
Effect of herbicides treatments on plant shoot fresh weight four
weeks after application

Plant fresh weight (3)

Treatments
2002 / 2003
oxyfluorfen
R1 0.2125 c
R2 0.3750 bc
R3 0.2000 c
pendimethalin
R1 0.2125 c
R2 0.3137 bc
R3 0.4275 a
Weed free check 0.5625 a
Weedy check 0.375 bc
SE ± 0.04

Treatment with same letter (s) are not significantly different

according Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Table (4)
Effect of herbicides treatments on plant shoot dry weight four
weeks after application

Plant Dry weight (g)

Treatments
2002 / 2003
oxyfluorfen
R1 0.1125 f
R2 0.2375 c
R3 0.0575 h
pendimethalin
R1 0.0875 g
R2 0.1750 e
R3 0.2500 b
Weed free check 0.3250 a
Weedy check 0.2125 d
SE ± 0.0024

Treatments with same letter(s) are not significantly different

according Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
 fig (1): Total effect of herbicides on coriander of plant hieght (cm)

25

20
Plant hieght (cm)

15

Oxyflurofen
R3
10 R3
Pendimethalin

Weed free
Weed free check
check

5 Weedycheck
Weed check

0
R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 Weed free Weedy
check check
Tretments
 fig (2): Total effect of herbicides on coriander seed germinatin

80

70

60
Seed germination

50

40 Oxyflurofen
R3

Pendimethalin
R3
30

Weed free
Weed free check
check
20
Weed check
Weedy check

10

0
R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 Weed free Weedy
check check
Treatments
 Fig. (3) Total effect of herbicides on coriander fresh weight (g)

0.6

0.5
Fresh weight (g)

0.4

0.3
Oxyflurofen
R3

Pendimethalin
R3
0.2

Weed freecheck
Weed free check

0.1 Weed
Weedycheck
check

0
R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 Weed free Weedy
check check
Treatmetns
 Fig. (4): Total effect of herbicides on coriander dry weight (g)

0.35

0.3

0.25
Dry weight (g)

0.2

Oxyflurofen
R3
0.15
Pendimethalin
R3

Weed freecheck
Weed free check
0.1
Weedycheck
Weed check

0.05

0
R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 Weed free Weedy
check check
Treatments
 4.2 Effect of the herbicides on weed control:
It is evident that all herbicides at their different rates resulted in
a significant decrease of number of weeds as compared to the weedy
check..
In spite of that some prevalent weeds species found in the
experimental site have shown some tolerance to herbicides used in this
investigation, for instance: Datura spp.L., Solanum dubium L.,
Cynodon dactylon, Ipomea spp and Euphorbia spp.
4.2.1 Effect of the herbicides on the Grass weeds:
Table (5) depict that both lower rates of the two herbicides gave
less control of grass weeds as compared to other herbicide treatments,
but the highest percentage grass control was achieved by the
application of the high rates of two herbicides used. Hand weeding
treatments resulted in significant control of grass compared to the all
herbicides rates.
4.2.2 Effect of the herbicides on the broad-leaved weeds:
Results in Table (6) indicated that the high rates of the two
herbicides used had significantly reduced the numbers of broad-leaved
weeds compared to the weedy check. Among the herbicides tested in
this study there is no significant differences between the medium rates
of the two herbicides. While no herbicide rate was comparable to
hand weeding, but the best broad leaved weeds control was obtained
by using the higher rates of pendimethalin and oxyflurofen 94.9% and
93.90% respectively.
4.2.3 Effect of the herbicides on the total weed control:
Table (7) showed that all herbicides at their different levels used
had significantly increased the total percentage weed control as
compared to the weedy check in this study. However results indicated
that the highest percentage weed control was achieved by the
application of the high rates of two herbicides as compared to the
weedy check.
Among the herbicides tested results indicated that the low rates
of both herbicides had significantly gave the poorest control of
weeds.
Table (5)
Effect of herbicides treatments on grass weeds as percentage
control four weeks after application
Grass control %
Treatments
2002 / 2003

oxyfluorfen

R1 75.2 (60.18) d

R2 86.8 (68.66) c

R3 89.2 (70.82) bc

pendimethalin

R1 83.5 (66.05) cd

R2 87.6 (69.38) bc

R3 93.2 (74.84) b

Weed free check 99.99 (89.43) a

Weedy check 0.01 (0.57) e

SE ± 1.82

Treatments with same letter(s) are not significantly different at

(P ≤ 0.05) according Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
* Data in parenthesis are derived from arcsine
transformation of the original data.
Table (6)
Effect of herbicides treatments on broad-leaved weeds as
percentage control four weeks after application
Broad-leaved control %
Treatments
2002 / 2003

oxyfluorfen

R1 78.3 (62.19) d

R2 88.8 (70.43) c

R3 93.9 (75.72) b

pendimethalin

R1 85.8 (67.83) cd

R2 91.0 (72.5) bc

R3 94.9 (76.94) b

Weed free check 99.99 (89.40) a

Weedy check 0.01 (0.57) e

SE ± 1.5

Treatments with same letter(s) are not significantly different at

(P ≤ 0.05) according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
* Data in parenthesis are derived from arcsine transformation of
the original data.
Table (7)
Effect of herbicides treatments on total of weeds as percentage
control four weeks after application

Total weeds control %

Treatments
2002/ 2003

Oxyfluorfen

R1 76.9 (61.26) d

R2 88.8 (70.43) c

R3 93.9 (75.72) b

Pendimethalin

R1 85.8 (67.83) cd

R2 91.0 (72.5) bc

R3 94.9 (76.94) b

Weed free check 99.9 (89.40) a

Weedy check 0.01 (0.57) e

SE ± 0.50

Treatments with same letter(s) are not significantly different at

(P ≤ 0.05) according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
* Data in parenthesis are derived from arcsine transformation of the
original data.
 Fig (5): Total effect of herbicides on coriander grasses (%) four weeks after
application

100

90

80

70
grasses control %

60

50 R3
Oxyflurofen

40 Pendimethalin
R3

Weed freecheck
Weed free check
30
Weed
Weedy check
check
20

10

0
R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 Weed free Weedy
check check
Treatments
 Fig (6): Total effect of herbicides on coriander broad-leaved (%) four weeks after
application

100

90

80
Broad-leaved control (%)

70

60

50 Oxyflurofen
R3

40 Pendimethalin
R3

30
Weed freecheck
Weed free check

Weed
Weedycheck
check
20

10

0
R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 Weed free Weedy
check check
Treatments
 Fig (7): Total effect of herbicides on coriander total of weeds (%) four weeks after
application

100

90

80

70
Total of weeds (%)

60

Oxyflurofen
R3
50

Pendimethalin
R3
40
Weed free
Weed free check
check
30
Weed check
Weedy check
20

10

0
R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 Weed free Weedy
check check
Treatments
 CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION

Coriander (Coriandrum satvium L.) has a wide range of

variation in several traits, which make the plant suitable for different
uses (Hammer, 1993), the plant is heavily used in the world and it is
forecasted that in coming years, it is will represent one of the main
crops for export.
Since coriander has slow and weak growth, as a result main
obstacles face coriander production, which is competition for weeds
(Husain, 1994).
The information on weed control in coriander in Sudan is
lacking and very little research was conducted in this area;
accordingly this investigation was response set to the complaint of
farmers in North of Sudan that coriander crop productively is severely
affected by weed infestation as the crop is sown by drilling. Adding to
this, manual hand weeding in coriander is difficult, tedious, labour
expensive and time-consuming. Therefore this experiment was
initiated by a preliminary screening of number of herbicides from
different groups to see the crop tolerance their tolerance and their
efficacy in weed control.
The herbicide pendimethalin at is highest rate caused a
significant increase in coriander plant height, which was comparable
to continuous hand weeding till harvest. This increase may be a result
of effective control of weed by the highest rate of herbicide
pendimenthalin. This result is in conformity with the findings of
Jansen, (1981) who reported that the application of herbicide
pendimethalin for weed control in coriander gave a crop plant height
comparable to hand weeding treatment.
 The two herbicides used at their intermediate rates and
pendimethalin at its highest rate gave crop germination percentage
comparable to the weed free check and weedy check.. This is
supported by Ali and Masood, (1988) who found that the germination
of common bean was not affected by treated by pendimethlian,
oxyfluorfen, metolachlor, germination. However oxyfluoren, at its
highest rate had significantly reduced germination percentage of
coriander crop as compared to all treatments. This reduction in
germination percentage might be attributed to the phytotoxic effect of
the highest rate of herbicide oxyfluorfen. This in line with Adihanom
(2003) who found some phytotoxic effect in garlic plant when he used
herbicide oxyfluorfen and the result was also confirmed by Dhanapal
(1987) who found that oxyflourfen at 0.3 kg/ha as pre-emergence was
very toxic to field beans, however pendimethalin at its highest rate
caused a significant increase in coriander shoot fresh weight as
compared to the weedy check, this increase is probably due to removal
of weeds which compete with the crop for essential mineral nutrients,
water and light. This in line with Adihanom, (2003) who reported that
the herbicide pendimethalin at 2.1 L/ha gave a significant increase in
garlic shoot fresh weight as compared to unrestricted weed growth
treatments. However the increment in coriander shoot plant fresh
weight obtained from the heighest rate of pendimethlin was
comparable to hand-weeding treatment.
This study showed that the hightest coriander plant shoot dry
weight was recorded under the treatment of hand weeding treatment.
This increase in plant shoot dry weight was due to the result that the
number of weeds recorded in treated polts were too few to affect the
growth of the crop and therefore was reflected increase in coriander
dry weight. However the study pointed out the herbicide
pendimethalin at its highest rate had significantly increased the plant
shoot dry weight as compared to weedycheck. Similar results were
obtained by Yassin, (2002) who found that pre-emergence application
of pendmathalin at (1.0, 1.5 L/feddan) showed a significant increase in
shoot dry weight in common bean.
According to this investigation, the evaluation of the used
herbicides on weed control was measured as percentage weed control
compared to the weedy check treatment. The lowest, Intermediate and
the heights rates of the two herbicides reduced weed number per plot
by 61.3%, 70.4% and 75% respectively for the herbicide oxyfluorfen
and by 67%, 72.5% and 76.9%, respectively for herbicide
pendimethalin. Smiliar results were reported by Mohamed, (1992)
who indicated that about 80% weed control was achieved from
treatment with oxyfluorfen and penimethalin and the result was also
confirmed by Idris (2001) who found that the application of
pendimethalin alone gave excellent and lasting control of weeds. The
efficacy of the herbicide penimethalin against weeds make these
herbicide treatments possible candidate for the control of weed in
coriander crop in Northern Sudan. Although the hightest rate of
herbicide oxyfluorfen gave significant control of number of weeds,
but caused injury to the crop, hence that don’t recommend the use of
those herbicide.
 CHAPTER SIX
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

This research work was conducted in winter growing season of

2002/2003 at Department of crop protection, faculty of Agriculture,
University of Khartoum.
In this research work one greenhouse experiment was
conducted to evaluate the following: -
1. To screen some of the soil applied herbicides for efficacy of
weed control in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Crop.
2. To determine the most reasonable dose for control of weed
without causing any damage or injury.
The following results were obtain: -
1- Significant increase in plant height, fresh weight and dry weight
(g) were achieved with application of herbicides pendimethalin
at its high level as compared to weedy check..
2- Early weed control in the young crop is essential because
coriander is very sensitive to weed during early stages, further
weeds competition is a serious problem.
3- The highest percentage of annual grass-control and annual
broad-leaved control was achieved by application of heighest
levels of the two herbicide as compared to the weedy check.
4-The herbicide pendimethalin was recorded to give the best control
of weeds compared to the herbicide oxyflurofen tested in this
study.
5- Coriander plant showed good tolerance to the herbicides
pendimethalin alone, while the herbicide oxyfluorfen at its hightest
 level had adverse effect including the germination failure and
directly lead to injury and death of the plantIt is recommend to
don’t use the heigh dose of herbicide oxyfluorfen.
6- Some of the weed species in the site of the experiment such as
Datura spp L., Solanum dubium L., Cyprus rotundus, Cynodom
dactylon L, Euphorbia spp, Ipomea sp,were not controlled by the
herbicides tested in this investigation.
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 APPENDICES
Appendix (1):

The effect of herbicides treatments on coriander shoot height (cm).

Source of Variation df SS MS F (c) F (t)

5% 1%
Treatment 7 149.99554 57.83 57.83** 2.42 3.50
Error 24 62.25 2.59375
Total 31 1112021875

CV = 9.56 % SE = ± 0.81

Appendix (2):

The effect of herbicides trements on coriander percentage germination

Source of Variation df SS MS F (c) F (t)

5% 1%
Treatment 7 10075.8181 1439.4026 59.68** 2.42 3.50
Error 24 578.8108 24.1171
Total 31 10654.6259

CV = 8.26 % SE = ± 2.43

Appendix (3):

The effect of herbicides treatments on coriander shoot freash weight

(g)

Source of Variation df SS MS F (c) F (t)

5% 1%
Treatment 7 0.481522 0.068789 8.75** 2.42 3.50
Error 24 0.188775 0.007866
Total 31 0.670297

CV = 25.34% SE = ± 0.04
Appendix table (4):

The effect of herbicides treatments on coriander shoot dry weigh (g)

Source of Variation df SS MS F (c)

F (t)
5% 1%
Treatment 7 0.002335719 0.000333674 14.51** 2.42 3.50
Error 24 0.00055175 0.000022989
Total 31 0.002887469

CV = 26.34 % SE = ± 0.0024

Appendix (5):

The effectof herbicides treatments on coriander grass weeds

Source of Variation df SS MS F (c)

F (t)
5% 1%
Treatment 7 19543.2545 2791.8935 210.78** 2.42 3.50
Error 24 317.8889 3.2454
Total 31 19861.1434

CV = 5.82% SE = ± 1.82
Appendix (6):

The effect of herbicides treatments on coriander broad- leaved

Source of Varation df SS MS F (c) F (t)

5% 1%
Treatment 7 20419.0717 2917.0102 322.24** 2.42 3.50
Error 24 217.1131 9.0464
Total 31 20636.1848

CV = 4.67% SE= ± 1.50

Appendix (7):

The effect of herbicides treatments on coriander total weed control

Source of Variation df SS MS F (c) F (t)

5% 1%
Treatment 7 19951.5129 2850.2161 434.00** 2.42 3.50
Error 24 157.614 6.5673
Total 31 20109.1269

CV = 4.04 SE = ±1.28