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Metal and Alloy 24 Nov.2023
Metal and Alloy 24 Nov.2023
Mechanical
▶Mechanical properties of metals include
ductility, i.e. their capacity for plastic
deformation.
Metallic Materials
▶Metallic materials are broadly of two
kinds – ferrous and non-ferrous
materials.
▶ This classification is primarily
based on tonnage of materials used
all around the world.
▶ Ferrous materials are those in
which iron (Fe) is the principle
constituent.
▶ All other materials are
categorized as non-ferrous
materials.
▶
Ferrous Metals
Ferrous materials are produced in larger quantities than
any other metallic material.
▶ Three factors account for it:
(a) availability of abundant raw materials combined
with economical extraction
(a) ease of forming
(b) versatile mechanical and physical properties.
▶ One main drawback of ferrous alloys-
environmental degradation i.e. poor corrosion resistance.
▶Other disadvantages include:
1. relatively high density
2. comparatively low electrical and thermal conductivities
▶Principle element is iron, cast iron, steel, wrought iron.
▶Metals come from ore, "minerals" ore consists of metal and
gangue (valueless extra)
What is Metal Alloy??
▶ An alloy is a combination of metals or of a metal and another
element.
▶ An alloy may be a solid solution of metal elements (a
single phase) or a mixture of metallic phases (two or
more solutions).
▶Intermetallic compounds are alloys with a defined
stoichiometry and crystal structure.
Amalgams
▶Mercury has been smelted from cinnabar
.
▶Mercury dissolves many metals, such as gold, silver, and tin,
to form amalgams (an alloy in a soft paste or liquid form at
ambient temperature).
▶The amalgam was applied as a paste and then heated until
the mercury vaporized, leaving the gold, silver, or tin behind.
▶ Mercury was often used in mining, to extract
precious metals like gold and silver from their ores.
Pewter
▶ The term pewter covers a variety
of alloys consisting primarily of tin.
▶Stainless steels
▶ High resistance to corrosion i.e. they are rustless (stain-less).
▶ Steels are made highly corrosion resistant by addition of special
alloying elements, especially a minimum of 12% Cr along with Ni and
Mo.
1. Aluminium alloys:
▶ characterized by low density, high thermal & electrical conductivities, and good
corrosion resistant characteristics.
▶ Limitation of these alloys is their low melting point (660 ºC), which restricts their
use at elevated temperatures.
3.Magnesium alloys:
▶ low density among all structural metals.
▶ Major alloying additions are: Al, Zn, Mn etc..