A Conducive Working Environment For An Eco-Efficient Agro-Industrial Development in Paombong, Promoting Renewable Energy Source From Nipa

NIPA KAIBA: A Condusive Working Environment for an Eco-efficient Agro-Industrial Development in Paombong Promoting
Economic Growth
BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ARTS
City of Malolos, Bulacan
NIPA-KAIBA:
A Conducive Working Environment
For an Eco-efficient Agro-industrial Development in Paombong,
Promoting Renewable Energy Source from Nipa
A Thesis proposal submitted to the faculty of
College of Architecture and Fine Arts of Bulacan State University
In Partial fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Architecture
BERNARDO, JOYCE ANN B.

ALMOETE, ALMIRA C.
NOGALES, KEVIN E.
BSAR 5D
MAY 2019
Almoete, Almira C. | Bernardo, Joyce ann B. | Nogales, Kevin E. BSAR-5D

NIPA-KAIBA: A Conducive Working Environment for an Eco-efficient Agro-Industrial Development in Paombong, Promoting Renewable Energy Source from Nipa
Almoete, Almira C. | Bernardo, Joyce Ann B. | Nogales, Kevin E. BSAR-5D
INTRODUCTION
The proponents discussed

several factors that contributes
to the existing condition of the
demand for bioethanol in the
country. This chapter
highlights, the current
challenges faced by the country
as well as the general overview
CHAPTER 1:
of the current dependence of
the Philippines to foreign oil
and how it affects the low
INTRODUCTION AND
income population of the
country, as well as the relation
between agriculture and fuel.
BACKGROUND OF
This chapter aims to provide a
different view in biofuel from
agricultural crops that is not
THE STUDY
commonly though-of.
Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 1

A. The Problem and its Setting
Philippines has still high dependency on fossil

fuel and its energy imports. The demand of fossil fuel in
the country is sixty-three percent (63)% and the
remaining belongs different source of renewable
energy. The country has still energy imports, it accounts
forty-four point seven percent (44.7%) energy supply.
Its forty-four point four percent (44.4%) belongs to
fossil fuel and zero point three percent (0.3%) for
biofuels. This means, Philippines is still dependent
mostly on fossil fuel and import of this fuel. In a study Graph 1.1: Imported Energy of the Philippines in 2016
Source: Department of Energy
of Asian Development Bank entitled “Outlook 2013:
Asia’s Energy Challenge”, the Philippine will remain
dependent on energy imports at least until the year of 2035.
Energy has a strong correlation with the economy; in the recent rising of oil prices in the world market, it continues to
weaken the Philippine economy. Due to the country’s strong imports demand and consumption (See Graph 1.1), the basic
commodities, the price of goods, and services are affected. Fossil fuel is the main source in generating electricity and fuel for cars
but due to the insufficiency and costly prices of fuel, low-income families are those who mostly suffer.

Poverty is one of the main Year -on- Year Inflation Rates in the Philippines, All Items January 2013- August 2018
problems in the Philippines, according Year
Month
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
to the National Statistic Coordination January 2.8 3.7 1.5 0.7 2.5 3.4
Board, more than one-quarter of the February 2.9 3.6 1.5 0.5 3.1 3.8
March 2.7 3.5 1.5 0.6 3.1 4.3
population fell below the poverty line April 2.2 3.6 1.4 0.7 3.2 4.5
May 2.3 4.0 0.9 0.9 2.9 4.6
and seventy-five percent (75%) of
June 2.5 3.8 0.6 1.3 2.5 5.2
those are located in rural areas. Being July 2.4 4.2 0.2 1.3 2.4 5.7
August 1.8 4.2 0.0 1.3 2.6 6.4
a country that has thirty-two percent September 2.3 3.9 -0.4 1.7 3.0 6.7
(32%) of its land areas for agriculture, October 2.4 3.7 -0.2 1.8 3.1 6.7
November 2.9 3.0 0.3 2.1 3.0
it is alarming to see that the sector of December 3.8 1.9 0.7 2.2 2.9
agriculture is at the bottom of the
Average 2.6 3.6 0.7 1.3 2.9
poverty line. This sector is constantly Table 1.1: Year on Year Inflation Rates in the Philippines
registered with the highest poverty Source: Philippines Statistics Authority, 2018
incident since the year 2006. As the inflation rates increase each year (see Table 1.1), the low-income people will surely suffer.
Poverty in the Philippines remains a challenge and its main causes are:
 low to moderate economic growth for the past 40 years;

 low growth elasticity of poverty reduction;
 weakness in employment generation and the quality of jobs generated;
 failure to fully develop the agriculture sector;
 high inflation during crisis periods;

 high levels of population growth;

Per Year Average Inflation Rates in the Philippines
 high and persistent levels of August 2013 - August
inequality (incomes and assets),
3.6
which dampen the positive impacts
of economic expansion; and 2.9
2.6
 recurrent shocks and exposure to
risks such as economic crisis,
conflicts, natural disasters, and 1.3
environmental poverty.
0.7
(Poverty in the Philippines, 2009)
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
The land areas in this country are
Graph 1.2: Year on Year Inflation Rates in the Philippines, Graphical Representation
comprised of prosperous soils and Source: Philippines Statistics Authority, 2018
marshlands perfect for farming; and bodies of water rich with marine life, but these resources are taken for granted. Most Filipinos
prefer to flock on highly urbanized areas like Manila instead of cultivating these lands primarily because the income and the end
products of this is lesser than the income paid in urban areas. The irony of how little the revenue earned in an industry that produces
the primary source of everyday life which is food is alarming. Poverty creates a domino effect wherein people will leave their
hometowns to search for greater opportunities on another area, more people will gather on that place and eventually cause a large
concentration of people leading to traffic, crimes, and blights.
According to Dr. Rolando Dy, a renowned agribusiness economist, agribusiness (growing, harvesting, warehousing, trading,
processing, marketing, and retailing food and other agricultural products) is one of the effective ways to eradicate Philippine poverty

since there is a large demand for domestic food market and quantum leap of domestic and international investments. Why leave?
Why not create a locally based progress? Why not nourish and develop the agricultural and farmlands?
Agriculture is the third major contributor on the Philippine economy (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2018), with great
natural assets and agricultural possibilities, harnessing and innovating Philippine resources will have a positive impact in the
country’s economy Today, the Philippine government in cooperation with the Department of Energy has been putting effort to
boost its self-sufficiency by harnessing renewable energy sources which contribute to thirty-seven percent (37%) of the total energy
production, (Department of Energy, 2017). Agricultural crops are also a source of renewable energy which is called biofuel crops.
Biofuels are naturally occurring hydrocarbon fuels from organic matter, there are several types of biofuels such as bioethanol,
biodiesel, methanol, and bio butanol but the most commonly used in the commercial market out of the four types are the bioethanol
and biodiesel. In accordance to the implementation of Republic Act 9367 or the Biofuel Act of 2006 that requires an increase of
bioethanol blend from five percent (5%) to ten percent (10%) and an increase of biodiesel blend from two percent (2%) to five
percent (5%), there is a need to produce more biofuels.
Energy Secretary Alfonso Cusi said, “The Philippines has been exploring a variety of options to build an energy independent
future supplied by sustainable, stable, secure, sufficient, accessible and reasonably-priced energy sources. In pursuit of this ultimate
goal, the Philippines has stepped up its efforts in promoting the deployment of indigenous renewables energy over the past few
years.” The Renewable Energy Act of 2008 (Republic Act 9513) strengthens the statement of the DOE Secretary. The act declares:
(a). Accelerate the exploration and development of renewable energy resources such as, but not limited to,
biomass, solar, wind, hydro, geothermal and ocean energy sources, including hybrid systems, to achieve energy self-
reliance, through the adoption of sustainable energy development strategies to reduce the country's dependence on fossil

fuels and thereby minimize the country's exposure to price fluctuations in the international markets, the effects of which
spiral down to almost all sectors of the economy;
(b). Increase the utilization of renewable energy by institutionalizing the development of national and local
capabilities in the use of renewable energy systems, and promoting its efficient and cost-effective commercial application
by providing fiscal and non-fiscal incentives;
(c). Encourage the development and utilization of renewable energy resources as tools to effectively prevent or
reduce harmful emissions and thereby balance the goals of economic growth and development with the protection of health
and the environment; and
(d). Establish the necessary infrastructure and mechanism to carry out the mandates specified in this Act and
other existing laws. (R.A. No. 9513 (2008), Chapter 1 Sec. 2)
As the government advocates renewable energy sources and; energy security and its environmental contribution in
promoting a low carbon future, renewable energy from crop yields is another great option. This plant-based fuels will offer the
solution for earth’s growing energy problems. Ashok Pandey said in the writer’s edited version of Handbook of Plant-based Fuel,
“With the depletion of oil resources as well as negative environmental impact associated with the use of fossil fuels, there
is a renewed interest in alternate energy sources. As the world reserves of fossil fuels and raw materials are limited, active research
interest has been stimulated in nonpetroleum, renewable, and nonpolluting fuels. Biofuels are the only alternative energy source
for the foreseeable future and can still form the basis of sustainable development in terms of socio-economic and environmental
concerns. Biodiesel and bioethanol, derived from plant sources, appear to be promising future energy sources.” (Pandey, 2009)

Therefore, it strengthens that biofuels can contribute to different concerns, not only as an alternative energy source but in
terms of its environmental impact and its connection with economic advancement.
In the study of the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) according to the article of The Philippine
Star, by the year 2020 the country will be one of the top five consumers of biofuel next to the Indonesia, China, India and Thailand
(The Philippine Star, September 2015). The Biofuel Act of 2006 mandates higher bioethanol required blend rate than biodiesel. In
DOE’s energy news in 2017 according to the Global Agricultural Information Network (Gain) report, the year 2018 country’s
import in ethanol increases from estimated three hundred (300) Million Liters to three hundred twenty-five (325) Million Liters
growing by eight point three percent (8.3%) (DOE, 2017). Based on the report which was prepared by the United States Department
of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service in Manila, the output for local ethanol is not enough to meet the domestic demand.
“Overall ethanol imports are expected to increase modestly through 2018 due to inadequate domestic production and increased
gasoline consumption.” the Gain report said. Aside from the higher demands and consumption, starting 2020 the DOE will mandate
an increase in blend rate of ethanol from ten percent (10%) to twenty percent (20%) which will require more production of
bioethanol, the ERIA suggests to find alternative crops to meet growing demands.
Bioethanol (ethanol) is an alcohol produced from agricultural products like corn, potatoes, wheat, sugarcane, sorghum and
even cornstalk (De Mates, 2013). The Philippines has first-three crop source for bioethanol, which is sugarcane, corn, and cassava.
Sugarcane is a predominant crop in the country, processed as bioethanol due to its efficiency and highest yield crop among the three
(Mendoza, 2008). Sugarcane can produce 6,000 liters of ethanol in a hectare per year (Rasco,2011).

In 2011, the study of former Philippine Rice Institute executive director Dr. Eufemio Rasco entitled “Biology of Nipa Palm
(Nypa fruticans Wurmb., Arecaceae) and its Potential for Alcohol Production” revealed that nipa or “sasa” is four (4) times more
productive than sugarcane and has a potential to be a source of alternative fuel producing as much as 26,000 liters of alcohol in a
hectare per year.
The Philippines has the 3rd largest nipa stands in Southeast Asia (Bureau of Agricultural Research-Department of
Agriculture, n.d) with a total of eight thousand (8,000) hectares (Kyoto University, 2013) nipa palm areas. Nipa palm (Nypa
fruticans) a species of palm which commonly known as the source of roofing material for nipa hut (bahay kubo) and the source of
vinegar (sukang paombong). Nipa palm is also called mangrove palm, it abundantly grows in estuarine habitats and along the
coastlines, like a mangrove, it has an ability to stabilize soil against erosion and a defense against damages in the coastal zones.
There are more products of nipa palm aside from thatched panels and vinegar, it can be processed into other food products like
healthy sugar, golden syrup or liquid sugar which is low in glycemic index, a great alternative to commercially sold white sugar,
others are wine, fruit preserves, and feedstock for ethanol production.
Nipa palm is one of the most important erect palms in the country and with a potential source of income for people living
near the growing areas through possible commercialization (Israel, Inocencio and Villorente, 2012). As the bioethanol from nipa
will arise, and other products, it will not only benefit the industry itself but in the agricultural possibilities as well. It will encourage
rural development that will aid the poorest sector to uplift and cultivate the hidden gems of the country, contributing to the economy
and to the energy needs of the country. Furthermore, it will persuade a sustainable socio-economic development.

a. Background of the Study
“Paombong”, a long-standing identity

which can mostly be pointed out as the
municipality of Paombong, Bulacan which is
relative with their first major industry, the
“Sukang Paombong”. In its history, the name of
the municipality was derived from the word
“bumbom” which is an ancient way of freshwater
fishing, just similar to fish pens today. Bamboo
branches are commonly used for it but nipa stems
were used for fencing also, it is known locally as
“pinaglalasan”. Another origin of the name is
Fig. 1.1 Nipa Palm Mangroves alongside the river banks of San Jose,
“bumbong” which is a long bamboo tube, an Paombong
Source: en.wikipedia.org
instrument used in collecting nipa sap. It was
believed that Spaniards first named the town after the container, as they learned it from the residents as a common well-
known material for harvesting sap.
The locality is known as the “Vinegar Capital of the Philippines”. It’s located in the southwestern part of the Province
of Bulacan with a low land area bounded on the west side by the Municipality of Hagonoy, and on the southern part is
Manila Bay. Its position is in the gateway connection of salt water and fresh water which creates brackish water. That’s why
the municipality is abundant agri-aqua culture and rich in estuaries and swamplands that are suitable for growing nipa palms
which is the main source of their very own vinegar.

Paombong is a third class municipality that has a total land area of four thousand six hundred thirty-four hectares
(4,634 h). In 2009 existing land use, ninety-one-point eighty-eight percent (91.88%) belongs to the agricultural area. This
comprised of fishponds which have the highest account with seventy-six point eighty-eight percent (76.88%), farmland with
four-point seventy-two percent (4.72%), Bermuda grass of zero point thirty-eight percent (0.38%) and others agricultural
land use which includes fruit bearing trees, vegetable farm, and swamp/nipa areas or “sasahan” with nine point eighty
percent (9.80%) with four hundred fifty-four point zero two hectares (454.02 h) of land, not more than three hundred eighty
four hectares (384 h) of it is nipa land.
“It was said that nipa lands even before the introduction of traditional aquaculture in the early ‘50s covered
more than 60% of the coastal swamplands of the town. Today, however, no more than 384 hectares remain.
Improvement in fish culture technologies was the major cause of the rapid conversion of nipa lands into fishponds.
Also, the proliferation of the vinegar’s low-cost synthetically prepared counterpart in the markets is killing the
industry.” (Paombong Comprehensive Land Use Plan, 2009)
As of December 2016, according to the municipal agricultural profile of Paombong there are only two hundred
eighty-two-point fifty-seven hectare (282.57 h) of swamp/nipa lands left. This establishes the fact that the locality is
gradually losing a hundred hectares of their native-born industry. Declining nipa lands is stripping Paombong’s own identity
in the vinegar industry. The dropping industry of vinegar and the uncontrolled land conversion of swamp lands to fish ponds
is an alarming problem. The main reason for this change is because there is a larger demand for fish and its product rather
than vinegar. Land conversions of nipa palm swamps are now restricted by the local government’s zoning ordinances.
There is a clear potential from nipa palm, but the barrier is the utilization, development, and innovation of its by-
product which can benefit the people. Paombong locals are aware of what is happening in the industry of vinegar. The
recognition of “Sukang Paombong” as their distinctiveness can remain forever as long as there is nipa palm, because it will

always be the identity of Paombong, but the thing is, why just vinegar? How about getting a footstep to embrace new ways
and techniques out of their pride and rich nipa palm lands?
According to the Bureau of Agricultural Research of the Department of Agriculture, there is a benefit from
processing nipa-based products (Bureau of Agricultural Research, 2018). It creates an alternative livelihood and enterprises,
which is really beneficial for the economic growth of Paombong. By giving another source of livelihood other than the
benefits of vinegar industry and nipa thatching, nipa palm can create more source of income and job opportunity through
upscaling the processing of its potential products.
This adaption is a nature-based capital, but investing in nature capacity can damage natural resources and
environment. As Paombong will harness renewable energy, in accordance with the government’s initiative of low carbon
future and less environmental impact, its’ utilization should also possess and manifest its’ advocacy. This development in
the industry should also value the social sustainability to address well-being and opportunities. Also possess an economic
conscious and environment sensible utilization of their extraordinary pride.

b. Statement of the Problem
Main Problem
How will the municipality maximize the utilization of their rich nipa palm lands, in accordance with the
government’s initiative of low carbon future and less environmental impact? How the industry can achieve an economic
conscious utilization and social sustainability?
Sub-problems
1. What are the design strategies to offer in the midst of agricultural and industrial possibilities of Paombong?
2. How to develop a built environment that will meet the sustainable socio-economic development in the municipality?
3. What are the needs of the nipa palm industry to bring more opportunities to the people of Paombong?

c. Architectural Thesis Goals, Objectives and Strategies
Goal
The goal of the research is to bring an identity breakthrough of not settling down but utilizing the potential of nipa
palm for a sustainable socio-economic growth and development of Paombong, Bulacan through an agro-industrial complex.
Aims to bring design strategies for a development that values the resource use and environmental concern. Also includes
the protection, and planting of nipa palm in response to the declining number of nipa lands. As well as to facilitate
environmental conscious bioethanol production facility to bring an economic progress while answering energy issues. The
study aims to provide an effective environment that will increase the productivity of the users in conducting the facilities
that will home the food processing and manufacturing of nipa products.
Objectives
1. To present design strategies for an agro-industrial development in consideration of both economy and ecology.
Strategies
 Gathering data and information vital to the study for the introduction of the methods and approaches.
 Conducting case studies in order to understand and identify the different spaces and system of the study.
 Collecting and studying different researches regarding the study and the development of the project.

2. To determine techniques in designing a built environment that will provide an engaging and well-planned setting for
human activity.
Strategies
 Gathering and studying research in setting up appropriate atmosphere designs by means of related books
and articles.
 Identify considerations and factors in planning and designing.
 Review present scenarios and case studies to identify the effect of an environment for the users.
 Survey people with experiences or knowledgeable person as a key informant on how the environment
affects different factor in human.
3. To bring a development that will lead to a large-scale contribution as to the furtherance of renewable energy source
from nipa.
Strategies
 Research studies about sustainable development and analyze efficient strategies.
 Research regarding the current situations and problems at Paombong.
 Interview about innovations and modern practices regarding the study.
 Gathering information through interview of personnel from government/non-government organization.

d. Scopes and Limitations of the Study
Scopes of the Study
The range of the study involves providing the residents of Paombong another source of income and livelihood
through an agro-industrial development harnessing the potential of nipa palm as a source of bio-fuel and other products.
The study involves Paombong’s background and short history, a study of articles and journals related to the topics
concerned, architectural concepts and theories, technology for sustainable building construction, sustainable design
strategies, processes, guidelines, environmental response principles, gathered data and components for a better-built
environment for an agro-industrial complex.
It will also involve the residents for the conservation of the environment and in return, provides an economic
incentive for the province. Eco-efficiency will contribute to the conservation of the biodiversity and the local
environment, as well as finding alternative architectural techniques and building materials to minimize the development
cost and environmental impact of the project achieving ecology-efficient and economy-efficient design. The reviews for
bio-ethanol energy resource will involve local and foreign studies for a further enlightenment.
The study will also cover the existing problems, critical features of the subject and implications of bio-ethanol energy
usage with regards to the agricultural conditions and how it affects the environment. As well as the design of the built
environment for taking into consideration the effects and impact of its development to the workers and the locals.

The concern of the study will be restricted in agro-industrial and bio-ethanol factors that involves and requires
architectural applications fundamental in the development. The data coverage will be limited to the principles and
concepts of ecology-economy efficiency and conducive-working environment.
Limitations of the Study
The study is limited to bio-ethanol energy utilization and application as well as the manufacturing of the nipa palm
products; operation of the project is excluded. Allotted time frame constraints and the distance of some places vital for
the study of agro-industrial developments and bio-ethanol facilities also hinders the researchers. Due to the
confidentiality and the distance of primary sources, securing data for the research is challenging, information posted by
reliable sources on the internet will be considered as a substitute for the limited time and budget. The proponent will
mainly focus on nipa palm tree and will exclude other agricultural product. The proponent will also research current
techniques and applications in line with the architectural side of the development only, the structural components of the
development are excluded.

e. Significance of the Study
The aim of this research is to bring a green growth in Paombong. By means of maximizing the use of nipa palm
which is native and abundant in the area and further development of the usage to enhance its capability to uplift the areas
in different aspects. Economic progression of the municipality by using their natural resources in a sustainable manner
while reducing impact to the ecology.
Nipa Palm Development in the Philippines
The study will contribute to the nipa palm production development in the area since it is one of few provinces that
advocates direct utilization of nipa palm in the country. Creating possibilities to this wonder nipa will further develop
through data gathered and will be applied for a better understanding about the nipa palm. It will showcase a means of
converting nipa palm into value-added products while generating income and employment throughout the municipality.
Sasa Farming Community
The study will contribute to the sasa farming community particularly in the municipality of Paombong. Having the
right place for the plantation of nipa palm to be built and a kind of palm that grows along the coastlines and estuarine
habitats that is a common area the Philippines has and also having the 3rd largest nipa palm plantation in Asia will be a
great advantage for the country to recognize this system of farming. It can be a way on how other areas in the country
can adapt to this certain study and create sasa farming in their community.

Agro-industry
The study will contribute to the development of every agro-industry development in the country. The development
will showcase agro-industrial building facilities that are safe for the residents as well as the environment because of its
carbon neutral characteristics and environmental way of designing that does not harm the environment. It can be a
stepping stone that would be a big help to every place in the country that has a future agro-industrial proposal.
Local Government
The study will contribute to the overall socio-economic development of Paombong through the enrichment and
utilization of the nipa palm tree which are native in the municipality. Local authorities will become more aware of the
importance of nipa palm forest and as a result, they will take more active actions to the conversion of nipa palm
plantations to fish ponds, to the benefit of the municipality of Paombong.
Community
By means of creating opportunities and sustainable livelihoods for the local people living the area, through a
considerable number of jobs and businesses offered from building facilities and several products from the nipa palm that
can be transported locally and internationally because of its high demand in the world market. Through the
implementation, local communities will realize various values of nipa palm trees and will voluntarily participate in the
protection and management of the forest.

National Government
The study will benefit the country by bringing new opportunities in the agriculture sector where the country is well
known for, utilizing nipa palm usage in the country in view of the fact that the country has one of the largest nipa palm
plantations. It will be an additional source of economic development because the abundance of the nipa palm will create
a positive impact on the development of the Philippines if used properly.
Future Researcher
The study will aid future reference to further develop new ways of utilizing nipa palm industry in the country and a
stepping stone to escalate new products that will maximize the usage of it in the future. For learning is continuously
developing through times and development enhances the different sectors. It will also help the researcher to be aware
and knowledgeable of the processes involved in the utilization of nipa palm, information from the data gathered and the
importance of the nipa palm industry.

f. Assumptions
The development will at least help ease the country’s dependence on foreign oil by providing a facility that will
harness renewable energy, at the same time, it will also help alleviate the economic status and provide job opportunities
in the rural areas by manufacturing products from nipa. Since ninety percent (90%) of the total fuel needs of the country
is imported, there is a need to expand and innovate local existing fuel sources.
Through Republic Act 9513 or “The Renewable Energy Act of 2008”, the government will help discover and utilize
renewable energy sources, it also includes providing necessary infrastructures and mechanism to carry out the mandate.
The government also encourage the use of biofuels due to the regards of public health, environment, and the natural eco-
system, this will also help the country’s economic growth and will also expand the opportunities for livelihood. The
Republic Act 9367 or the “Biofuel Act of 2006” is an act to direct the use of biofuels for the development and utilization
of indigenous renewable and sustainable source of clean fuel, mitigation of toxic and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission,
increase rural employment and income; and to ensure the availability of alternative and renewable clean energy without
harming the natural environment, biodiversity and food reserve of the Philippines. These laws will support the
development of an agro-industrial complex that will produce renewable energy from nipa palm tree and at the same time
manufacture products from it.
Production of renewable energy is also a focus under the Philippine Energy Plan 2017-2040 of the Department of
Energy. The Philippine Energy Plan (PEP) 2017-2040 is the DOE's blueprint to secure the country's energy future. In
the Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022 of the National Economic and Development Authority, expanding
economic opportunities in industry and services through work and business is also a focus. This framework will further
help to remove restrictions, provide incentives, and promote job-creating investments that will help the declining sasa

industry in Paombong. In line with the framework for Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022, implementation of
infrastructure programs and projects will also be accelerated.
The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) can assist the commercialization of the products to be manufactured.
The DTI supports innovative industry and services sector. Also, in the Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2017-2022,
stated that the department is committed to expand economic opportunities in industry and services, which can benefit
for an inclusive growth and employment generation in Paombong.
The development will improve the quality of life of poor Filipinos, especially those living in rural areas, so the locals
would not feel the need to leave and go on cities to find occupations and livelihood. At the same time to nurture and
cultivate rural lands that are often forgotten and converted. The agro-industrial development could also serve as an
outline for developing other rural areas in the Philippines, not only in Paombong.

g. Definition of Terms
Agricultural lands - agricultural land is typically land devoted to agriculture, the systematic and controlled use of other
forms of life particularly the rearing of livestock and production of crops to produce food for humans.
Agro-industrial - a development that consists of both agriculture and industrial aspect.
Biofuel- naturally occurring hydrocarbon fuels from organic matter.
Climate responsive design - a design that is based on the climate condition of the given location.
Conducive working environment- a helpful and uplifting environment for the workers taking into consideration the
mental, physical and psychological well-being of the users and incorporating it to the design.
Eco-efficient - Eco-efficiency is an approach with the aim of developing environment-friendly and sustainable design
while using architectural techniques and building materials that minimizes the development cost thus, achieving an
ecology-efficient and economy-efficient design.
Estuaries - An estuary is a partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more rivers or streams flowing
into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. Estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and
maritime environments.

Green design - a design that promotes natural lighting and ventilation to lessen the carbon footprint and the building
expenses.
Industrial - (also known as industrial estate, trading estate) is an area zoned and planned for the purpose of an industrial
development. An industrial zone can be thought of as a more "heavyweight" version of a business park or office park,
which has offices and light industry, rather than heavy industry.
Inflation- is the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising and, consequently, the
purchasing power of a currency is falling.
Land-use - involves the management and modification of natural environment or wilderness into built environment
such as settlements and semi-natural habitats such as arable fields, pastures, and managed woods.
Natural resources - materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, and fertile land that occur in nature and
can be used for economic gain.
Nipa palm tree - any creeping semiaquatic feather palm of the genus Nipa found in mangrove swamps and tidal
estuaries; its sap is used for a liquor; leaves are used for thatch; fruit has edible seeds.
Planning - the control of urban development by a local government authority, from which a license must be obtained
to build a new property or change an existing one.

Republic Act 9367- biofuel act of 2006 that mandated the increase of bioethanol from five percent (5%) to ten percent
(10%) and biodiesel from two percent (2%) to five percent (5%).
Republic Act 9513- renewable energy act of 2008 that establishes the framework for the accelerated development and
advancement of renewable energy resources, and the development of a strategic program to increase its utilization.
Rural areas - a rural area or countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities.
Sasa - vernacular or local term for nipa palm tree.
Socio-economic- relating to or concerned with the interaction of social and economic factors.
Sustainable design - Sustainable design seeks to reduce negative impacts on the environment, and the health and
comfort of building occupants, thereby improving building performance. The basic objectives of sustainability are to
reduce consumption of non-renewable resources, minimize waste, and create healthy, productive environments.
Zoning ordinance - Written regulations and laws that define how property in specific geographic zones can be used.
Zoning ordinances specify whether zones can be used for residential or commercial purposes, and may also regulate lot
size, placement, bulk (or density) and the height of structures.

B. Review of Related Literature
a. Current Issues
1. Marchers demand aggressive action on
climate change
Philippine Daily Inquirer - September 10,
2018 - 07:24 AM
“About 300 members of 11 advocacy

groups converged on Quezon City Memorial
Circle to oppose the country’s dependence on
“dirty” power sources. The groups, which
formed Rise for Climate, Justice, and Integrity
of Creation, issued the call in the run-up to the
Fig. 1.2 VIRTUAL MARCH Environmental activists hold a hologram
three-day Global Climate Action Summit in virtual march of more than five hundred (500) students, artists, clergy
members and other advocates for climate action at Bantayog ng mga
San Francisco starting on Wednesday.” Bayani Memorial in Quezon City on Friday. -RICHARD A. REYES
Due to the noticeable effects of global warming, more and more Filipinos are being aware of the negative
effects of “dirty” power sources such as coal and fossil fuels. About three hundred (300) members of eleven (11)
advocacy groups converged on Quezon City Memorial Circle to oppose the country’s dependence on “dirty” power
sources. “The rising cost of rice and the importation of fish from other countries are symptoms of the neglect for our

own natural resources and the small farmers and fishers who rely on them for their own livelihood,” Flor Assidao-
Santos, spokesperson for Oriang Women’s Group said.
Because our country majorly relies on imported fuels, the Philippines is gravely affected by the inflation
which leads to the suffering of Filipino people. There are existing laws and regulations that encourage the
development and utilization of renewable energy sources that could answer this problem. There are a lot of
agricultural crops that could produce sustainable and environmental-friendly alternative fuels such as corns,
sugarcanes, and nipa palm. Proper development and utilization of these crops will help aide the country’s dependence
on imported fuels and will also create a new source of income for the Philippines.
2. FAO: Focus on agriculture, rural development

Pia Lee-Brago - The Philippine Star, Science and Development B6 - September 6, 2018 - 12:00 am
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) have launched the new FAO Country Programming
Framework (CPF) 2018-2024, a six-year (6) plan that will further develop the agricultural sector that is constantly
declining due to productivity issues and non-competitiveness, limited implementation of technology, degradation of
natural resources, and high vulnerability to climate change. According to the United Nations agriculture agency, the
Philippines should focus more on agriculture and rural development for the progression of the country. According
to the article, the CPF is aligned with the priorities of the Philippine Development Plan 2017 – 2022, the United
Nations – Philippine Partnership Framework for Sustainable Development, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development, as well as other national policies, strategies and plans related to agriculture, fisheries and forestry
sector.

“The United Nations agriculture agency has declared the time ripe “to focus investments on agriculture and
rural development for the Philippines to move forward and get back on its feet faster” than the threats and disasters
that jeopardize food security and future generations.
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) said the growth of the Philippines’ agriculture, forestry and
fishery sectors continue to be hampered by declining productivity and non-competitiveness, due to the limited
implementation of technology, degradation of natural resources, and high vulnerability to climate change.
FAO pledged to continue to help promote sustainable management and competitive utilization of
environment and natural resources through inclusive value chains.”
The article implies that developing the rural areas where agriculture is prominent is one of the solutions to
Philippine progression. With the current issues on inflation, the agriculture sector will surely help Philippines
economic growth. Agricultural development will be funded by the government through the CPF, this will also help
the development and utilization of nipa palm in Paombong since proper funding and lack of programs is what hinders
the development in rural areas.

b. Nipa Palm Industry

1. Rediscovering the Potentials of Nipa Palm
Henrylito D. Tacio. - 24 September 2017
The article states the potentials of the nipa palm tree as a source of energy and livelihood for a community.
It is also abundant in the Philippines having the 3rd largest Nipa palm plantation in Asia. Nipa palm trees can grow
in any weather condition which doesn’t need any complicated maintenance procedures perfect for a community
setting. It also produces a variety of products such as sugars and wines that have high demands to the world market
including the United States and Europe. Surigao del Norte is the province that started the exportation of natural
sweeteners. Aside from that, it is also a source of bio-fuel.
Nipa palm tree, aside from being a source of vinegar, native to locals of Paombong can also be a source of
number of products which are often neglected by the inhabitants. One of these is being a source of sugar for
consumers and as feeds for livestock, cheaper and healthier than processed feeds. Aside from sugar cane, it produces
a much healthier natural sweetener which is in demand in the current trend of healthy living not only in the
Philippines but in other countries as well. It also produces more ethanol needed for the production of energy than
other crops that needed more maintenance and land areas compared to nipa palm tree which thrives on swamps and
estuaries that cannot be subjected to land use conversion. The amount of potential ethanol produced from nipa (at
twelve thousand liters (12000 L) per hectare) is twice as produced from sugar cane, which only has six thousand
liters (6000 L) per hectare, and five to seven times more fuel could be produced from the sap than from the oil of
coconut palms. It is the most feasible source of income and electricity for the development located in a swampy area
of Paombong. Nipa palm tree is also abundant in the city and the other potentials of the tree are often neglected.

2. Utilization of Mangrove Forest Plant: Nipa Palm (Nypa fruticans Wurmb.)

Md. Farid Hossain, Md. Anwarul Islam - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Volume 3, Issue 4 - July
2015
The article enumerates the importance of nipa palm and the products that can be harnessed from the said tree
such as roof thatching, partitioning, foods, medicinal purposes and as a source of fuelwood. The sugary sap from the
inflorescence stalk is used as a source of treacle (molasses), amorphous sugar, vinegar, and alcohol. Newly developed
shoots are to be used as a vermicide. Ash from Nipa palm is used as an analgesic against tooth pain and headache.
Dry leaves, petiole, stem wood, fruit residues etc. are used as fuel. In fishing, rhizomes of Nipa palm are extensively
used, facilitating the fishing net to float over the water surface. This palm helps to stabilize soils, protecting against
erosion, reducing the forces of cyclones and high sea waves in the coastal zones.
The demand of Nipa palm products is increasing day by day in the different countries of the world including
Bangladesh. It also abundantly grows in marshlands of the Philippines. Products from nipa palm such as sugar, fruit
preserves and jams can also be harvested without cutting the whole tree unlike other crops such as sugarcane.

3. Production of Sugar-Beating Sap from Nipa Palm in Pak Phanang Basin, Southern Thailand
Noparat Bamroongrugsa, Choathip Purintavarakul, Shigeru Kato, Janice Stargardt - 2004
The article is about the procedure of how nipa palm sap is converted to sugar, the proper step by step
process of tapping is listed below to maximize the sap yield from nipa palm tree.
 Sap is generally collected from the mature fruit stalk (infructescence) after the almost full-grown fruiting
head of the plant has been cut.
 Sap flow, however, depends on the preparation of the stalk. To stimulate the flow, the stalk is beaten forty to
fifty (40-50) times daily for three (3) days and then this is stopped for ten (10) days. The beating cycles are
then repeated consecutively for a second and a third time.
 Tapping begins by removing a thin end slice of the fruit stalk about one to two millimeters (1-2 mm) thick.
The freshly cut stalk end is inserted into a hole in a bamboo container to collect the sap.
 A skilled tapper is able to tap as many as one hundred (100) stalks per day. It is estimated that a normal
tapped stalk can produce about zero point seventy-one (0.7 l) of sap daily. Research on sap flow stimulation
has shown a relation between varying levels of beating the stalk and rates of sap flow. The conversion rate
of sap to sugar by boiling and evaporation is on average, six (6) to seven (7) liters of sap: one kilogram (1kg)
sugar.

The process of converting nipa palm sap into sugar is as follows:
 Tappers will gather the sap at five (5) o’ clock in the morning and then wait for to four (4) hours to let the
sap leak. Sap for sugar is gathered in the morning because nipa palm sap is sweeter that time. Four hours is
the maximum time for the sap to be cooked because if the sap exceeds that time the sugar might have a
tendency to develop an aftertaste.
 After gathering the sap, it will be brought to the cooking area to be boiled.
 The normal cooking process is applied, the nipa sap will be put in a wok and heated to let the excess water
content to evaporate. Cooking the nipa sap will also lengthen the shelving life of the sugar
 After cooking and transferring to another container, it will be sent to the processing area.
 The boiled nipa sap will then be processed into sugar in the processing area.
c. Agro-industry
1. Agriculture and Industry in Economic Growth
Mahendra Kumar, Lifted from http://www.economicsdiscussion.net/economic-growth/agriculture-and-industry-in-
economic-growth/11802: July 2012 at 15 September 2018, 03:05 pm
This article is about how different the sectors of agriculture and industry, but each sector should complement
each other for their goal is the same, to promote economic growth. The two sectors should not be seen as opposing
entities but as complementing bodies because, in practice, agriculture and industry is closely linked to each other.

“Interdependence between agriculture and industry becomes strengthened through various linkages
generated in these two sectors. The three most important linkages are: production linkages, demand linkages, and
saving-investment linkages.”
Interdependence between agriculture and industry becomes strengthened through various linkages generated
in these two sectors. The three most important linkages are: production linkages, demand linkages, and saving-
investment linkages. Production linkages arise from the interdependence between agriculture and industry through
the use of productive inputs. Agriculture draws some raw materials, like chemical fertilizers, pesticides, electric
power, agricultural machinery and implements, etc. from the industry. Agriculture is also dependent on industry for
the supply of materials for building up social and economic overheads in the agricultural sector. Further, many raw
materials and inputs used in industrial production, e.g., cotton, jute, sugarcane, tobacco, etc., is supplied by the
agricultural sector. Such production linkages demonstrate that a ten pieces (10 pcs.) increase in agricultural output
results in an increase in industrial output by as much as five pieces (5 pcs.)
There is a link and common goal from the two sectors even if they are too different, which raises the
possibility that these sectors could be put together for the holistic development of a rural community. This will bring
a positive growth to a community without sacrificing one sector for the other.

d. Bio-energy
1. Biofuels more harmful to humans than petrol and diesel, warn scientists
Alok Jha (green technology correspondent), Lifted from
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/feb/02/biofuels-health: February 2009 at 16 September 2018,
09:00 am
The article implies that some sources of biofuel will post a more dangerous threat to people than fossil fuels.
Corn-based bioethanol has a higher burden on the environment and human health, according to US study. The study
shows that corn-based bioethanol has a higher combined environmental and health burden than conventional fuels.
Because some types of biofuels focused on greenhouse gases alone. Fertilizers from crops may cause increased cases
of heart disease, respiratory symptoms, asthma, and chronic bronchitis because it is used in high amounts. It also
poses a threat to food sources because crops like sugar canes and corns are staple foods but it is yielded for energy
purpose rather than human consumptions.
“The study shows that corn-based bioethanol, which is produced extensively in the US, has a higher
combined environmental and health burden than conventional fuels. However, there are high hopes for the next
generation of biofuels, which can be made from organic waste or plants grown on marginal land that is not used to
grow foods. They have less than half the combined health and environmental costs of standard gasoline and a third
of current biofuels. The work adds to an increasing body of research raising concerns about the impact of modern
corn-based biofuels.

Several studies last year showed that growing corn to make ethanol biofuels was pushing up the price of
food. Environmentalists have highlighted other problems such deforestation to clear land for growing crops to make
the fuels. The UK government's renewable fuels advisors recommended slowing down the adoption of biofuels until
better controls were in place to prevent inadvertent climate impacts.”
Because of these factors, people should be aware if the alternative fuels that are used in the current market is
really environmental-friendly rather than destructive. Unlike corn biofuel mentioned in this article which has more
negative effects on people, biofuel from nipa palm is much more helpful. First, it doesn’t need pesticides which
causes health problems, it is also low maintenance because it doesn’t need any attention and upkeep. Second, it is
not a source of staple food like other sources of biofuel which are corn and sugarcane. Lastly, the nipa palm sap is
the only part needed to produce biofuel, it can still contribute to pollution reduction and lessening carbon footprint
because the whole tree is still intact after harvesting the sap.
2. Bio-ethanol Explained- Ethanol and the Environment

U.S. Energy Information Administration, Lifted from
https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.php?page=biofuel_ethanol_environment: March 2018 at 16 September
2018, 02:00 pm
The article is about the positive characteristics of bio-ethanol compared to fossil fuels, how cleaner and more
efficient bio-ethanol is compared to fossil fuel. It also produces less carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases when

burned and used for industrial purposes. Bio-ethanol from Nipa Palm Tree is considered carbon-neutral because it
absorbs CO2 as they grow and may offset the CO2 produced when ethanol is made and burned.
“Unlike gasoline, pure ethanol is nontoxic and biodegradable, and it quickly breaks down into harmless
substances if spilled. Chemical denaturants are added to ethanol to make fuel ethanol, and many of the denaturants
are toxic. Similar to gasoline, ethanol is a highly flammable liquid and must be transported carefully.
Ethanol and ethanol-gasoline mixtures burn cleaner and have higher octane levels than pure gasoline, but
they also have higher evaporative emissions from fuel tanks and dispensing equipment. These evaporative emissions
contribute to the formation of harmful, ground-level ozone and smog. Gasoline requires extra processing to reduce
evaporative emissions before blending with ethanol.”
The effect that increased ethanol use has on net CO2 emissions depends on how ethanol is made and whether
or not indirect impacts on land use are included in the calculations. Growing plants for fuel is a controversial topic
because some people believe the land, fertilizers, and energy used to grow biofuel crops should be used to grow food
crops instead. Because of this controversy, nipa palm tree is the best bio-ethanol source because it doesn’t need
fertilizers, it’s not a staple food and the land it grows on is located in river banks and marshlands.

3. Modeling a Nipa-based Bioethanol Industry

Firellio B. Abenes STRIDE Faculty and Institutional Development Manager, Professor Emeritus, Calpoly
University, Panama - September 2010
Bioethanol is a type of Biofuel extracted from the sap of Nipa palm tree, it will be the primary source of
electricity in the development. This article will show the efficiency and effectivity of the Nipa palm tree as a source
of safe and green energy. Nipa palm covers seven hundred thousand (700,000) hectares of swamps and estuaries in
Indonesia, twenty thousand (20,000) hectares in Malaysia and eight thousand (8,000) hectares in total mangrove
areas in the Philippines. These eight thousand hectares (8,000 h) of Philippine nipa can potentially supply ninety-six
million liters (96,000,000 L) of bioethanol. This can supply a total of up to twenty-five percent (25%) of the 2015
bioethanol demand in the country. Nipa palm can also produce twice the amount of bioethanol corn and sugarcane
can produce. These are some of the characteristics of ethanol;
a. Ethanol of up to one hundred ninety (190) proof (ninety-five percent (95%) strength) can be produced using
simple reflux distillation.
b. Removal of the last five percent (5%) water from an ethanol solution requires more complex methods.
c. Hydrous (water containing) ethanol can be used neat (at one hundred percent (100%) rate) in a modified gasoline
engine.
d. If the ethanol is to be blended with gasoline, at any rate, the ethanol must be completely anhydrous (dry) – two
hundred (200) proof. Otherwise, separation of the fuels will occur.
As the article implies, Nipa palm tree is the best source of biofuel compared to other crops in terms of
availability, bioethanol production, and location. Considering that the location is a rural area that needs development,

Nipa palm can easily be grown and reproduced as it is native to the city of Paombong, it is also available all year
round which is an important factor since the demand for electricity is also all year round. It is also cheaper and more
environmentally friendly compared to other renewable sources of energy so the power plant is proven safe to be built
near residential areas, unlike hydroelectric power plants and coal-based power plant which post threats to people and
living things that is why it is built far from residential areas.
4. How Rural Areas Can Benefit from Renewable Energy

Megan Ray Nichols, Lifted from https://www.altenergymag.com/article/2017/05/how-rural-areas-can-benefit-
from-renewable-energy/26257: May 2017 at 17 September 2018, 12:30 am
The article introduces different types of renewable sources of energy to support the agro-industrial complex
and the community in a rural setting. For added sources of electricity, it is necessary to choose the top choice
considering the location and the needs of the users. In a rural setting, listed are some of the choices that are feasible
in the development, because if a small-scale bioethanol power plant is not enough to supply energy in a community
and an industrial park, other forms of energy should be introduced.
“Jobs in less populated regions are often dependent on natural resources and manufacturing jobs, such as
coal mines or automotive plants, but jobs within these specific industries are disappearing. Car companies are
outsourcing their production plants while the coal industry is experiencing lower demand for coal, resulting in mine
closures.

Renewable energy offers to replace those industries and supply those jobs. Families in rural areas not only
gain employment and job security, but they may receive reduced heating and electric bills and a boost to their local
town’s economy. No matter where you live, renewable energy offers the environmental benefit.”
As the article suggests, harnessing solar energy is one of the most effective ways to decrease energy expenses
in a community. For the type of weather in the Philippines, solar power is really a good source of energy because
sunlight is abundantly present in the country aside from that, the local government is advocating the use renewable
sources of energy. Because the development would cater to the needs of the whole municipality and the industrial
complex, additional sources of electricity might be needed.
e. Community Development using Renewable Energy

1. The role of community energy in renewable energy use and development
Yoshihiro Yamamoto- 10 June 2016
Local communities play an important role in facilitating decentralized renewable energy (RE), there are four
key features of community energy-economic and financial advantages, and community autonomy and sustainability.
Due to the growing concerns about global warming, energy security and advancements to renewable energy,
renewable energy is being introduced worldwide. One of the widely used renewable energy being utilized by the
public is solar energy, in Japan widespread adoption of photovoltaic (PV) power generation is implemented in 2012
due to feed-in laws and relative meteorological advantage. Aside from the rooftop installation of photovoltaic panels
by local residents, private companies are setting up large-scale photovoltaic systems for their own use. These

companies often collaborate with municipalities forming a private-public partnership for power generation. These
types of renewable energy projects are called “community energy” because the communities are involved in financial
investments and managerial control.
“Community energy provide economic and financial benefits to communities and local residents. Renewable
energy projects produce heat and/or power for communities, offer profitable investment opportunities, and/or
provide job opportunities. Some renewable energy projects make use of biomass produced as a by-product of
agriculture, benefiting farmers in the region, this support community revitalization.
Community energy contributes to community autonomy and sustainability. Local communities can
participate in decision-making on renewable energy projects more readily than on projects such as centralized,
large-scale, power plants outside the region. Community energy may furthermore make communities less dependent
on the electricity generated at such large-scale plants. Furthermore, projects enacted with and for the community
enhance community revitalization and cohesion, which will strongly be connected with community spirit.”
The article cites examples on how renewable energy utilization benefits a certain municipality and how
community engagement affects renewable energy projects. Public acceptance is triggered by involving local
residents in the project, if the community is not involved, local residents are more likely to resist the construction of
renewable energy facilities. Large renewable energy facilities need more community engagement because of the fear
concern that such facilities will degrade the environment, produce noise, or cause other harms. There are three factors
needed to be considered in developing renewable energy projects. These are:

 Economic efficiency- strong connections between renewable energy projects and economic activity in a municipality
may contribute to project success. For example, local farmers may produce agricultural waste, including waste from
thinning and lumbering, crop harvesting, and livestock manure, that can serve as inputs for biomass energy
production. If farmers both use a cooperative renewable energy facility and are members of the cooperative, they
will optimize both their own agricultural activities and the performance of the renewable energy project. This is,
precisely, an internalization of multiple businesses resulting in efficient management. Renewable energy projects
incorporating such connections may positively affect the economic performance of a municipality.
 Common pool resource management- if a company outside a municipality sets up a renewable energy project to
generate electricity and sells that electricity to local residents, the residents may feel that they are being robbed of
their resources. To avoid this, the local government may manage the resources themselves.
 Social networking-an initiator of a community renewable energy project may be considered an opinion leader in that
community, and those other participants may be considered followers of the opinion leader. As mentioned earlier,
engaging the community in the renewable energy project is important, obtaining the permission and acceptance of
the leaders, in this case, the local government is vital whenever starting a renewable energy project. Social
networking contributes to the faster exchange of information on community energy.

2. The benefits of community-owned renewable energy projects

Jenna Gall- 10 April 2018
“Renewable energy projects with Indigenous communities are not always developed with reconciliation
goals in mind. Multi-level governance approach to their projects is used as a way to ensure community ownership
and control.
In summary, the key benefits of community-owned renewable energy projects include:
 Increased human capacity in the community

 Increased economic benefits
 Reduced energy costs - able to use that money for other community needs
 Community support for renewable energy projects
 Education and training in the community
 Reliable, local energy supply - energy security
 Community control and ownership - energy autonomy and democracy”
Communities consider the economic capability of a renewable energy project rather than its carbon emission
and environmental benefits. To ensure the greatest community benefit, there need to be bottom-up approaches to
indigenous renewable energy projects that include a holistic approach to energy management where the community
retains the most control over their energy future. As the article suggests, communities consider the economic effect
of the renewable energy project rather than the environmental impact, creating a balance between the two will greatly
affect the community acceptance and the positive impact of the development.

f. Eco-efficiency
1. Eco-Efficiency and Sustainable Product Development
Camille Allocca - May 2000
People continue to use the resources of the land without considering the negative impact of their industry in
the environment. The sudden development of the industries tends to forget the importance of preserving the
environment to prevent its degradation. One of the concern when it comes to the industrial sector is the increasing
dependence on raw materials from the environment because of the growing population resulting in environmental
degradation. Stated by Camille Allocca on her book that products can have a negative effect in the environment
through emitted pollution from both resources and energy consumed over the course of the manufacturing process.
“Products can have a negative effect on the environment due to high levels of pollution emitted and both
resources and energy consumed over the course of the manufacturing process.”
The responsibility of every industry to minimize its negative effects rely on the environmental regulations
implemented. Adjustments from the previous routine to a new one will be a great key to assure the effectiveness of
the regulation that will be a great benefit for the environment and production of industries in every country,
particularly the Philippines as it is starting to be industrialized.
The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) first addressed eco-efficiency as
combination of ecological and economic goals and also defines it as,

“reached by the delivery of competitively priced goods and services that satisfy human needs and bring
quality of life while progressively reducing ecological impacts and resource intensity throughout the life cycle to a
level at least in line with the earth’s estimated carrying capacity.”
The goal is not only to benefit the environment but also to improve the economic aspect of the industries
because its objective is maximizing the value while minimizing resource use or “producing more from less”. The
quality and function of products will not be sacrifice from the adjustment needed but instead help in making better
products. It is an important consideration because industrialized countries today including the Philippines consume
eighty percent (80%) of the world’s resources while accounting for only twenty percent (20%) of the world
population.
The article implies that eco-efficiency is the best approach when it comes to designing an agriculture-based
industry because the development needs to produce “more from less”. Backed up by the studies, considering and
adding eco-efficiency concept in the design will ensure that the built environment will have a less harmful impact to
the surrounding ecology and will also help minimize the use of raw materials while functioning at its optimal
capability and catering to the demands of the consumers.
2. Eco-efficient Agriculture: Concepts, Challenges, and Opportunities

Brian A. Keatinga, Peter S. Carberryb, Prem S. Bindrabanc, Senthold Assengd,Holger Meinkee and John Dixon,
Lifted from https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/cs/articles/50/Supplement_2/S-109: March 2010 at 17
September 2018, 07:00 pm

Ever since humans are in need of the natural ecosystem to gather daily needs like food. The term eco-
efficiency has emerged relatively recently but efforts to increase the level of desired outputs from inputs of natural
resources and human endeavor have characterized agriculture evolution for over ten thousand years (10,000 yr.)
What is new is the magnitude of the efficiency challenge global food systems are facing. Today, countries develop
to enhance the capability of their production in terms of agriculture products to cater to the needs of their population.
But because of the sudden change offered by the modern world, the conversion of agricultural land though become
normal, the effect is the decreasing numbers of agriculture land. As stated in the article, Eco-efficiency in the simplest
of terms is about achieving more with less, more outputs fewer inputs that encompass both ecological and economic
sector.
“Eco-efficiency in the simplest of terms is about achieving more with less—more agricultural outputs, in
terms of quantity and quality, for less input of land, water, nutrients, energy, labor, or capital. The concept of eco-
efficiency encompasses both the ecological and economic dimensions of sustainable agriculture.”
The Philippines as an agricultural country offers big possibilities and opportunities for its agriculture like
nipa palm products. Because the challenge for agriculture in the coming decades will be to increase the productivity
of agricultural lands in line with the increasing demands for food and fiber. And also, the world market offers
opportunities for the organic products that Nipa Palm Industry has through its Organic sugar. Though land
degradation continues, decreasing the agriculture land that will sustain long-term productivity still opportunities
arises through the eco-efficient way.

g. Conducive working environment

1. Good Working Conditions for Workers
Devra Gartenstein, Lifted from https://work.chron.com/good-working-conditions-workers-8106.html: 15 March
2018 at 17 September 2018, 11:25 pm
A good working condition can create a more productive environment for the workers. The workers or
employees are important because it is their skills that keep an industry running. As stated in the article, ensuring the
workplace or the working environment is essential for the safety and health purpose of the workers and also providing
an environment that is free from various forms of emotional abuse.
“As a worker, you have legal protections to ensure that your workplace is safe and healthy. You are also
entitled to work in an environment free of various forms of emotional abuse”.
Consideration to make sure that the workplace is free of health hazards and dangerous conditions are needed.
The workplace should be a safe environment where employees can do their jobs without fear of injury. Workers can
be provided with safety gear depending on the kind of work that the industry offers and also through the
implementation of various safety plans industry can reduce the risk of workplace accidents. A good working
condition also caters to emotional protection such as the right to an environment free of harassment and
discrimination. Harassment and discrimination that can appear in the different situation from the co-workers up to
the consumer. Because keeping employees safe and satisfied also makes good industry sense because people are
more likely to produce quality work when they feel valued.

2. Innovation Spaces: The New Design of Work

Julie Wagner and Dan Watch, April 2017
The working environment tends to develop and introduce the worker’s capability in uplifting its industry.
People are being influenced somehow by means of the design of their working environment. The sudden change of
the environment also introduces a new solution for continuous adaptation. As if designing working spaces like agro-
industry should have a standard that will create development without sacrificing the environment and the human
working system.
The innovation of spaces offers ambition to help flourish people. Stated from the article that the innovation
of spaces elevates and empowers workers to know how space should be molded to support their needs and ambitions.
“Innovation space elevates and empowers the workers to know how space should be molded to support their
needs and ambitions”.
It answers the need of an industry to gather several people that are capable of working at their best state. An
innovation of spaces also offers important insights for a large body of thinkers and leaders aimed to strengthen local
competitiveness. A kind of spaces that strengthen interactions, communication, and collaboration; and spaces that
are open, transparent and contextually responsive. The design can be reflected through patterns, colors, texture, etc.
that can have influenced action to every worker in an industry.

h. Current Condition in Existing Distilleries

1. Common Hazards for Distilleries
Marijana Dabic, July 13, 2017
The article suggests that distilleries can be rewarding and profitable but, it sometimes produces risks. The
process of making alcohol such as bioethanol may involve large and potentially dangerous equipment and
machineries and the production of alcohol often produces harmful fumes and smoke as well. As a designer, it is
important to mitigate these risks and improve the working condition within a distillery in order to create a helpful
environment for the workers. The following unique exposure are the ones present within a distillery that should be
improved through proper planning and design.
“Carbon dioxide: In order to create alcohol, carbohydrates like starch and sugar must be converted through
fermentation. During this process, yeast eats carbohydrates and creates carbon dioxide—an odorless, colorless and
toxic gas. The following is a breakdown of how different concentrations of carbon dioxide can impact employee’s
health:
1,000 parts per million (ppm) – Prolonged exposure can affect concentration.
10,000 ppm – An employee’s rate of breathing increases.
30,000 ppm – The employee will begin breathing at twice the normal rate and may experience dizziness, a
faster heart rate, headaches or hearing impairment.
40,000-50,000 ppm – The employee’s breathing increases four times the normal rate, and he or she will
experience signs of poisoning after only 30 minutes of exposure.

50,000-100,000 ppm – The employee will quickly begin to feel tired and will experience laboured breathing,
headaches, tinnitus (a ringing in the ears) and impaired vision. After a few minutes, he or she will likely lose
consciousness.
100,000-1,000,000 ppm – The employee will lose consciousness quickly. At this concentration, asphyxiation
and death may occur.
Fires and Explosions: Ethanol vapor is highly flammable and is one of the main fire and explosion hazards at
distilleries. Ethanol can be released from leaks in tanks, casks, transfer pumps, pipes and flexible hoses.
Common ignition hazards to control can include the following:
Open flames
Torch cutting and welding operations
Sparks (static, electrical and mechanical)
Hot surfaces
Heat from friction
Radiant heat
Physical Injury and Other Employee Hazards: Distilleries can be an unsafe environment for workers if it fails to
take the proper precautions. There are countless risks needed to account for, including the following:
Chemical hazards: A variety of harmful chemical and cleaning products can be found in distilleries.

Electrocution: Because distilleries require workers to handle large amount of liquids around powered
equipment, electrocution hazards are common. To maintain a safe working environment, it’s important to
never run power cables through pools of liquid. Whenever possible, avoid using extension cords, power
boards or equipment with damaged plugs, sockets or cables. For added safety, ground equipment and use a
ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) or residual current device (RCD). These tools automatically shut off
power whenever they discover that a current is flowing along an unintended path, including through water
or a person.
Injuries caused by heavy lifting. Working at a distillery requires employees to lift and move heavy kegs and
other items throughout the day.
Physical hazards: There are many dangerous items at a distillery that could harm the workers. Distilleries
should ensure the work area is free of trip and slip hazards. In addition, noise from equipment, high-pressure
tools, boiling liquids, hot surfaces and confined spaces pose a serious threat and will need to be addressed.
Consider conducting safety assessments on a regular basis and address hazards as they arise.”
These problem should be addressed when designing a distillery to provide a conducive working environment
for the employees. Since distilleries are different from office set ups where a conducive working environment
approach is often applied, the needs that should be addressed are also different. The article suggests issues within
the current working of distilleries that should be improved using proper planning and design. The major concerns
within a distillery are safety, security and overall well-being of the worker in response to the environment within a
bioethanol distillery.

2. Distillery Wastewater: Its Impact on Environment and Remedies
Pankaj Chowdhary, Nawaz Khan and Ram Naresh Bharagava
“Distillery wastewater and its toxicity is a serious concern worldwide. Unfortunately, if discharged into the
environment without proper treatment, it causes serious environmental problems and health hazards in human and
animals. Due to very high chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), it causes inhibition
of seed germination and depletion of vegetation by reducing the soil alkalinity and manganese availability in
agricultural land whereas in aquatic environments, it reduces sunlight penetration and decreases photosynthetic
activity and dissolved oxygen content damaging the aquatic fauna and flora both. Various physio-chemical and
biological approaches employing membranes, coagulant, bacteria, fungi, microalgae etc. used for the treatment of
distillery wastewater.”
Distilleries generates huge amount of waste water during the alcohol production process. This water produced
from alcohol processing contains organic and inorganic pollutants such as meladoinin, polysaccharides, reduced
sugar, proteins, waxes, etc. that can be harmful to aquatic life when disposed irresponsibly. Distillery water mainly
affects the soil and aquatic region since it can also seep through the soil. In order to ensure that the distillery doesn’t
pose a threat to neighboring ecology and water bodies, waste from the proposed bioethanol production facility should
be treated and disposed properly.
Proper disposal of waste from the processing of bioethanol is also a major concern when designing a
bioethanol production facility since it is crucial for the health and well-being of the users within and outside the built
environment.

C. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
PROBLEM
MAIN
How to maximize the utilization of the rich nipa palm lands? How will the locality embrace new ways and
techniques to cultivate their own distinctiveness without deteriorating their natural resources and environment?
SUB PROBLEMS
What are the design strategies How to develop a built What are the needs of the
to offer in the midst of environment that will meet the nipa palm industry to bring
agricultural and industrial sustainable socio-economic more opportunities to the
possibilities of Paombong? development in the municipality? people of Paombong?
To present design strategies for an agro-

OBJECTIVES
To determine techniques in designing To bring an environment conscious development

industrial development in consideration of that will lead to a large-scale contribution as to the
a built environment that will provide an
both economy and ecology furtherance of renewable energy source from nipa
engaging and well-planned setting for
human activity
Eco-efficient Agro Industrial Complex The Use, Promotion and

Integration of native and recyclable A Conducive Working Environment
Utilization of Renewable Energy
building materials that will Value the Social
Source from Nipa for an Energy-
Water and Energy Efficient Sustainability and Opportunities
Efficient Development
Development
c c
c v
v Fig. 1.3 Theoretical and
v Conceptual Framework
Source: Authors
A Conducive Working Environment for an Eco-efficient

Agro-industrial Development, Promoting Renewable
Energy Source from Nipa

D. Methodology of Research
Upon the collection of data in this research study, descriptive survey and field studies will be applied. Also,
a quantitative survey which will most give information coming from the respondents. The range and distribution of
some social characteristics will be established through investigations, interviews and government statistics. It will
help to discover how these characteristics may be related to certain behavior patterns or attitude. The insights for the
solution of the problem may be provided by correlating the results of this study with the current research.
Below is an organized structure method of research which will explain the step by step of doing this study:
Methodology of Research
Time
Objectives Tactics Instruments People/Organization Expected Output
Frame
Interview a municipal Questionnaires Data and lists of

-Office of Municipal
official who’s USB flash drive facts about the
Planning and
knowledgeable in terms Soft copies 2-3 days industry of
To determine the Development
of Paombong’s Pen and paper Paombong and its
current economic -Office of the
economic development contribution
situation and Municipal Agriculture
industry of Analyze data from
Paombong, secondary resources Economic
Books
Bulacan that may help to identify strategies and
Articles 1-2 days
the factors affecting findings that may
Internet
economic status and contribute
stability

Interview the municipal

agriculture office about Questionnaires -Office of the -Agricultural data
agricultural USB flash drive Municipal Agriculture -Data about nipa
development, nipa Soft copies 1-2 days farming and factors
farming, nipa related Pen and paper affecting
livelihood and the status
of farming community
To assess nipa
Interview local nipa
farming community
farmers about their Questionnaires -Findings of their
and nipa -Nipa farmers 1-2 days
situation and how nipa Pen and paper local setting
agricultural
affects their daily life
production
Findings and
Review foreign and recommendations
local studies for Books that can contribute
secondary resources Articles 1-2 days to planning an
that are needed for the Internet agro-industrial
investigation development for
Paombong
Conduct case studies,
interview, observation -First Nipa Bio-ethanol
To identify the
and photo Facility in the -List of the process
process, existing
documentation Camera Philippines at and required
factors and 2-3 days
regarding current Pen and paper Barangay Cabaggan, machinery for bio-
development in
comparable conditions Pampalona, Cagayan ethanol production
nipa industry
and innovation in nipa
industry

Review studies
regarding nipa products
Books Identification of the
and related studies that
Articles flow of activities
can help to organize the 1-2 days
Internet and necessary
environment to be built
facilities
for an agro-industrial
development
Through secondary
Books List of the positive
source, review the
Articles and the negative
concept of bio-ethanol 1-2 days
Internet contribution of bio-
as a potential renewable
ethanol
energy source
Review approaches and
To evaluate and strategies through Findings about
look for strategies secondary sources on effective strategies
that can be applied how to come up with a Books and factors to
for a built well-planned Articles 1-2 days consider in
environment which environment, promoting Internet planning to bring an
engage and health and bring out the encouraging
encourage users effectiveness of the workspace
workers
Findings of eco-
To analyze the Review related studies
Books efficiency principles
concept of eco- and secondary sources
Articles 1-2 days on how can affect
efficiency, about the eco-efficient
Internet both environment,
strategies and architectural approach
and the ecology

theories to be
applied
Study of local and
foreign cases that are
To analyze the List of spaces and
comparable to the Books
development planning conditions
development to Articles 2-3days
physical demands to come up with a
understand and Internet
and requirements well-planned result
visualize the needed
areas and facilities
Table 1.2 Methodology of Research Source: Authors

E. Bibliography
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in Negros Oriental. Bulacan State University, College of Architecture and Fine Arts Library: May 2017
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Beating Sap from Nipa Palm in Pak Phanang Basin, Southern Thailand. 2004
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http://www.economicsdiscussion.net/economic-growth/agriculture-and-industry-in-economic-growth/11802: July
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https://permaculturenews.org/2017/05/29/rainwater-harvesting-sustainable-agriculture: May 2017 at 15 September
2018, 10:00 pm
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scientists. Lifted from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/feb/02/biofuels-health: February 2009 at
16 September 2018, 09:00 am

 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Bio-ethanol Explained- Ethanol and the Environment. Lifted from
https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.php?page=biofuel_ethanol_environment: March 2018 at 16 September
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2018, 10:00 pm
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A Conducive Working Environment For An Eco-Efficient Agro-Industrial Development in Paombong, Promoting Renewable Energy Source From Nipa

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NIPA KAIBA: A Condusive Working Environment for an Eco-efficient Agro-Industrial Development in Paombong Promoting

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

In Partial fulfillment of the Requirements

BERNARDO, JOYCE ANN B.

Almoete, Almira C. | Bernardo, Joyce ann B. | Nogales, Kevin E. BSAR-5D

The proponents discussed

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 1

A. The Problem and its Setting

Philippines has still high dependency on fossil

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 2

 low to moderate economic growth for the past 40 years;

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 3

 high levels of population growth;

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 4

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 5

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 6

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 7

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 8

a. Background of the Study

“Paombong”, a long-standing identity

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 9

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 10

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 11

b. Statement of the Problem

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 12

c. Architectural Thesis Goals, Objectives and Strategies

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 13

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 14

d. Scopes and Limitations of the Study

Scopes of the Study

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 15

Limitations of the Study

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 16

e. Significance of the Study

Nipa Palm Development in the Philippines

Sasa Farming Community

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 17

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 18

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 19

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 20

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 21

Agro-industrial - a development that consists of both agriculture and industrial aspect.

Biofuel- naturally occurring hydrocarbon fuels from organic matter.

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 22

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 23

Sasa - vernacular or local term for nipa palm tree.

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 24

B. Review of Related Literature

“About 300 members of 11 advocacy

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 25

2. FAO: Focus on agriculture, rural development

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 26

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 27

b. Nipa Palm Industry

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 28

2. Utilization of Mangrove Forest Plant: Nipa Palm (Nypa fruticans Wurmb.)

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 29

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 30

The process of converting nipa palm sap into sugar is as follows:

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 31

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 32

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study 33

2. Bio-ethanol Explained- Ethanol and the Environment