Personal development

Erik Erikson- theory of psychosocial development

Ideal Self Actual self

The self that we aspire to be
It includes components of what our parents have
taught us, what we admire in others, what our
society promotes, and what we think is in our
best interest
The way that I want to be
It is an idealized image that we have developed
over time, based on what we have learned and
experienced
It is how we think, how we feel, look, and act.
Is the one that you see and the way that I am
It is the self that has characteristics that you were
nurtured or, in some cases, born to have
Built on self-knowledge
It can be seen by others, but because we have no
way of truly knowing how others view us, it is our
self-image
Who we are

Self - The identity, character, or essential qualities of any person or thing. One’s own person as distinct
from all others

Actual self - is the one that you see and the way that I am. It is the self that has characteristics that you
were nurtured or, in some cases, born to have. The actual self is built on self-knowledge. The actual self
is who we are. It is how we think, how we feel, look, and act. The actual self can be seen by others, but
because we have no way of truly knowing how others view us, the actual self is our self-image.

Ideal self - is the self that you aspire to be. It is an idealized image that we have developed over time,
based on what we have learned and experienced. The ideal self could include components of what our
parents have taught us, what we admire in others, what our society promotes, and what we think is in
our best interest.

Self-concept- refers to your awareness of yourself

Negotiation - There is negotiation that exists between the two selves which is complex because there are
numerous exchanges between the ideal and actual self. These exchanges are exemplified in social roles
that are adjusted and re-adjusted and are derived from outcomes of social interactions from infant to
adult development.
Personal effectiveness - Making use of all the personal resources -talents, skills, energy, and time, to
enable you to achieve life goals

Our personal effectiveness depends on our innate characteristics - talent and experience
accumulated in the process of personal development. Talents first are needed to be identified and then
developed to be used in a particular subject area (science, literature, sports, politics, etc.)

Experience + Skills
Experience includes knowledge and skills that we acquire in the process of cognitive and
practical activities.
Knowledge is required for setting goals, defining an action plan to achieve them and risk
assessment.
Skills also determine whether real actions are performed in accordance with the plan. If the
same ability is used many times in the same situation, then it becomes a habit that runs automatically,
subconsciously

WHY WE SHOULD PUT OUR TALENTS, GIFTS OR STRENGTHS TO USE

• Other people can benefit from them
• Other lives may change because of our Talents
• It leads to a more satisfying life
• We can Make Money out of them
• Lets us leave a lasting Impression to People
• Leads to faster growth and development
• Show appreciation to giver
Skills that will greatly increase the efficiency of any person
1. Determination- It allows you to focus only on achieving a specific goal without being
distracted by less important things or spontaneous desires. It may be developed with the help of self-
discipline exercise.
2. Self-confidence- It appears in the process of personal development, as a result of getting
aware of yourself, your actions and their consequences. Self-confidence is manifested in speech,
appearance, dressing, gait, and physical condition.
3. Persistence- It makes you keep moving forward regardless of emerging obstacles - problems,
laziness, bad emotional state, etc. It reduces the costs of overcoming obstacles. It can also be developed
with the help of self-discipline exercise.
4. Managing stress- It helps combat stress that arises in daily life from the environment and
other people. Stress arises from the uncertainty in an unknown situation when a lack of information
creates the risk of negative consequences of your actions. It increases efficiency in the actively changing
environment.
5. Problem-solving skills- They help cope with the problems encountered with a lack of
experience. It increases efficiency by adopting new ways of achieving goals when obtaining a new
experience.
6. Creativity- It allows you to find extraordinary ways to carry out a specific action that no one
has tried to use. It can lead to a decrease or an increase of costs, but usually the speed of action is
greatly increased when using creative tools.
7. Generating ideas- It helps you achieve goals using new, original, unconventional ideas. Idea is
a mental image of an object formed by the human mind, which can be changed before being
implemented in the real world.

The Aspects of Holistic Development

1. Physiological Development
-Experiences various physical changes
• Rapid body growth- Teenagers grow to reach their adult height and their bodies
• Muscle modification in some parts of the body- begin to resemble adult bodies in size,
shape, and body composition.
These physiological changes can make an adolescent feel uncomfortable and self-
conscious. The changes are preparing them to become physically capable of
biological reproduction
2. Cognitive Development
- “thinking skills” there is a substantial advancement among adolescents that goes with
their physiological development.
• Increase the capacity to memorize and perform more complicated processes of
information organization and retrieval
 3. Psychological Development
- Cognitive and physiological developments affect the adolescents’ psychological
development as they produce changes in the way teenager’s feel and think
about themselves, others, and the surroundings.
- Changes in the emotions, feelings, moods, and manner of thinking of adolescents.
- Begin to break emotional ties with parents and develop them with friends.
o Boys will start to regulate (hide) their emotions
4. Spiritual Development
- Finding your Purpose and connect it to yourself and to the world around you
- Start to have interest in spiritual concerns begin contemplating on questions
concerning existence, essence, spirituality, religion, and God
5. Social Development
• Autonomous from their parents
• Develop a stronger relationship with adults outside of their families who may function
as mentors

Thoughts, feeling, and behavior

Simply put, a situation arises, and we have thoughts about the facts of that situation; those
thoughts trigger feelings, and based on those feelings we engage in behaviors which in turn impact the
situation (either positively or negatively), and the cycle continues.

Developmental stages
1. Pre-natal (Conception to birth)
Age when hereditary endowments and sex are fixed, and all body features are
developed
2. Infancy (birth – 2-year-old)
Foundation age when basic behavior is organized, and many ontogenetic maturation
skills are developed
3. Early Childhood (2 – 6 years old)
Pre-gang age, exploratory, and questioning. Language and elementary reasoning are
acquired, and initial socialization is experienced
4. Late Childhood (6 – 12 years)
Gang ang creativity age when self-help skills, social skills, ang play are developed
5. Adolescence (Puberty (12 years) – 18 years)
Transition age from childhood to adulthood when sex maturation and rapid physical
development occur resulting to changes in ways of feeling and acting
6. Early Adulthood (18 – 40 years)
Age of adjustment to new pattern of life and roles such as spouse, parent, and bread
winner
7. Middle Age (40 years – retirement)
Transition age when adjustments to initial physical and mental decline are experienced
Developmental task (robert havighurst)
1. Infancy and early childhood (0-5)
• Learning to walk
• Learning to take solid foods
• Acquiring concepts and language to describe social and physical reality
• Readiness for reading
• Learning to distinguish right from wrong and developing a conscience
• Learning to control the elimination of body wastes
• Learning sex differences and sexual modesty
• Acquiring concepts and language to describe social and physical reality
2. Middle Childhood (6-12)
• Learning physical skills necessary for ordinary games
• Building a wholesome attitude toward oneself
• Learning to get along with age-mates
• Learning an appropriate sex role
• Developing fundamental skills in reading, writing, and calculating
• Developing concepts necessary for everyday living
• Developing conscience, morality, and a scale of values
• Achieving personal independence
• Developing acceptable attitudes toward society
3. Adolescence (13-18)
• Achieving mature relations with both sexes
• Achieving a masculine or feminine social role
• Accepting one’s physique
• Achieving emotional
• Preparing for marriage and family life
• Preparing for an economic career
• Acquiring values and an ethical system to guide behavior
• Desiring and achieving socially responsibility behavior
4. Early Adulthood (19-30)
• Starting a family
• Rearing children
• Selecting a mate
• Learning to live with a partner
• Starting an occupation
• Managing a home
• Assuming civic responsibility
 5. Middle Adulthood (30-60)
- Helping teenage children to become happy and responsible adults
- Achieving adult social and civic responsibility
- Developing adult leisure time activities
- Relating to one’s spouse as a person
- Accepting the physiological changes in middle age
- Adjusting to aging parent
6. Late maturity (61+)
-Adjusting to decreasing strength and health
-adjusting to retirement and reduced income
-Adjusting to death of spouse
-Establishing relations with one’s own age group
-Meeting social and civic obligations
-Establishing satisfactory living quarters

Becoming Capable And Responsible Adolescent Prepared for Adult Life

Responsibility is any moral, legal, or mental obligation or duty that is directly or indirectly
entrusted to you by the people around from which you are held accountable for whatever consequences
or circumstances that may arrive in the future

8 COMMON RESPONSIBILITIES OF ADOLESCENTS

1. Show respect to elders
2. Take care of the younger ones
3. Study well
4. Avoid engaging to bad vices
5. Establish a good identity
6. Earn the trust of the people around
7. Distinguish good company from bad influence
8. Know yourself better

MENTAL HEALTH STRESS MANAGEMENT

WHY IT'S IMPORTANT TO TALK ABOUT MENTAL HEALTH

Opening up about your mental health will help you to show how you really feel, improve your
relationships, and overcome challenges in every aspect of your life
Stress Management
Stress can be anything and it is a feeling of strain and pressure

Anxiety - An emotion characterized by feelings of tension, worried thoughts, and physical changes like
increase blood pressure

Depression - Is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you
think and how you act.

Kinds of stress
Good Stress - Helps to bring out the best in us.
Bad Stress – Hinders us from functioning well.
May result in distress or a condition in which one can no longer respond to the
challenges in life.

Stressor – Those which cause stress it can be an event, thing, situation, or thought

COMMON SOURCES OF STRESS

1. Physical appearance
2. School / academic pressure
3. Family / Home
4. Social / Peer pressure
5. Loss
6. Frustration
7. Romantic Relationship
8. Future

Signs of stress
1. Irritability and anger
2. Changes in behavior
3. Trouble sleeping
4. Neglecting responsibilities
5. Eating Changes
6. Getting sicker often
Ways to cope with stress
• Keep a positive attitude.
• Be assertive instead of aggressive. Assert your feelings, opinions, or beliefs instead of
becoming angry, defensive, or passive.
• Exercise regularly. Your body can fight stress better when it is fit.
• Eat healthy, well-balanced meals.
• Learn to manage your time more effectively.
• Make time for hobbies, interests, and relaxation
• Get enough rest and sleep. Your body needs time to recover from stressful events.
• Don't rely on alcohol, drugs, or compulsive behaviors to reduce stress.
• Seek out social support. Spend enough time with those you enjoy.
• Seek treatment with a psychologist or other mental health professional trained in stress
management to learn healthy ways of dealing with the stress in your life
Other terms

1. Cultural Values – refers to a set of beliefs or ideas that a community or society upholds as being
important.

2. Emotional intelligence - the ability to manage both your own emotions and understand the emotions
of people around you

3. Johari’s window - model that is used to enhance the individual’s perception on others. This model is
based on two ideas- trust can be acquired by revealing information about you to others and learning
yourselves from their feedback.

4. Self- analysis - the analysis of oneself, in particular one's motives and character.

5. Self – awareness - ability to perceive and understand the things that make you who you are as an
individual, including your personality, actions, values, beliefs, emotions, and thoughts

6. Self- actualization - a concept regarding the process by which an individual reaches his or her full
potential. in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, is the highest level of psychological development, where
personal potential is fully realized after basic bodily and ego needs have been fulfilled

7. Self- Acceptance - an individual's acceptance of all their attributes, positive or negative

8. Self- contained - containing in oneself or itself all that is necessary; independent.

9. Actual Self - the concept, of self-image, of what a person is now, as opposed to what he or she would
like to become

10. Self – concept - an overarching idea we have about who we are—physically, emotionally, socially,
spiritually, and in terms of any other aspects that make up who we are.

11. Defense mechanism - unconscious psychological responses that protect people from feelings of
anxiety, threats to self-esteem, and things that they don't want to think about or deal with

12. Coping strategies - unconscious psychological responses that protect people from feelings of anxiety,
threats to self-esteem, and things that they don't want to think about or deal with.

13. Self-worth - the internal sense of being good enough and worthy of love and belonging from others.

14. Self-image - mental picture, generally of a kind that is quite resistant to change, that depicts not only
details that are potentially available to an objective investigation by others (height, weight, hair color,
etc.), but also items that have been learned by persons about themselves, either from personal
experiences or by internalizing the judgments of others.
15. Emotions - mental states brought on by neurophysiological changes, variously associated with
thoughts, feelings, behavioral responses, and a degree of pleasure or displeasure

16. Social development - improving the well-being of every individual in society so they can reach their
full potential. The success of society is linked to the well-being of each citizen

17. Emotional development - he ability to recognize, express, and manage feelings at different stages of
life and to have empathy for the feelings of others

18. Cognitive development - the development of the ability to think and reason

19. Psychological development - the development of human beings' cognitive, emotional, intellectual,
and social capabilities and functioning over the course of a normal life span, from infancy through old
age