;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg sfo{; +/rgf

;fdfGo sfo{ ; + / rgf

l;+r fO{ tyf hn;| f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]h gf cGtu{ t sfof{ G jog ug{ k| : tfj
ul/Psf l;+ r fO{ pk–cfof]h gfx?sf] ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo d" N ofÍg
ug{s f nflu If] q ut txdf dfu{l gb]{zg ug] { p2] Zon] PsLs[t ;fdflhs tyf
jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg sfo{ ;+/ rgfsf] l8hfOg ul/Psf] 5 . g] ` fn ;/sf/sf
;a} cTofjZos gLlt / lgodgsf/L k| f jwfgx? Pj+ ljZj a} + s sf ;fdflhs
tyf jftfj/0fLo ;'/ Iff Joj:yfx? o; PsLs[ t ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo
Joj:yfkg sfo{ ; + / rgfdf ;dfj] z ul/Psf 5g\ . To;}u /L, o; sfo{ ;+ / rgfn]
pk–cfof] h gfx?sf] ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo 5gf} 6 / d" N ofÍg sfo{ l jlwx?
k|:tfj u/] sf] 5 . ;fGble{s tyf Ifdtfo' Q m ;+ : yfut k| a Gwx? cg' ? k o;
sfo{; + / rgfn] ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo 5gf}6 / d" N ofÍg ;DaGwL sfd
sfof{G jog ubf{ ;DalGwt /fhgLlts, ;fj{ h lgs, lghL If] q , ;d'b fo tyf
u} / –;/sf/L lgsfox?n] jxg ug' {kg] { ;+ : yfut lhDdjf/L kl/eflift u/] s f] 5
. PsLs[ t sL6 tyf kf]i f0f Joj:yfkg (Integrated Pest and Nutrient

Management (IPNM) ;r]t gf / cEof;x?sf] cjnDagsf] dfWodaf6

cfof] h gfaf6 /fd| f] s[l ifhGo kmfObfsf ;DaGwdf l;+r fO{ tyf hn;|f ] t
Joj:yfkg cfof]h gf cGtu{ t sf !# j6f pk–cfof]hgfx? :ynut cWoogsf]
7x/ tyf o:t} / ;Da4 cfof]h gfx?af6 l;lsPsf kf7x?df of] sfo{; + / rgf
cfwfl/t 5 . k|e fjsf/L ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg sfo{; +/ rgf
(Social and Environmental Management Framework- SEMF) l8hfOg ug] {
p2] Zon] ul/Psf] To; ISEA cWoogn] bLuf] l;+ rfO{ ljsf;sf] nflu
hgfwfl/t ;+/If0f ljsNk, k|l jlw tyf gbL hnfwf/ of]h gf nufotsf
j} s lNks ljsf; ljlwx?sf ;DaGwdf ljZn] i f0f u/] sf] 5 . l;+r fO{ ljsf;df

1
;dtf / ;dfj] z Ls/0fsf nflu o;n] jx'– txut 4Gb ;+j ] b gzLn ;xeflutf
/ ;"r gf, lzIff tyf ;+ r f/ /0fgLltx? th' { df ug' { kg]{ s' / fdf prLt Wofg
lbPsf] 5 . ;xeflutfTds :ynut k/fdz{, ;e] { I f0f, k} b n e|d 0f /
cjnf]s gaf6 lgsflnPsf ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo k| e fj d" N ofÍg ;DaGwL
7x/x?sf cfwf/df PsLs[ t ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg
sfo{; + / rgfn] cGttM Ps k| s f/sf] ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg
of] h gfsf] ljifoj:t' ; DaGwL lrq0f u/]s f] 5 . tbpk/fGt l;+ rfO pk–
cfof] h gfsf] sfof{G jog k| s [o fut x/] s r/0f;+u ;DalGwt jf ;Da4
sfo{ l jlwut dfu{ l gb] { z s sbdx?nfO{ klg dWogh/ /fv] sf] 5 .

l;+ r fO{ ljefusf nflu PsLs[t ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0f ;DaGwL

lhDd] j f/Lx? t'n gfTds ?kn] gofF x'g \ . o;sf ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo
OsfO{x ?, ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo d"N ofÍg k|s[o f / sfo{I fdtf ;a} txdf
;'w f/ tyf ;' b [ 9 ug' { kg] { cfjZostf 5 . cfjZos ;' w f/ / ;' b [l9s/0fsf
pkfox? kl/R5] b * df pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ . l;+ rfO{ ljefun] ;fdflhs tyf
jftfj/0fLo n] v fhf] v f u/L cfjZostfg'; f/ k| f /lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f,
jftfj/0fLo k| e fj d" N ofÍg tyf ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg
of]h gf tof/ kfg' { kb{5 . o:tf cWoogx? cfjZos :jLs[ l tsf] nflu
lgwf{l /t lgsfox? ;dIf k] z ul/g' kb{ 5 .

PsLs[ t ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg sfo{ ;+ / rgfn] cf} k rfl/s

?kdf ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo n]v fhf]v f klg ug{ gkg] { pk–
cfof]h gfx?sf] ;d] t SEMP tof/ kfg]{ nufotsf ISEA ;DaGwL k|z f;lgs
lhDd]j f/L jxg ug{ l;+r fO{ ljefu tyf If]q Lo l;+ rfO{ lgb]{ zgfnosf] Ifdtf
ljsf; ug]{ nIo /fv] sf] 5 . Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ k|s [o f kl/R5] b * df pNn] v
ul/Psf] 5 .

2
 k| : t't PsLs[ t sfo{;+ / rgfsf] ;Gbe{ / cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df,
sfo{; + / rgfsf] l8hfOgdf lgDglnlvt efux? ;dfj] z 5g\ .

k|f /lDes ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo 5gf}6 sf cfwf/ / dfu{l gb] {l zsf

g] k fn ;/sf/sf] k| r lnt sfg"g L cfwf/÷dfkb08 tyf ljZj j} + s sf ;'/ Iff

;DaGwL gLltx?sf] cfwf/df k|: tfljt pk–cfof]h gfx?sf] ;DaGwdf k| f /lDes
jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f, jftfj/0fLo k|e fj d" N ofÍg ug' { kg] { jf jftfj/0fLo
k| e fj d" N ofÍg k| s [ o f cjnDag ug'{ gkg] { ;DaGwL sfo{ l jlw ckgfpg' kg]{ ,
gkg] { s' / f lgwf{ / 0f ug{ jf s' g } pk–cfof]h gf gsf/fTds ;"r Ldf k/]s f]
sf/0fn] l;+ rfO{ tyf hn;|f ]t Joj:yfkg cfof] h gf cGtu{ t ;dfj]z ug' {
x'+ b }g eGg] s' / f lgwf{ / 0f ug{ k| T o]s pk–cfof]h gfsf] o; cg' ? k 5gf} 6 ug' {
kb{5 .

;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo d" N ofÍg ;DaGwL sfo{l jlwx?

k| f /lDes ;fdflhs k/LIf0f1 , k| f /lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f / jftfj/0fLo

k| e fj d" N ofÍg÷;fdflhs k|e fj d" N ofÍg @ ;d] 6\ g ] ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo
d"N ofÍg ;DaGwL sfo{ l jlwx? k|r lnt gLlt, of]h gf / sfg"g tyf cfof]h gf
cEof;x?df cfwfl/t 5g\ / logn] ljZj a}+s sf ;' / Iff ;DaGwL gLltut
zt{ x ? klg k'/ f ub{ 5 g\ . ljZj j} +s sf ;' /Iff dfu{l gb] { z gx? ;dflji6 ug]{
p4]Zon] ;xeflutfd" ns ;fj{ h lgs k/fdz{ / ;" r gf jf hfgsf/Lsf]
pknJwtfsf] dfWodaf6 ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo d"N ofÍg ;DaGwL
sfo{l jlwx?nfO{ kl/is[ t ul/Psf] 5 . g]k fn ;/sf/sf] sfg" g L Joj:yf cg'; f/
k|f /lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f / jftfj/0fLo k|e fj d"N ofÍg dfq} ug'{ kb{5 .

1
"k|f/lDes ;fdflhs k/LIf0fÆ eGg] zJb ;]jfu|fxL;+u k/fdz{ u/L k|o'St ul/Psf] xf] / of]
zJbæk|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0fÆ sf] kof{ojfrL zJbsf] ?kdf k|o'St ul/Psf] 5 .
2
"k|f/lDes k|efj d"NofÍgÆ eGg] zJb ;]jfu|fxL;|+u k/fdz{ u/L k|o'St ul/Psf] xf] / of] zJb
æjftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍgÆ sf] kof{ojfrL zJbsf] ?kdf k|o'St ul/Psf] 5 .

3
 t/ k|To] s cWoogn] Pp6f ;dli6ut ljlw cg';f/ ef}l ts, h} l js, ;fdflhs,
cfly{ s tyf ;fF: s[ l ts jftfj/0f ;dflji6 ug' { kb{ 5 . lsgls g]k fn
;/sf/n] oL ;a} kIfx?nfO{ jftfj/0fsf] cleGg c+ u x?sf] ?kdf dfGotf
lbPsf] 5 .

sfof{G jog ug]{ lhDd] j f/L

;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo 5gf}6 / d"N ofÍg ;DaGwL sfd ubf{ ;Da4
/fhgLlts, ;fj{ h lgs, lghL If] q , ;fd'b flos / u} / –;/sf/L lgsfox?sf
e" l dsf / lhDd]j f/Lx? o; efudf pNn] v ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf
PsLs[t ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo d"N ofÍg -ISEA) b:tfj]h sf] k|e fjsf/L
sfof{G jogsf] nflu ;+: yfut k|a Gw÷Joj:yf k|: tfj ul/Psf] 5 . t/
cfof] h gf sfof{ G jog ug] { lgsfosf] x}l ;otn] l;+ r fO{ ljefuaf6 l;kmfl/z eP
cg' ; f/sf] ;+: yfut ljsf; ug] { kxn ug' { kb{5 / cfof]h gfsf ljleGg
;/f] s f/jfnf JolStx? o; ;DaGwdf ;xdt klg x' g ' kb{ 5 .

PsLs[t ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg of]h gf

PsLs[t ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg of] hgfn] s'g } Ps SEMP sf]
laifoj:t' x ?nfO{ ;d] 6] sf] / pk–cfof]h gfsf] ljsf;, cg' udg tyf
d"N ofÍgsf] r/0fx?;F u} ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg sfo{o f]h gf
tof/ kf/L ;f] sf] k| e fjsf/L sfof{Gjog s;/L ug] { eGg] ;DaGwdf
dfu{l gb] { zg pknJw u/fp+b 5 . ;fy}, cfof] h gf sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf
;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo Go" g Ls/0fsf pkfox?sf] sfof{G jog ;'l glZrt
ug]{ p2]Zon] cfof]h gf txdf Pp6f cg'u dg sfo{ ;+/ rgf klg k| : tfj ul/Psf]
5 . x/] s pk–cfof] h gfsf] xsdf Go"g Ls/0f, cg'u dg, k/LIf0f / Ifdtf
ljsf;sf] vr{ ;d] t ;dfj] z u/L SEMP sf] l8hfOg ul/G5 .

4
 l;+ r fO{ tyf hn;| f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]h gf cGtu{ t pk–cfof] h gfsf rqmx?
tyf ISEA sf r/0fx? tflnsf ^=! df k| : t't ul/Psf 5g\ . u| f dL0f kx' F r
;' w f/ cfof] h gfsf] SEA b:tfj] h df tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f sf] i f cGtu{t
sfof{ G jog ul/g] pk–cfof]h gfx?sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] jftfj/0fLo
Joj:yfkg sfo{ ;+ / rgfdf k| o 'Q m tflnsfx?sf cfwf/df k|:t't tflnsf tof/
kfl/Psf] xf] .

tflnsf ^=! pk–cfof]hgf rqmsf /f]xdf ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍg

k|s[ofsf r/0fx?

pk–cfof]hgf d"NofÍg k|s[ofsf r/0fx?

rqmsf r/0fx?

cfof]hgfsf] != pk–cfof]hgfsf] ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo 5gf}6 tyf

klxrfg / k"j{ :ynut ;+k'li6
;+efJotf
@= k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷k|f/lDes ;fdflhs d"NofÍg,
cWoog
jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg÷;fdflhs k|efj d"NofÍg ug'{ gkg]{
pk–cfof]hgfx?sf] xsdf ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg
of]hgfsf] tof/L

cfof]hgfsf] #= k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f

l8hfOg
jftfj/0fLo k|efj jf c;/sf] tx lgwf{/0f ug{sf] nflu
jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍg ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf l;kmfl/zx? cfof]hgfsf]
l8hfOgdf ;dflji6 ul/G5 . -jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnLsf]
cg';"rL ! df ;"lrs[t pk–cfof]hgfx? tyf k|f/lDes
jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f txsf] cWoog ug'{kg]{ pk–cfof]hgfx?sf]

5
nflu_ .

$= k|f/lDes ;fdflhs k/LIf0f

k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f ug]{ ;Ldfleq kg]{ pk–

cfof]hgfx?sf] xsdf k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0fsf ;fy}
k|f/lDes ;fdflhs k/LIf0f ;d]t ul/G5 .

%= If]q lgwf{/0f tyf sfo{;"rL

;+efJo k|efjx? tyf cfof]hgfsf ljsNkx?sf] klxrfg u/L

jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg tyf ;fdflhs k|efj d"NofÍgsf]
nflu sfo{;"rL k|:tfj ug]{ -ljZj a}+ssf ;'/Iff ;DaGwL gLltx?
;d]t k"/f ug]{ / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnLsf] cg';"rL @ dfd
;"lrs[t pk–cfof]hgfx?sf] xsdf_ .

^= cfwf/e"t tYofÍ ;+sng

cfof]hgfsf] cefjdf pTkGg x'g;Sg] jt{dfg tyf efjL

jtfj/0fLo tyf ;fdflhs–cfly{s cj:yfx?sf] klxrfg .

&= ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo k|efjx?sf] cg'dfg

bfo/f, xb, cjlw / ;+ej eP;Dd kl/df0ffTds ;Gbe{sf

laz]iftfx?sf] k|efjsf] d"NofÍg u/L s'g sfo{ ug]{ jf gug]{
ljsNkx?sf ljifodf pNn]v ug]{ .

*= Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox?sf] l8hfOg

k|lts"n jftfj/0fLo tyf ;fdflhs k|efjx? x6fpg], sd ug]{ jf

Go"gLs/0f ug]{ / pkof]uL c;/x? clea[l4 ug]{ .

6
 (= ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{ / ;xeflutf

;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;xeflutfsf] u'0f:t/, Jofkstf /

k|efjsfl/tf ;'lglZrt ug{ tyf pgLx?sf] ljrf/, b[li6sf]0f
a'em\gsf] nflu d"NofÍg k|s[ofsf ljleGg r/0fx?df pgLx?
pkl:yt ePsf] s'/f kof{Kt dfqfdf ;'lglZrt ug]{ . ;'emfj
lbOPsf] ;"rgf, lzIff / ;+rf/ -IEC) /0fgLltnfO{ o; k|s[ofdf
klg ;dflji6 ug'{kb{5 .

!)= PsLs[t ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍg (ISEA)

k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg]{

k|fKt ul/Psf, laZn]if0f / JofVof ul/Psf ;a} hfgsf/Lsf]

;f/f+z k|ltj]bgsf] 9fFrfdf pNn]v ug]{, ckgfOPsf t/Lsf,
glthf, JofVof / lgsflnPsf] lgrf]8 nufotsf u}/k|fljlws
;f/f+z ;d]t ;dfj]z ug]{ . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f
P]g / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnLn] ISEA k|ltj]bgsf] Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5}g . k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷jftfj/0fLo k|efj
d"NofÍg g} EA k|s[ofsf] nflu kof{Kt 5 . t/ o;n] ef}lts,
/;folgs, h}ljs, ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;fF:s[lts
kIfx?÷jftfj/0f ;d]6\g' kb{5 . lsgls oL kIfx? ljBdfg ;du|
jftfj/0fsf] cljefHo dfkb08x? dflgG5g\ .

cfof]hgfsf] !!= PsLs[t ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍg (ISEA)

d"NofÍg÷:jLs[lt k|ltj]bgsf] k'g/fjnf]sg / :jLs[lt

;a} ;+ej ;jfnx? kof{Kt dfqfdf ;Daf]wg eP gePsf] d"NofÍg

ug{ / lg0f{o ug]{ k|s[ofnfO{ ;xh agfpg k|ltj]bgsf]
k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{Ù cfof]hgf cl3 a9fpg], ga9fpg] jf yk

7
 ljsNkx?sf] k/LIf0f ug'{kg]{ jf k"0f{t kl/Tofu ug'{kg]{ jf gkg]{
jf/]df lg0f{o ul/g] .

!@= ;fj{hlgs ;'g 'jfO{

jftfj/0f ;DaGwL lgodfjnL cg';f/ k|efjx? tyf To:tf

k|efjx? Go"lgs/0f ug]{ pkfox? nufotsf cfof]hgf;+u
;DalGwt cfjZos ljj/0fx? ;j{ ;fwf/0fnfO{ pknJw u/fOg]5
/ sfof{Gjogsf qmddf pgLx?sf] ;+nUgtfsf] k|s[ofsf jf/]df
5nkmn ug'{ kb{5 . :yfgLo lgsfosf k|ltlglw, cfof]hgfaf6
k|efljt JolStx? tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf JolStx?nfO{ o;
k|s[ofdf cfdlGqt ul/g]5 .

sfof{Gjog !#= ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] th'[{df

of]hgf gsf/fTds k|efjx? Go"gLs/0f jf sd ug{ tyf ;sf/fTds
OlGhlgol/Ë k|efjx? clea[l4 ug{ OlGhlgol/Ë l8hfOg / lgdf{0fsf] r/0fdf
l8hfOg ug'{kg]{ laz]if sfo{x?sf] lgwf{/0f . cfjZostfg';f/, k'gjf{;
sfo{of]hgf /÷jf dlxnf, cflbjf;L / ;'ljwfljd'v÷sdhf]/ -
bnLt, e"ldxLg_ ;d'x ljsf; of]hgf th'[{df ug]{ .

OlGhlgol/Ë !$= ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo cg'udg

l8hfOg tyf
;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg of]hgf tyf ;fdflhs
lgdf{0f sfo{
Go"gLs/0f of]hgfx?,

-k'g{jf; tyf cGo of]hgfx?_ sf] kfngf;DaGwL lgwf{/0f ug]{ .

lgdf{0f kZrft !%= jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f

pk–cfof]hgf ;DkGg ePsf] b'O{ aif{ kl5 k/LIf0f ug]{ .

8
^=! ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo lj:t[t 5gf}6

pk–cfof]hgfsf] ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo 5gf}6 ljsf; cfof]hgfx?sf]

Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ r/0f xf], of] l;+rfO{ nufot cGo ljsf;sf] If]qdf ;fGble{s
5 . l;+rfO{ tyf hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgf cGtu{tsf pk–cfof]hgfx?sf]
5gf}6 k|s[of g]kfn ;/sf/sf k|rlnt gLlt tyf ljZj j}+ssf] gLltx?df
cfwfl/t eO{ ljZj a}+ssf cGo cfof]hgfx?af6 u|x0f ul/Psf] xf] . l;+rfO{
tyf hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgf cGtu{t lgdf{0f x'g] x/]s pk–cfof]hgf
sfof{Gjogsf nflu 5gf}6 ug'{ cl3 ;f] pk–cfof]hgfsf ;DaGwdf ;fdflhs
tyf jftfj/0fLo 5gf}6 k|s[of k|f/De ug'{ kb{5 . 5gf}6sf] k|s[ofn] ;fdflhs
tyf jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkgsf] tx :yflkt ug'{sf] ;fy} cfof]hgfx?
sfof{Gjog ug]{ tkm{ ljrf/ ug'{ cl3 tT;DaGwL ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo
;jfnx? jf]w u/L dgg ul/g]5 . cGttf]uTjf, o;n] cfof]hgfsf] lg0f{o ug]{
k|s[ofdf ;3fp k'¥ofpFb5 . ;+ej eP;Dd, cfof]hgf tof/Lsf qmddf ul/g]
k|fljlws tyf cfly{s cWoog ;+u;+u} ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo k|efj kfg]{
elg lgwf{/0f ul/Psf pk–cfof]hgfx?nfO{ l;+rfO{ tyf hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg
cfof]hgfdf ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg] 5}g .

^=!=! ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo 5gf}6sf cfwf/x?

p2]Zox?M ;a} k|:tfljt l;+rfO{ pk–cfof]hgfx?sf] 5gf}6 k|rlnt sfg"gL

cfwf/ tyf ;'emfOPsf cltl/St cfwf/x? cg';f/ ul/g]5 . o:tf] 5gf}6sf]
p2]Zo pk–cfof]hgfx?sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f,
jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg ug'{kg]{ jf gkg]{ jf jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍg k|s[of
ug'{kg]{ jf s'g} pk–cfof]hgf gsf/fTds ;"lrleq kg]{ eP To:tf] pk–
cfof]hgf l;+rfO{ tyf hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgf cGtu{t nufgLsf] nflu
;dfj]z g} gug]{ s'/f lgwf{/0f ug'{ xf] .

9
 jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)%$ -@)%^ df ;+zf]lwt_ n] ;xfos l;+rfO{
cfof]hgfsf nflu lgDglnlvt 5gf}6sf cfwf/x?sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .-
tflnsf ^=@_

tflnsf ^=@ l;+rfO{ If]q ;DaGwL jftfj/0fLo 5gf}6sf cfwf/x?

qm;+ k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0fsf nflu jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍgsf nflu

5gf}6 ug]{ ;Ldf÷xb 5gf}6 ug]{ ;Ldf÷xb

!= % x]S6/ If]qkmn ;Ddsf] /fli6«o jg % x]S6/ If]qkmn eGbf a9Lsf]

;/k6 s6fg jf k'g?Tyfg ug]{ /fli6«o jg ;/k6 s6fg jf
k'g?Tyfg ug]{

@= -s_ lgDglnlvt l;+rfO{ k|0ffnLsf] lgDglnlvt l;+rfO{ k|0ffnLsf] gofF

gofF lgdf{0f lgdf{0f

– t/fO{df @% x]S6/ b]lv @ xhf/ –t/fO{df @ xhf/ x]S6/ eGbf a9L

x]S6/ ;Ddsf] If]q l;+rfO{ ug]{ If]q l;+rfO{ ug]{

–kxf8L pkTosfdf !% b]lv %)) – kxf8L pkTosfdf %)) x]S6/

x]S6/ ;Ddsf] If]q l;+rfO{ ug]{ eGbf a9L If]q l;+rfO{ ug]{

– kxf8L le/fnf] kfvf] / kj{tLo – kxf8L le/fnf] kfvfdf @)) x]S6/

If]qdf !) b]lv @)) x]S6/ ;Ddsf] eGbf a9L If]q l;+rfO{ ug]{
If]q l;+rfO{ ug]{
–jx' p2]ZoLo hnfzosf] lgdf{0f
ug]{

– cGt/ hnfwf/ hn :yfgfGt/0f

u/L l;+rfO k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{

10
 -v_ lgDglnlvt l;+rfO{ k|0ffnLsf]
k'g?Tyfg

–t/fO{df %)) x]S6/ eGbf a9L If]q

l;+rfO{ ug]{

–kxf8L pkTosfdf @)) x]S6/ eGbf

a9L If]q l;+rfO{ ug]{

–kxf8L le/fnf] kfvf / kj{tLo If]qdf

!)) x]S6/ eGbf a9L If]q l;+rfO{ ug]{

#= @% hgf b]lv !)) hgf;Dd :yfoL !)) hgf eGbf j9L :yfoL a;f]af;
a;f]af; ePsf hg;+Vof lj:yflkt ePsf hg;+Vof lj:yflkt ug]{ s'g}
ug]{ s'g} klg ljsf; sfo{ klg hn;|f]t ljsf; sfo{

$= t/fO{df afFwjf6 af9L lgoGq0f ug]{

%= ! lsld eGbf a9L nDafO{sf] gbL

lgoGq0f ug]{

^= ;+j]bgzLn If]qdf cfof]hgf

sfof{Gjog

–P]ltxfl;s, ;fF:s[lts tyf

k'/ftflTjs If]q

–kof{j/0fLo b[li6sf]0fn] sdhf]/

tyf ;Ld If]q

–/fli6«o lgs'~h, jGohGt' cf/If /

11
 ;+/If0f If]q

–cw{z'is, kj{tLo tyf lxd If]q

– ;+efJo jf9L tyf cGo vt/fo'St

If]q

– cfjf;, ljBfno tyf c:ktfn

If]q

– ;fj{hlgs vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{sf

d'Vo ;|f]tx? /x]sf] If]q

b|i6JoM yk l;+rfO{ If]q, gofF d'xfg, hnfzo k|aGw jf kl/jlt{t gx/ /]vf+sg
;lxtsf] s'g} klg k'g?Tyfg cfof]hgfnfO{ gofF k|0ffnL dflgg]5 .

;|f]tM jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)%$ -@))% df ;+zf]lwt_ .

jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL -tflnsf ^=@_ df cflbjf;L hghftL, bnLt tyf

;femf ;DklQ ;|f]t ;DaGwL ;fdflhs 5gf}6sf cfwf/x? ;DaGwL Joj:yf 5}g
. e"ldut l;+rfO{df3 pTkGg x'g;Sg] kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ ;DaGwL ;jfnsf lj?4
s'g} klg ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf klg o; lgodfjnLdf 5}g .

;fy}, tflnsf ^=@ df ;"rLs[t g]kfn ;/sf/sf cfwf/x?sf cltl/St ljZj

j}+ssf ;'/Iff ;DaGwL gLltx? -tflnsf ^=#_ nfO{ b[li6ut u/L pk–
cfof]hgfx?sf] 5gf}6 ug'{ kb{5 .

3
g]kfnsf] t/fO{df s~rgk'/ lhNnfsf !% j6f uflj; tyf ?kGb]xL lhNnfsf % j6f uflj;x?sf
ks]6x?df cf;]{lgs k|b'if0f ;Ldf !)) ppb eGbf a9L ePsf] kfOPsf] lyof] . 8f= s+;fsf/ ;DkflbtM
lhcf]nf]lhs P08 lhcf]dflkm{s Sof/]S6l/i6S; ckm cf;]{lgs sf]G6fldg]l68 u|fp08 jf6/ Pl/ofh\ Og
t/fO{, g]kfn, l;+rfO{ ljefu, hfjnfv]n, nlntk'/, g]kfn, @))$ .

12
tflnsf ^=# ljZj j}+ssf ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff ;DaGwL gLltx?

;+rfng gLltsf ;'/Iff ;DaGwL ;jfnx? / pb]Zox?

cËx?

jftfj/0fLo cfof]hgfn] ;fdflhs tyf k|fs[lts b'a} jftfj/0fx?df

d"NofÍg - k|efj kfg{ ;S5 tyf jftfj/0fLo / ;fdflhs pko'Qmtf /
;+rfng gLlt nufgLsf] bLuf]kgdf k|efj kfg{ ;S5 . o:tf ;Defljt
$=)!_ c;/x? lj?4 ;'/Iffsf] nflu cfof]hgfsf jftfj/0fLo tyf
;fdflhs kIfx?nfO{ a}+ssf cfof]hgfsf] ;du| lg0f{o
k|s[ofdf PsLs[t ug]{ sfo{ :j–lglxt / ;dly{t 5 .

k|fs[lts k|fs[lts jf;:yfg -/fli6«o lgs'~h /÷jf ;+/lIft If]q_ x'Fb}

jf;:yfg - jf glhssf cfof]hgfn] ;f]sf] ;+/If0f, ;'/Iff, dd{t ;+ef/
;+rfng gLlt tyf k'g:yf{kgf÷k'g?Tyfg ug'{ kb{5 .
$=)$_

sL6 Joj:yfkg cfof]hgfsf] ;'wfl/Psf] l;+rfO{ tyf hn Joj:yfkg ;+u}

-;+rfng gLlt ljiffbL tyf dnvfbsf] k|of]u ;3g x'g;S5 . o;
$=)(_ ;Gbe{df, PsLs[t sL6 Joj:yfkgn] ;'/lIft, k|efjsf/L /
jftfj/0fLo b[li6sf]0fjf6 pko'St sL6 Joj:yfkgnfO{
;xof]u / k|a4{g ub{5 .

c:j]lR5s cfof]hgfsf] nflu lghL ;DklQ -hUufhldg, Jofkfl/s,

k'gjf{; cfjf;Lo ;+/rgf tyf hLljsfsf] cGo ;|f]t_ k|fKt ug'{kg]{
x'g;S5 . o;n] c:j]lR5s k'gjf{; tkm{ n}hfg ;S5 .
-;+rfng gLlt
cfof]hgfn] lj:yflkt JolStx?nfO{ jf:tljs cy{df
$=!@_
pgLx?sf] hLljsf / hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg ;xof]u

13
 ug'{ kb{5 .

cflbjf;L cflbjf;L hghftLsf] a;f]af; ePsf] If]qdf cfof]hgf

hghftL sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ x'g;S5 . o;y{, To:tf cflbjf;Lx?nfO{
cfof]hgfaf6 ;fF:s[lts b[li6sf]0fn] cg's'n ;fdflhs tyf
-;+rfng gLlt
cfly{s kmfObf / k|efj x'g ;Sg] lsl;dn] cfof]hgfsf]
$=@)_
l8hfOg / sfof{Gjog ug'{kb{5 .

jgh+un - cfof]hgf d'Vo jgh+un If]q x'Fb} jf glhsaf6 hfg] x'g

;+rfng gLlt ;S5 .
$=#^_

ef}lts cfof]hgf ;fF:s[lts b[li6sf]0fn] dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]t÷If]qx? x'Fb}

;f+:s[lts jf glhs}af6 hfg] x'g;S5 . ef}lts ;fF:s[lts ;|f]tx?sf]
;|f]tx? -;+rfng ;+/If0f ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ tyf To:tf ;|f]tx? ljgf; jf
gLlt $=!! Iflt x'gjf6 hf]ufpg] x'g'kb{5 .

k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f, jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg ug'{kg]{ jf

;fdflhs jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍg ug'{ gkg]{ pk–cfof]hgfsf] 5gf}6 ljZj a}+ssf
zt{x? cg's'n x'g]u/L ug'{kg]{ / To:tf] 5gf}6 lgDglnlvt s'/fx?df cfwfl/t
x'g]5M

• 5gf}6 cEof; -;+rfng gLlt $=)!_ sf qmddf k|fylds Pj+ ;xfos

;|f]tx?af6 ;+slnt hfgsf/L÷;"rgfsf cfwf/df cfof]hgfsf] ju{ s,
v / u sf] ;Gbe{df ljZj j}+ssf gLltx?sf] cfwf/df cfof]hgf
juL{s/0f ug]{ .

14
 • /fli6«o lgs'~h, ;+/lIft If]qx? cflb h:tf ;+j]bgzLn If]qnfO{ b[li6ut
u/L cfof]hgfsf] cjl:ylt . -;+rfng gLlt $=)$_ .

• k'gjf{; tyf ;DklQ k|fKtL ;DaGwL cfjZostf . -;+rfng gLlt

$=)(_ .

• jg;|f]tsf] xfgL gf]S;fgLsf] kl/df0f . -;+rfng gLlt $=#^_ .

• cflbjf;L hghftLdf kg]{ k|efjsf] kl/df0f -;+rfng gLlt $=@)_ .

• ef}lts ;fF:s[lts ;|f]tsf] xfgL gf]S;fgLsf] kl/df0f -;+rfng gLlt

$=!!_ .

l;+rfO{ pk–cfof]hgf 5gf}6 ug]{ ;DaGwL /fli6«o sfg"gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf

cfwf/x?df tyf ljZj j}+ssf ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff cfwf/x?df
klxrfg ul/Psf sdL sdhf]/LnfO{ b[li6ut u/L l;+rfO{ tyf hn;|f]t
Joj:yfkg cfof]hgf cGtu{t pk–cfof]hgfx? 5gf}6 ug{sf] nflu lgDglnlvt
cltl/St cfwf/÷ dfkb08x? ckgfpg' kg]{ ;'emfj lbOPsf] 5 M

• pk–cfof]hgfsf] sf/0fn] jf;:yfgsf] xfgL gf]S;fgL÷lj:yfkg jf

3/kl/jf/nfO{ cGoq :yfgfGt/0f ug]{ ;DaGwL k|lts"n k|efjx?

• ;DklQ -v]lt ul/Psf] hUuf, ;+/rgf, ?v, jfnL_+ sf] xfgL gf]S;fgL ug]{
;DaGwL k|lts"n k|efjx?

• ;femf ;DklQ ;|f]tsf] xfgL gf]S;fgL tyf hLljsf]kfh{g k|0ffnLx?df

kg]{ gsf/fTds k|efj

• r/g tyf hn;|f]tdf k|fKt x'Fb} cfPsf] k/Dk/fut kx'Fr;DaGwL sdL

15
 ;j} hft÷hftLut ;d'xx?sf] xsdf pk/f]St cfwf/x? ;dfg ?kn] -
uniformuly_ nfu" ul/g]5g\ / k|efjx?sf] dxTjsf] :t/sf] cfwf/df pk–
cfof]hgfsf] 5gf}6 ul/g]5 . k|lts"n k|efjx? Go"gLs/0f ug]{ zt{ -cyf{t
k|efljt JolStx?nfO{ Ifltk"lt{, k'g:yf{kgf cflb_ df sfof{Gjog ug]{ jf
cfof]hgf 5gf}6 gul/g] af/] lg0f{o ul/G54 .

;fy}, bnLt, cflbjf;L hghftL tyf sdhf]/ ;d'xx? -dlxnf 3/d"nL ePsf,
ckfË / cGo ;'ljwfljd'v ;d'xx?_ sf] xLt ;+/If0f ug]{ clek|fonfO{ b[li6ut
u/L k|efljt kl/jf/x? o:tf ;'ljwfljlxg ;d'xsf kl/jf/x? ePdf cltl/St
;xfotf tyf k'g:yf{kgf ;DaGwL pkfox? pknJw u/fOg]5g\ .

e"ldut hn ;DaGwL pk–cfof]hgfx?

e"ldut hn l;+rfO{ pk–cfof]hgfx?sf] xsdf, kfgLsf] u'0f:t/sf ;DaGwdf

5gf}6sf lgDglnlvt cltl/St cfwf/x?sf] ;'emfj lbOPsf] 5 M
5
• cf;]{lgs ;Ldf dfkb08 :jLsfo{ tx ) b]lv %) PPB leq} x'g'kg]{ .

4
pk–cfof]hgfjf6 k|efljt 3/ kl/jf/x?dWo] ax';+Vos 3/ kl/jf/ bnLt / cflbjf;L ;d'xx? ePdf /
pk–cfof]hgfn] hgtfnfO{ k'/fpg ;Sg] ;+efJo kmfObfsf] cfwf/df ;f] cfof]hgfsf] dfu ePsf] cj:yfdf
k|efljt JolStx?nfO{ kof{Kt Ifltk"lt{ / k'g:yf{kgf ;DaGwL pkfox? pknJw u/fpg] laifo tyf
k|efjx?sf] xbsf] cfwf/df o:tf] pk–cfof]hgfsf] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷jftfj/0fLo k|efj
d"NofÍg ug'{kg]{ x'g;S5 .
5
cf;]{lgssf] :jLsfo{ ;Ldf %) ppbeGbf a9L ePdf, e"ldut hn l;+rfO{ pk–cfof]hgf l;+rfO{ tyf
hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgf cGtu{tsf] pk–cfof]hgf x'g of]Uo x'g] 5}g . lsgeg] l;+rfO{ pkof]udf
kfgLsf] nflu s'g} klg dfkb08 gtf]lsPsf] kl/k|]Iodf of] g} g]kfndf vfg]kfgLdf cf;]{lgssf] dfqfsf]
cGtl/d dfkb08 xf] . kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ ;DaGwL laifosf] ;'/Iff g} e"ldut hn l;+rfO{ pk–cfof]hgfx?sf]
k|f/lDes 5gf}6 ug]{ Ps dfq cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ xf] . Sofg8fn] l;+rfO{ ug]{ kfgLsf] u'0f:t/sf
xsdf !)) ppb sf] cut off dfkb08 ckgfp+b} cfPsf] 5 . CGISP sf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ Sofg]8fnL
cGt/f{li6«o u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yf CECI n] Sofg8fdf e"ldut hn l;+rfO{sf] xsdf of] u'0f:t/ dfkb08

16
 • @% x]S6/ eGbf sd If]q l;+rfO{ x'g] -sdf08 If]q_ df k|f/lDes
jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f ug'{ kb}{g t/ ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo
Joj:yfkg of]hgf th'{df ug'{ kb{5 .

gsf/fTds sfo{x?sf] ;"rL

g]kfn ;/sf/sf gLlt, sfg"g, lgodfjnL, of]hgf, tyf dfu{lgb]{lzsf,

cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw tyf ljZj a}+ssf ;'/Iff gLltx?sf] cfwf/.df tn
lbOPsf sfo{x?sf] ;"rL pk–cfof]hgfx?sf] 5gf}6 ubf{ hfFr ug'{ kb{5 . oL
sfo{x? l;+rfO{ tyf hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgf cGtu{t nfu" x'g] 5}gg\ .

• ;+/lIft If]qsf] d'Vo -core_ If]qleq jf ;+j]bgzLn jGohGt' jf;:yfg

dflgPsf] If]q -;+/lIft If]qleq k/]sf] jf gk/]sf] h] eP tfklg_
leq÷glhs} s'g} klg ;xfos–cfof]hgfsf] s[ofsnfk . ;+j]bgzLn
jGohGt' jf;:yfgdf ckl/xfo{t IUCN jf6 tof/ kfl/Psf] /ftf] ;"rL
cg';f/ ljZjJofkL ?kd} hf]lvddf k/]sf hftLsf] tyf k"0f{ ?kdf
;+/lIft hftLsf] ?kdf ;"lrs[t hftLsf] jf;:yfg ;d]t ;dfj]z x'G5 .
-l;+rfO{ tyf hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg If]qdf cjl:yt ;+/lIft If]qx?sf]
pknJw ;"rL tyf IUCN af6 tof/ kfl/Psf] /ftf] ;"rL qmdzM
cg';"rL & / * df lbOPsf] 5_ .

ckgfOPsf] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . of] :jLsfo{ ;Ldf Sofg8fsf] jftfj/0f dlGqkl/ifb\af6 l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] klg
k'li6 ul/Psf] lyof] . tyflk, e"ldut hn l;+rfO{sf] nflu dfq} pkof]u ug]{ of]hgf eP tfklg g]kfnsf
u|fdL0f hgtfn] o:tf] e"ldut hnnfO{ vfg]kfgLsf] ?kdf klg pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] hf]lvd 5 . t;y{, pk–
cfof]hgfsf] e"ldut hndf vfg]kfgLsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] cf;]{lgs k|b"if0fsf] dfqf :jLsfo{ ;Ldf eGbf a9L
ePdf To:tf] pk–cfof]hgfsf] e"ldut hn l;+rfO{sf] nflu dfq} pkof]u ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf hgtfnfO{ ;'rLt
u/L lzlIft agfpg] jfWofTds ;r]tgf / z}lIfs cleofg ;+rfng ug'{ kb{5 . t/ cf;]{lgs k|b'if0f
:jLsfo{ ;Ldf eGbf a9L ePsf If]qx?df vfg]kfgLsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ulx/f] 6\o"aj]nsf] nflu pRr
txsf] cg'bfg pknJw u/fpg] 5'6[} Kofs]hsf] Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 .

17
 • k|:tfljt s[ofsnfksf] ;DaGwdf k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f jf
jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg txsf] cWoog gul/Psf] ePdf, ;+/lIft
If]qleq ul/g] pk–cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f÷k'g?Tyfg jf l;+rfO{ k|0ffnLsf]
Joj:yfkg x:tfGt/0f -k'g?Tyfg sfo{df gx/nfO{ w]/} rf}8f agfpg]
/÷jf ;f]sf] re–alignment ug]{, gofF x]8js{ lgdf{0f ug]{ sfd ;dfj]z
ePdf _^ .

• k|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yf cg';f/ jg ljefuaf6 lnlvt cg'dlt jf

clVtof/L glnO{ ;/sf/af6 Jojl:yt jg If]qleq ul/g] s'g} klg
lgdf{0f sfo{ .

• ;DalGwt ;a} lgsfox?af6 lnlvt clVtof/L tyf ljikmf]6g u/fpg]

pQd / ;'/lIft cEof;x? ;DaGwL k|fljlws dfu{lgb]{lzsfx? k|fKt
gu/L ljikmf]6s kbfy{sf] k|of]u tyf jnfli6Ë ug]{ sfd ePsf] pk–
cfof]hgfsf] s'g} klg s[ofsnfk .

• hn;fwg jf hndfu{ (Water course) df k|b'if0f ug{;Sg] s'g} klg

oflGqs / cf}Bf]lus s[ofsnfk .

• $% l8u|L eGbf a9Lsf] le/fnf] kfvf]df df6f] ;kmf ug]{ sfd ePsf]
pk–cfof]hgfsf] s'g} klg s[ofsnfk .

• ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gsf] juL{s/0f cg';f/ ju{ !s, !v, / @ df kg]{

laiffbLx?sf] vl/b /÷jf k|of]u ePsf] pk–cfof]hgfsf] s'g} klg
s[ofsnfk -s[lif ljefuaf6 pknJw u/fOPsf] ;"lrs[t / btf{ ul/Psf
laiffbLx?sf] ;"rL cg';"rL ( df lbOPsf] 5_ .

6
ljZj a}+ssf] ld;gsf] Aide memoire, hgj/L @))^, sf7df08f} .

18
 • g]kfnsf] ljiffbL P]g cg';f/ cg'dlt glbOPsf] ljiffbLsf] vl/b /÷jf
k|of]u x'g ;Sg] pk–cfof]hgfsf] s'g} klg s[ofsnfk .

• ;DalGwt lgsfox?af6 lnlvt cg'dlt k|fKt gu/L s'g} ef}lts

;fF:s[lts ;|f]tsf] %) ld6/leq ul/g] lgdf{0f sfo{ nufotsf ef}lts
;fF:s[lts ;|f]tnfO{ k|lts"n k|efj kfg{;Sg] pk–cfof]hgfsf] s'g} klg
s[ofsnfk .

• k'gjf{; sfo{of]hgf tof/ gkf/L 3/kl/jf/sf] :yfgfGt/0f, hUuf tyf

;DklQ k|fKt ug'{kg]{ pk–cfof]hgfsf] s'g} klg s[ofsnfk .

• !% ld6/ jf ;f] eGbf a9L cUnf] afFw lgdf{0f ug]{ s[ofsnfk .

• bLuf] s[lif ljsf; of]hgf tof/ gkf/L vfBfGg jfnLsf 3/]n', :jb]zL
hft jf pkhftx?sf] k"0f{ pGd"ng ug{ ;Sg] lsl;dsf] pk–cfof]hgfsf]
s'g} klg s[ofsnfk .

• cflbjf;L tyf sdhf]/ ;d'bfo sfo{of]hgf tof/ gkf/L cflbjf;L

;d'bfo, dlxnf tyf sdhf]/ ;d'xx?nfO{ k|lts"n k|efj kfg{;Sg] pk–
cfof]hgfsf] s'g} klg s[ofsnfk .

klxnf] aif{df sfof{Gjog ug{ of]Uo gx'g] pk–cfof]hgfsf] s[ofsnfkx? 5gf}6

ug]{ cltl/St cfwf/÷dfkb08x?

ljZj j}+ssf] hgj/L @))^ sf] Aide memoire n] l;+rfO{ tyf hn;|f]t
Joj:yfkg cfof]hgfsf] klxnf] aif{df sfof{Gjogsf nflu cof]Uo pk–
cfof]hgfx?, 5gf}6 ug]{ cltl/St cfwf/÷dfkb08x? ;"lrs[t u/]sf] 5 .
klxnf] jif{df sfof{Gjog gul/g] pk–cfof]hgfx? 5gf}6 ug]{ ;DaGwL
cfwf/÷dfkb08x? o; k|sf/ 5g\M -s_ ;+/lIft If]qleq k|0ffnL OsfO{x? /x]sf,
-v_ jf9L tyf klx/f]sf] hf]lvddf /x]sf, -u_ ;'Vvf ofddf kfgLsf] d'xfg

19
 ;'Sg;Sg] ;+efjgf ePsf, tyf -3_ cf}krfl/s ?kdf k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo
k/LIf0f jf jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg ug'{ kg]{ .

jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnLn] tf]s]sf] cfwf/ tyf ljZj a}+ssf ;+rfng

lgb]{lzsfx?sf] cfwf/df k/fdz{ ;d"xn] !@ j6f gd"gf pk–cfof]hgfx?sf]
5gf}6 u/]sf] 5 -cg';"rL !)_ .

^=@ 5gf}6 ;DaGwL dfu{ lgb]{lzsf

kfOknfO{gdf /x]sf pk–cfof]hgfx? lz3|tfk"j{s 5gf}6 ug{ / PsLs[t

;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg sfo{;+/rgf tof/ ug]{ k|s[ofsf nflu
pk–cfof]hgfx? klxrfg ug{ jf sfof{Gjogsf nflu 5gf}6 ug{
sfof{Gjogstf{x?nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ dfu{lgb]{zgx? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\M

5gf}6 ug]{ ;dodf tof/L ?kdf pknJw hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df ;fdflhs tyf
jftfj/0fLo 5gf}6n] pk–cfof]hgf;+u ;DalGwt ;+efJo jftfj/0fLo tyf
;fdflhs hf]lvd÷k|efjsf] PsLg hfgsf/L lbg' kb{5 . lj:t[t cg';Gwfg
d"NofÍg eg] o; kl5 ul/g]5 . 5gf}6 ug]{ ;DaGwL 9fFrf adf]lhdsf 5'6[f 5'6[}
zLif{sx? cGtu{t o:tf hf]lvd÷k|efj cg';"rL– !! df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

l;+rfO{ ljefusf] -;fdflhs tyf_ jftfj/0f zfvf;+u ;dGjo u/L cfof]hgf

lgb]{zssf] sfof{non] l;+rfO{ tyf hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgf cGtu{t
;+rfng ul/g] kfOknfOgdf /x]sf s[ifs Jojl:yt l;+rfO{ k|0ffnL tyf l;+rfO{
Joj:yfkg x:tfGt/0f pk–cfof]hgfsf k"j{zt{x? ;DaGwL hfgsf/L ;DalGwt
If]qLo l;+rfO{ lgb]{zgfnox?nfO{ lbg' kb{5 . If]qLo l;+rfO{ lgb]{zgfnon] dfly
plNnlvt cfwf/÷dfkb08x?sf cfwf/df pk–cfof]hgfx?sf] 5gf}6 ug'{kg]{
cfjZostf jf Joj:yf hfgsf/L pk–cfof]hgf sfo{fGjogstf{x? -l;+rfO{
Joj:yfkg l8lehg, l;+rfO{ ljsf; l8lehg, l;+rfO{ ljsf; ;a–l8lehg jf
e"ldut hn;|f]t lkmN8 sfof{no_ nfO{ clgjfo{ ?kdf lbg' kb{5 . If]qLo

20
 l;+rfO{ lgb]{zgfnon] pk–cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogstf{x?nfO{ pk–cfof]hgf 5gf}6
;DaGwL s[ofsnfk ;DkGg ug{ tf]lsPsf] ;dosf] jf/]df klg hfgsf/L u/fpg'
kb{5 -l;+rfO{ tyf hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgfsf] ;dotflnsfnfO{ b[li6ut
u/L ;dotflnsf lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{_ .

If]qLo l;+rfO{ lgb]{zgfnodf, l;+rfO{ tyf hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgfsf]

cfof]hgf Joj:yfks ;d]tsf] sfd ug]{ If]qLo lgb]{zsn]
jftfj/0faLb÷jftfj/0fLo sfd k"jf{g'dfg ug{ pko'St 9+un] k|lzlIft
Ol~hlgo/, l;+rfO{ Ol~hlgo/ tyf ;dfhzf:qL ;lDdlnt Pp6f jx' laifout
5gf}6 6f]nL u7g ug]{5 . k|To]s pk–cfof]hgfsf lkmN8 sfof{Gjogstf{n] -
l;+rfO{ Joj:yfkg l8lehg, l;+rfO{ ljsf; l8lehg, l;+rfO{ ljsf; ;a–
l8lehg, e"ldut hn;|f]t lkmN8 sfof{no_ If]qLo l;+rfO{ lgb]{zgfnosf]
;DalGwt ax'–laifotut 5gf}6 6f]nLnfO{ cfkm\gf] pk–cfof]hgfx? ;DaGwL
cfjZos hfgsf/L cljnDa pknJw u/fpg]5 .

^+=# ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|s[of

jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍgsf] tx jf ;Ldf lgwf{/0f e};s]kl5, l;+rfO{ ljsf;

l8lehg÷l;+rfO{ ljsf; ;a–l8lehgn] k|rlnt sfg"g, cfwf/, dfkb08x?
cg';f/ pk–cfof]hgfsf] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷k|f/lDes ;fdflhs
k/LIf0f jf jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg÷;fdflhs k|efj d"NofÍg ;DaGwL
cWoog ug]{5 . o; k|s[ofdf, If]qLo l;+rfO{ lgb]{zgfno÷l;+rfO{ ljefun]
;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo cWoog / :jLs[t ug]{ k|sofnfO{ sfg"gL ?kn]
;xh jgfpg]5 .

21
 l;+rfO{ Joj:yfkg l8lehg÷l;+rfO{ ljsf; l8lehg÷ l;+rfO{ ljsf; ;a l8lehg e"ldut
lkmN8 sfof{nojf6 k|fKt pk–cfof]hgf k|:tfj -cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L ;lxt_

If]qLo l;+rfO lgb]{zgfnodf cfof]hgf 5gf}6 -jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnLsf] ;dotflnsf / l;+rfO{
tyf hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgfsf] 5gf}6 ug]{ cfwf/ / dfu{lgb]{lzsf cg';f/_

:ynut hfFr -5gf}6 ug]{ ?h' ;"rL_

k|f/ldes jftfj/0fLo
hfFr÷jftfj/0fLo k|efj
d"Nof+sg cfjZos kg]{
If]qLo l;+rfO
–;fdflhs tyf
lgb]{zgfnodf jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nof+sgdf cfjZos kg]{
jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg of]hgf
cfof]hgfn] ;fdflhs –!%lbgsf] k"j{ ;"rgf
nufot k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo
tyf jftfj/0fLo –If]q lgwf{/0f
hfFr÷jftfj/0fLo k|efj
d"Nofs+ g ug'{ kg]{ hgkg] –sfo{;"rLsf] tof/L
e"ldut hnpk–cfof] gfn]{ d"Nof+sg k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg]{
lgwf{/0f ug]{ – jftfj/0f, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnoaf6
tf]lsPsf] ppb kfgLsf] – !% lbgleq hn>f]t
sfo{;"rL :jLs[t
u'0f:t/ eGbf a9L ePdf dGqfnon] k|ltj]bg :jLs[t
– ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ nufot jftfj/0fLo
To:tf] pk–cfof]hgf ug]{
k|efj d"Nofs+g÷;fdflhs k|efj d"NofÍg
c:jLs[t ug]{ –cfof]hgfsf] nflu jftfj/0fLo
k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg]{ .
k|efj d"Nof+sg÷;fdflhs
–jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nof+sg÷;fdflhs
;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg ug'{kg]{ eP,
k|efj d"NofÍg k|ltj]bg l;+rfO{ ljefudf k]z
Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] tof/L k|s[of k|f/De ug]{
ug]{ .
–jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nof+sg÷;fdflhs
k|efj d"NofÍg k|ltj]bg jftfj/0f, lj1fg
tyf k|ljlw dGqfnodf #) lbgleq k7fpg] -
pk–cfof]hgfsf] lj:t[t l8hfOgdf ;fdflhs tyf
hn>f]t dGqfnosf] l;kmfl/z ;d]t ;+nUg
jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf l;kmfl/zx?
u/L_ .
;dflji6 ug]{
–jftfj/0f, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnon]
jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nof++g÷;fdflhs k|efj
lgdf{0f sfo{ ubf{ jf lgdf{0f sfo{kl5 ;fdflhs d"NofÍg k|ltj]bgsf] ;fj{hlgs k'g/fjn]sg
tyf jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg of]hgf kfngf eP, tyf ;'emfj / k|lts[ofsf] nflu #) lbg leq
gePsf] cg'udg ug]{ b}lgs ;dfrf/kqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg ug]{ .
–jx'–If]qut k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf]
l;kmfl/zsf] cfwf/df jftfj/0f, lj1fg tyf
k|ljlw dGqfnon] ^) lbg leq k|ltj]bg
22
 lrq ^–!M ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍgsf] Nkmf]rf6{

^=#=! k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷k|f/lDes ;fdflhs k/LIf0fM

k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷k|f/lDes ;fdflhs k/LIf0fn] cfof]hgf rqmsf]

k|f/lDes r/0fdf k"jf{g'dflgt jftfj/0fLo tyf ;fdflhs ;d:ofx?nfO{
;Daf]wg ub{5 . cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg ug]{ Pp6f dfWodsf] ?kdf, k|f/lDes
jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷k|f/lDes ;fdflhs kl/If0fsf] k|of]un] s'g} vf; pk–
cfof]hgfsf jftfj/0fLo tyf ;fdflhs k|efjx? ;DaGwL hfgsf/L ;+u7g,
;+sng / laZn]if0f ug]{ sfd ;xh agfpF5 . o; k|lqmofdf, k|f/lDes
jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷k|f/lDes ;fdflhs kl/If0fn] ;+efJo jftfj/0fLo tyf
;fdflhs k/L0ffdx? klxrfg u/L o:tf k|efjx?sf] uxgtf jf dxTj k/LIf0f
ub{5 . o; k/LIf0fn] oL k|efjx?nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ ;+efJotf d"NofÍg u/L
ljj/0ffTds tyf ;'wf/fTds pkfox? l;kmfl/z ub{5 . cGTodf t/ dxTjk"0f{
?kdf, o;n] jftfj/0fLo tyf ;fdflhs k|efjx?sf af/]df gLlt lgdf{tf /
;DalGwt kIfx?nfO{ ;"lrt u/L k|:tfljt ljsf; sfo{ jf pk–cfof]hgfx?nfO{
cl3 j9fpg' kg]{ jf gkg]{ af/]df ;Nnfx lbG5 . cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgsf b'O{
j6f kIfx? 5g\M

• k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷k|f/lDes ;fdflhs kl/If0f s;/L

cfof]hgf rqmsf d'Vo d'Vo r/0fx?df ;DalGwt 5 eGg] s'/f, /

• k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷k|f/lDes ;fdflhs kl/If0f cWoogsf]

Joj:yfkgdf dxTjk"0f{ ;jfnx?sf] PsLs/0f .

k|zf;lgs sfo{ljlw cg';f/ k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷k|f/lDes ;fdflhs

k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/L ;f] k|ltj]bg pk–cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug'{ eGbf
cl3 gLlt lgdf{tf / cGo OR5's kIfx?nfO{ pknJw u/fpg' kb{5 . t/
k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷k|f/lDes ;fdflhs kl/If0fsf] ;"rgf jf

23
 hfgsf/L pk–cfof]hgf :jLs[ltsf] k|s[of ;xh jgfpg kof{Kt dfqfdf
oyfy{k/s x'g' kb{5 . cfof]hgf rqmsf] kl5Nnf] r/0fdf pTkfbg ul/g]
k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷k|f/lDes ;fdflhs kl/If0f k|ltj]bgn] ljsf;
;DaGwL 5gf}6÷ljsNkx? 36fO{ æk|lts[ofTdsÆ t/Lsfdf cfof]hgfsf
laz]iftfx? k'i6fO{ ug{] sfd ub{5 . t;y{, o;sf] p2]Zo k"/f ug{sf] nflu
k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷k|f/lDes ;fdflhs k/LIf0f sfo{ pk–cfof]hgf
rqmsf] z'?df k|f/De u/L ;s[o ?kdf pk–cfof]hgf lrq0f ug]{ u/L ;f] pk–
cfof]hgfsf] cjlwe/ lg/Gt/ /lx /xg' kb{5 .

k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷k|f/lDes ;fdflhs kl/If0fsf r/0f / sfo{ljlwx?

k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷k|f/lDes ;fdflhs kl/If0fsf r/0f /

sfo{ljlwx? r/0fa4 9+un] lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\M

r/0f !– sfo{;"rLsf] tof/L tyf :jLs[lt

jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)%$ -@)%% df ;+zf]lwt_ cg';f/ l;+rfO{

cfof]hgfsf] xsdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo÷l;+rfO{ ljefun] sfo{;"rLsf]
d:of}bf tof/ kf/L :jLs[lt ug]{ cflwsfl/s lgsfo hn;|f]t dGqfnodf k]z
ug'{ kb{5 . k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷k|f/lDes ;fdflhs k/LIf0f
cWoogsf] nflu sfo{;"rL agfpFbf ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo 5gf}6 ug]{
;DaGwL b:tfj]hx?sf] cfwf/df ug'{ kb{5 . k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo
k/LIf0f÷k|f/lDes ;fdflhs k/LIf0fsf] sfo{;"rLsf] 9fFrf tflnsf ^=$ df
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

24
tflnsf ^=$ :JfLs[t u/fpg' kg]{ k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷k|f/lDes
;fdflhs kl/If0f sf] sfo{;"rL

qm;+ k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷k|f/lDes ;fdflhs k/LIf0fsf]

sfo{;"rLsf] 9fFrf

!= k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ JolQm jf ;+:yfsf] gfd / 7]ufgf

@= k|:tfjsf]

-s_ ;fdfGo kl/ro

-v_+ k|:tfjsf] ;fGble{stf

#= k|ltj]bg tof/ ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ljlw

$= k|ltj]bg tof/ ubf{ ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ gLlt, P]g, lgod tyf lgb]{lzsfx?
tyf ljZj j}+ssf ;+rfng gLltx?

%= k|ltj]bg tof/ ubf{ nfUg]

-s_ ;do

-v_ cg'dflgt jh]6

^= k|:tfj sfof{Gjog ubf{ jftfj/0fdf kg]{ vf; k|efj

-s_ ;fdflhs / cfly{s

-v_ ;fF:s[lts

-u_ ef}lts

-3_ /;folgs

25
 -ª_ h}ljs

&= k|:tfj sfof{Gjogsf ljsNkx?

-s_ l8hfOg

-v_ cfof]hgf :yn

-u_ k|s[of -;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;+nUgtf, l;+rfO{ hnfwf/ of]hgf

-3_ k|ljlw / ;~rfng ljlw, ;dotflnsf, k|of]u x'g] sRrf kbfy{

*= k|:tfjsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 jftfj/0f tyf ;dfhdf kg]{ k|efjsf]

/f]syfdsf s'/fx?

(= k|:tfj sfof{Gjog ubf{ cg'udg ug'{kg]{ s'/fx?

!)= cGo cfjZos s'/fx?

-;Gbe{–jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnLsf] cg';"rL–# tyf ljZj a}+ssf k|rlnt ;+rfng gLltx?_

cfof]hgfsf] 5gf}6

k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷k|f/lDes ;fdflhs k/LIf0f cfjZos kg]{, gkg]{

lgwf{/0f ub{5 .

jfWofTds Joj:yf -jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)%$ sf] cg';"rL–!_ -

;+rfng gLlt $=)@ ju{ v, ljZj j}+s -cltl/tm l;+rfO{ tyf hn;|f]t
Joj:yfkg cfof]hgf_

sfo{;"rL tof/ ug]{

26
 • ;+efJo k|efj klxrfg ub{5 .

• cfof]hgfsf ljsNkx? pknJw u/fp+b5 .

• k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷k|f/lDes ;fdflhs k/LIf0f ug]{ cfwf/ k|bfg

ub{5 .

cfof]hgfsf] ljj/0f /
ljsNkx?sf] cWoog

cfof]hgfsf ;+ej ;a} ljsNkx? pNn]v ub{5, h:t}

• :yfg

• tx

• k|s[of -hg;xeflutf l;rfO hnfwf/ of]hgf_

• of]hgf cjl:ylt

• k|ljlw

• ;+rfng cj:yfx?, cflb

;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;+nUgtf —

k|efjsf] k/LIf0f tyf Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox?

k|efjsf] k"jf{g'dfg
kl/df0ffTds k|efj h:t}

o bfo/f -kl/df0f_

27
 o xb

o cjlw
k|efjsf] d"NofÍg

• k|efj lgwf{/0f ug]{

• k|efjsf] lsl;d

• dxTj

Go"gLs/0f ug]{
pkfox?

u'0f:t/, Jofkstf / k|efjsfl/tf — k|0ffnL l8hfOg ug]{ tyf k|lts"n

;'lglZrt ug{ ljleGg r/0fx?df k|efjx? x6fpg] / Go"gLs/0f ug]{

;/f]sf/jfnfx? ;+nUg x'g] k|s[ofx?

pkof]uL pknlJwx? clea[l4 ug]{

– ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] wf/0ff, ljrf/nfO{

kof{Kt ?kdf ;Daf]wg ug{] cg'udg tyf

k/LIf0f ug]{ pkfox?
lgDglnlvt
k|efjx? Klxrfg ug]{

– cg'udg

– k/LIf0f

28
k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bg / k'g/fjnf]sg

k|f/lDes
jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f lgDglnlvt s'/fx? k|fKt hfgsf/L÷;"rgfnfO{
k|f/lDes ;fdflhs
k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg nufotsf] hfgsf/L ;+If]kLs/0f, laZn]if0f /

k|ltj]bgsf] 9fFrfdf ;+nUg ug]{ JofVof ug]{

– u}/–k|fljlws ;f/ ;+If]k

– k|of]u ul/Psf t/Lsfx?

– glthfsf] JofVof

– lgrf]8÷lgisif{

k'g/fjnf]sg
– ;+af]wg ul/Psf ;jfnx?sf] kof{Kttf d'NofÍg ug]{

– lg0f{o ug]{ k|s[ofnfO{ ;xh agfpg]

tflnsf ^=@ k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷k|f/lDes ;fdflhs k/LIf0fsf] k|s[of /

sfo{ljlw

;|f]tM jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg OlG:6Ro"6, @))# -k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f tflnd

lgb]{lzsf_ .

29
sfo{;"rLsf] :jLs[lt

sfo{;"rL tof/ u/]kl5, sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo÷cfof]hgfn] ;f] sfo{;"rL

l;+rfO{ ljefu dfkm{t :jLs[ltsf nflu hn;|f]t dGqfnodf k]z ug{' kb{5 .
hn;|f]t dGqfnon] ;f] sfo{;"rLdf s'g} x]/km]/ gu/L jf ;fdfGo x]/km]/ jf
kl/dfh{g u/L :jLs[t ug{ ;Sb5 . sfo{;"rL :jLs[t ePkl5 k|f/lDes
jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷ k|f/lDes ;fdflhs k/LIf0f cWoog sfo{ clanDa
k|f/De x'G5 .

r/0f @M ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sfzg ÷ ;fj{hlgs cGtlqm{of ug]{ .

sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfon] /fli6«o :t/sf] s'g} Ps b}lgs ;dfrf/kqdf kGw|| lbg]
;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tyf ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsf, lhNnf ljsf;
;ldlt, ljBfno, c:ktfn, :jf:Yo rf}sLdf To:tf] ;"rgf 6fF; u/L hn
pkef]Stf ;+:yf, s[ifsx?sf] ;+u7g, ufp+ ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsf,
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt tyf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] cGo JolSt jf ;+:yfx?nfO{
cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog tyf To;jf6 kg]{ k|efjx?sf] af/]df hfgsf/L
u/fpg]5 . o;/L ;"rgf k|sfzg ePkl5 ;f] ;DaGwdf s'g} /fo ;'emfj k|fKt
x'g cfPdf ;f] /fo ;'emfjnfO{ k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷k|f/lDes
;fdflhs k/LIf0fdf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs ;"rgfsf] cltl/St,
k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f ug]{ 6f]nLn] cfof]hgfaf6 k|efljt hgtf tyf
nfeflGjt x'g] ju{sf /fo, ;'emfj tyf ;/f]sf/x? ;dflji6 ePsf] ;'lglZrt
ug{ jftfj/0fLo cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L, ;"rgf ;+sng ug]{ p4]Zon] ;d"xdf jf
5'6[f 5'6[} ?kdf ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{ ug'{ kb{5 . o:tf] k/fdz{ ubf{ kl/R5]b $
df ;'emfOPsf ;"rgf, lzIff / ;+rf/ /0fgLltx?sf] ;'Idtfk"j{s kfngf ug'{
kb{5 .

30
r/0f #M cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L ;+sng tyf ;+of]hg

;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L :yfgLo ;fdflhs tyf

jftfj/0fLo cjl:yltdf cfof]hgfaf6 kg]{ k|lts"n k|efj x6fpg / Go"gLs/0f
ug{ tyf cg's"n k|efj clea[l4 ug{ k|efjx?sf] klxrfg, k"jf{g'dfg tyf
d"NofÍg ;xh agfpg] p2]Zon] jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍgsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;Gbe{
ljGb' xf] . cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L eGgfn] cfof]hgf If]q jf cfof]hgfsf
s[ofsnfkx?af6 k|efljt x'g;Sg] If]qx?sf] ef}lts, h}ljs, ;fdflhs,
cfly{s, s[lifhGo tyf ;fF:s[lts hfgsf/Lsf] ;+sng ;Demg' kb{5 . cfof]hgf
If]qsf] ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo l:ylt tyf ljleGg ;fdflhs ;d'xx?sf
;DaGwdf k|a[lQ / ;|f]tsf] pkof]usf] ;+s]t af]w ug]{, cfof]hgfsf
s[ofsnfkx?af6 k|efljt x'g;Sg] ;|f]tx? kQf nufpg], ;fdflhs tyf
jftfj/0fLo cg'udgsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ ;Gbe{ ljGb' -x?_ ljsf; ug]{, lg0f{o
ug]{ k|s[ofsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ hfgsf/L pknJw u/fpg] . hfgsf/L÷;"rgf
;+sngsf qmddf ;xeflutfTds b|'t d"NofÍg÷u|fdL0f b|'t d"NofÍg, k|ZgfjnL
;e]{If0f, hg;+Vof ;e]{If0f tyf :yfgLo dxTjk"0f{ ;"rs, u}/–
;/sf/L÷;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx?;+u cGtlqm{of ul/g]5 . ljleGg ;/sf/L
tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?af6 ;d]t yk hfgsf/L÷;"rgf ;+sng ul/g]5 .

;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo k|efjx?sf] klxrfg, k"jf{g'dfg tyf d"Nof+sg ug'{

cl3 cfwf/e"t hfgs/Lsf] laZn]if0f kof{Kt dfqfdf ug'{ kb{5 . cfwf/e"t
hfgsf/L÷;"rgf ;+sng ug]{ ;DaGwL ?h';"rL cg';"rL ^s / ^v df k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 .

r/0f $M ;+efJo k|efjx?sf] klxrfg tyf laZn]if0f ug]{

cfof]hgfsf s[ofsnfkx?, :yfgLo jftfj/0fsf] af]w, cfof]hgfsf]

sfdsf/jfxL, ;fdflhs ;d'xx? tyf :yfgLo jftfj/0f aLrsf] cGts[{of,
cfof]hgfsf] sfdsf/jfxLsf] sf/0fn] kg]{ jftfj/0fLo k|efj, dfgj ;dfhnfO{

31
 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf c;/ kfg]{ cg's"n jf k|lts"n jftfj/0fLo
k|efjx?sf] af]wsf cfwf/df jftfj/0fLo tyf ;fdflhs k|efjx?sf] klxrfg,
k"jf{g'dfg tyf d"Nofs+g ul/g]5 . k|efjx?sf] klxrfg, k"jf{g'dfg tyf
d"Nof+sg ug]{ y'k|} t/Lsfx? 5g\ . gd"gf jftfj/0fLo k|efjx? kl/R5]b % df
k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ .

r/0f %M ljsNkx?sf] laZn]if0f

gsf/fTds k|efjnfO{ Go"g ug]{ tyf ;sf/fTds k|efjnfO{ clea[l4 ug]{

clek|fon] cfof]hgfsf] l8hfOg, cjl:ylt lrq0f, ;+/rgf / cGo ;+efJo
laz]iftfx?sf ;DaGwdf ljleGg ;+efJo ljsNkx?sf] cWoog / ljZn]if0f
ul/G5 . æcfof]hgf gx'Fbfsf] ljsNkÆ nfO{ klg cWoog ug'{ kb{5 .

r/0f ^ M Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox? tf]Sg]

;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo k|efjx? klxrfg u/L kl/df0f, cjlw / ;Ldfsf]

b[li6sf]0faf6 cg's"n k|efjx?nfO{ clwsflws jgfpg / k|lts"n k|efjx?
x6fpg jf Go"gLs/0f ug{ pko'St Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox? tf]Sg' kg]{5 .
:yfg jf 7fpFsf] cj:yfg';f/ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox? ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
Go"gLs/0f ug]{ jf kmfObf clea[l4 ug]{ pkfox? tf]Sbf k|:tfljt l;+rfO{ tyf
hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgf cGtu{tsf pk–cfof]hgfx?sf nflu lgDglnlvt
a'Fbfx?df Wofg lbg' kb{5 M

• tx -:s]n_ k|of]u ul/Psf] k|ljlw, :yfg, PnfOgd]G6 l8hfOg tyf

k|efjx? Go"gLs/0f ug]{ ;dotflnsfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 cfof]hgfsf
ljsNkx? ljrf/ ug]{,

• hnfwf/ If]q cjwf/0ff ljlw tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;+nUgtfdf

cfwfl/t l;+rfO{ of]hgf k|s[ofnfO{ klxrfg ug]{,

32
 • Ifltu|:t ;|f]tx? k'g:yf{kgf ug{sf] nflu Ifltk"lt{d"ns pkfox? nfu"
ug]{, tyf

• pko'Qm Ol~hlgol/Ë l8hfOg cflb h:tf ;'wf/fTds / /f]syfdd"ns

pkfox? nfu" ug]{ .

r/0f &M cg'udg;DaGwL of]hgf tof/ ug]{

k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷k|f/lDes ;fdflhs k/LIf0f cWoogaf6 ul/Psf

l;kmfl/zx? pk–cfof]hgf sfof{Gjgsf ljleGg r/0fx? lgdf{0f ug'{ k"j{sf]
r/0f -of]hgf th'{df, l8hfOg, nfut cg'dfg, jf]nkq ;DaDwL sfohft
tof/ kfg]{, 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf ug], cflb_, lgdf{0f ubf{sf] r/0f -lgdf{0f sfo{ ubf{
l;kmfl/z ul/Psf Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox? ckgfpg]_, tyf ;+rfng / dd{t
;Def/df cfGtl/sLs/0f ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ sfd xf] . d"nt
b'O{ lsl;dsf cg'udg cfjZos kb{5: cfof]hgfsf] k|s[ofdf l;kmfl/zx?
;dflji6 ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{ kl/kfngf ;DaGwL cg'udg / k|If]k0f ul/Psf
k|efjx? 7Ls eP÷gePsf] d"NofÍg ug{ / cfufdL pk–cfof]hgfx?sf
;DaGwdf kf7 l;Sg ul/g] k|efj ;DaGwL cg'udg .

r/0f * k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷k|f/lDes ;fdflhs k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgsf] tof/L

tyf :jLs[lt

k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷k|f/lDes ;fdflhs k/LIf0f :jLs[t u/fpg'

h?/L 5 . lgDglnlvt tflnsf ^=% df jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnLsf]
cg';"rL % df plNnlvt laifox? tyf ljZj a}+ssf] ;+rfng gLltx?
adf]lhdsf s'/fx? ;+If]kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . tyflk l;+rfO{ cfof]hgf;+u
;DalGwt k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷k|f/lDes ;fdflhs k/LIf0f
k|ltj]bgdf cGo cfjZos s'/f÷zLif{s ÷ ;jfnx? ;d]t ;dfj]z ug{
;lsG5 .

33
tflnsf ^=% l;+rfO{ cfof]hgf;+u ;DalGwt k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo
k/LIf0f÷k|f/lDes ;fdflhs k/LIf0fsf] laifo ;"rL

qm;+ l;+rfO{ cfof]hgf;+u ;DalGwt k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷k|f/lDes

;fdflhs k/LIf0f ;DaGwL k|ltj]bg tof/ ubf{ v'nfpg' kg]{ s'/fx?

!= k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ JolQm jf ;+:yfsf] gfd / 7]ufgf

@= k|:tfjsf] ;f/f+z

k|:tfjsf] p2]Zo

e"–pkof]udf kg]{ c;/

jftfj/0fdf kg]{ k|lts"n k|efj, cflbjf;L hgtf, ljkGg ju{ h:t}

bnLt / e"ldxLg nufot dfgj hLjgdf kg]{ c;/, / hg;+Vofsf] rfk

:yfgLo lrh j:t'df x'g] Iflt

cGo cfjZos s'/fx?

#= k|:tfjsf] ;DaGwdf b]xfosf s'/f :ki6 v'nfpg' kg]{

k|:tfjsf] lsl;d

cfk"lt{ ug]{ eP s] s:tf] j:t' cfk"lt{ ug]{

k|:tfjsf] h8fg Ifdtf / slt 306f ;+rfng x'g] xf] k|of]u ul/g]
;fdu|L -kl/df0f / aif{ pNn]v ug]{_

pkof]u ug]{ ;fdfgx?

k|:tfj sfof{Gjog x'Fbf lgisf;g x'g]

34
 k|of]u x'g] phf{

hgzlQmsf] cfjZostf

k|:tfj sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ;|f]tx?

k|:tfj sfof{Gjog x'g] If]qsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f

k|ljlwsf] ljj/0f

cGo cfjZos s'/fx?

$= k|:tfj sfof{Gjog ubf{ lgDglnlvt s'/fx?df kg]{ k|efj

jftfj/0f

;fdflhs

cfly{s

;fF:s[lts

h}ljs

ef}lts / /f;folgs

%= k|:tfj sfof{Gjogsf ljsNkx?

^= k|efj sfof{Gjog ubf{ jftfj/0f tyf ;dfhdf kg]{ k|efjnfO{ sd jf

/f]syfd ug]{ pkfox?

&= k|:tfj sfof{Gjog ubf{ cg'udg ug'{kg]{ s'/fx?

*= cGo cfjZos s'/fx?

35
(= cfjZostf cg';f/ tYofÍ, gS;f, lrq, tflnsf, rf6{, u|fkm cflb

;Gbe{M jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)%$ sf] cg';"rL % / ljZj a}+ssf] ;+rfng
gLlt $=)!, $=)$, $=!@, $=@) / $=!!_ .

k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tof/ ePkl5 tT;DaGwdf

k|ltlqmof÷;'emfj lbgsf] nflu ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf JolSt / ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{
cfJxfg ub}{ s'g} Ps b}lgs ;dfrf/kqdf !% lbg] ;"rgf k|sflzt ug'{ kb{5 .
;f]xL adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf ;'emfjsf] nflu cfof]hgf :yn, uflj;÷lhlj;sf]
sfof{no, :jf:Yo rf}sL, ljBfno / cGo ;fj{hlgs :ynx?df 6fF; ug'{ kb{5 .
s'g} k|ltlqmof÷;'emfj k|fKt eP To:tf] k|ltlqmof÷;'emfj k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo
k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . cfjZos ;a} sfuhft ;+nUg u/L
k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷;fdflhs k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg k]z ePkl5
;DalGwt dGqfnon] ;f] k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] @! lbg leq :jLs[lt
lbg ;Sb5 . ;f] k|ltj]bgdf pk–cfof]hgfsf ;DaGwdf jftfj/0fLo k|efj
d"NofÍg ug'{ kg]{, gkg]{ jf ;f] pk–cfof]hgfsf k|If]lkt kmfObfx?sf] t'ngfdf
To;af6 kg]{ k|+lts"n k|efjx? a9L ePsf] sf/0fn] ;f] pk–cfof]hgfsf
sfof{Gjog ug{ gx'g] jf Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox? cjnDag u/L sfof{Gjog ug'{
kg]{ s'/fsf] l;kmfl/z ;d]t ug'{ kb{5 . ;f]xL cg';f/ lg0f{o ug'{ kb{5 .

36
 k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f/k|f/lDes ;fdflhs k/LIf0fsf] :jLs[lt k|s[of

-jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf % / ^, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)%$
sf] lgod &, !) / !! cg';f/_

sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfosf] lhDd]jf/L ;DalGwt lgsfosf] lhDd]jf/L

aftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)%$ sf] cg';"rL

! df tf]lsPsf k|:tfjx?

sfo{;"rL agfO{ k]z ug]{ -lgod %-!_ sfo{;"rL ;+zf]wg u/L jf gu/L :jLs[t ug]{ -
lgod %=$_

k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|f/lDes ;fdflhs

k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ -lgod &-!_ k|ltj]bg pk/ hfFra'em jftfj/0fdf pNn]vgLo
k|efj kg]{ gb]lvPdf k|:tfj k|fKt ePsf] ldltn]
@! lbgleq :jLs[lt lbg]
k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k|efj k|ltj]bg -d:of}bf_ pk/
;j{;fwf/0faf6 !% lbgleq lnlvt /fo ;'emfj lng]
;DalGwt uflj; jf gu/kflnsf lhlj;, ljBfno, ;+o'Qm ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍg
c:ktfn, :jf:Yo rf}sLdf ;"rgf 6fF; u/L d'r'Nsf k|ltj]bg :jLs[t ePkl5 k|:tfj sfof{Gjog ubf{
tof/ ug]{ k|ltj]bg kfngf ug'{kg]{ -lgod !@_
k|ltlqmof, ;'emfjsf nflu /fli6o b}lgs klqsfdf !%
lbg] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sfzg ug]{
k|fKt /fo, ;'emfj Pj+ PsLs[t ;fdflhs tyf ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg
jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍg k|ltj]bgdf ljsf; ul/Psf
/0fgLltx? ;dfj]z ug]{

k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgsf] !%

k|+lt :jLs[ltsf] nflu ;DalGwt lgsfodf k]z
ug]{ -;DalGwt uflj; jf gu/kflnsfsf]
l;kmfl/z ;d]t ;+nUg u/L -lgod !)_

37
 lrq ^–#M :jLs[lt k|s[ofsf] rf6{

k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf cfof]hgfsf] laz]if k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df

jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)%$ sf] cg';"rL–% df tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf
dfq} l;ldt geO{ kof{Kt cGo yk hfgsf/L klg ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 .

^=#=@ jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg÷;fdflhs k|efj d"NofÍg

lg0f{o ug]{ k|s[ofnfO{ ;xh jgfpg cfof]hgfn] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnLsf]

cg';"rL @ cGtu{t kg]{ jf k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0fjf6 l;kmfl/z ePsf
pk–cfof]hgfx?sf] jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg ug'{ kb{5 . jftfj/0fLo k|efj
d"NofÍg cWoog ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ cfjZos r/0fx? lrq ^=$ df k|:t't
ul/Psf / lgDgfg';f/ j0f{g ul/Psf 5g\ . o; cEof;;Fu} jftfj/0fLo k|efj
d"NofÍgsf zt{x?nfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g
tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnLn] PsLs[t ?kd} jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg
k|ltj]bg tof/ x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] k|ltj]bgdf s'g} klg ljsf;
s[ofsnfksf] ef}lts, /;folgs, h}ljs, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts / cfly{s
k|efjx? ;dfj]z x'g' kb{5 .

38
 lrq ^=$M jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ r/0fx?

pk–cfof]hgfsf]
klxrfg

;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo 5gf}6

jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍg k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo jftfj/0fLo k|efj

ug'{ gkg]{ k/LIf0f d"NofÍg

If]q lgwf{/0f
;fj{hlgs k/fdz{

sfo{ ;"rL

;+efJotf cWoog
lj:t[t jftfj/0fLo k|efj
d"NofÍg cWoog

;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{

k[i7kf]if0f lj:t[t l8hfOg

jftfj/0fLo cWoog d"NofÍgsf] clGtd
k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/L k]z ug]{

jftfj/0fLo k|efj laz]if1 / lgodgsf/L

d"NofÍg k|ltj]bg lgsfoaf6 k'g/fjn]fsg
;fj{hlgs ug]{

lg0f{o
k'gM k]z ug]{

:jLs[t c:jLs[t
k'gM l8hfOg
cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog

cg'udg / d"NofÍg
k/LIf0f

39
 g]kfnsf] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL tyf ljZj a}+ssf
;+rfng ;DaGwL gLltx? cg';f/ jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍg cWoogsf r/0fx?
pk/f]St tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

r/0f ! If]q lgwf{/0f ug]{ cEof;

k|f/Dedf, k|:tfljt cfof]hgfsf ;DaGwdf ;Da4 hfgsf/L ;d]t pNn]v u/L

!% lbgsf] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf Pp6f /fli6«o :t/sf] b}lgs klqsfdf k|sfzg ug'{
kb{5 . If]q lgwf{/0f ug]{ b:tfj]hdf ;dfj]z ug{sf] nflu tT;DaGwdf /fo,
;'emfj dfu ug'{ kb{5 . of] r/0f ;Daf]wg ug'{ kg]{ ;jfnx? tyf cfof]hgfsf]
d"NofÍg ug{ cfjZos laZn]if0f lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|s[of xf] . If]q lgwf{/0f ug]{
cEof;sf] k|fylds pknlJw eg]sf] sfo{;"rL to ug]{ xf], hf] jftfj/0fLo
k|efj d"NofÍg÷;fdflhs k|efj d"NofÍg ug]{ cfwf/ xf] .

o; cEof; cGtu{t, ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ d'Vo sfdx? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

• cfof]hgf ;DaGwL k[i7e"ld hfgsf/Lsf] ;+sng / laZn]if0f

• ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo cfwf/ut hfgsf/Lsf] ;+sng / laZn]if0f

• ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ;jfnx?sf] ;+sng / ljZn]if0f

• dxTjk"0f{ ;jfn / k|efjx?sf] klxrfg nufot ;+efJo ;fdflhs tyf

jftfj/0fLo ;jfnx?sf] klxrfg

• ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ hfgsf/L -;/f]sf/jfnf, nlIft ;d'xsf ;fdflhs,

cfly{s laz]iftfx?;+u cg's"n agfpg 5gf}6 ul/Psf hfgsf/L k|jfx
ug]{ -;fwg÷ ;Gb]z÷;"rgf_

• ;Da4 clwsf/Lx?, OR5's kIf / k|efljt ;d'xx?sf] ;+nUgtf

40
 • ljsNkx?sf] klxrfg / 5gf}6

• kl5Nnf cWoogsf] nflu sfo{;"rLsf] klxrfg

• If]q lgwf{/0f k|ltj]bgsf] tof/L .

ljZj a}+ssf zt{x? tyf l5d]sL d'n'sx?df cjnDag ug]{ ul/Psf If]q
lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL cEof;x? cg's"n agfpg] p2]Zon] l;+rfO{ tyf hn;|f]t
Joj:yfkg cfof]hgfsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ljrf/ u/L o; r/0f cGtu{t ul/g]
d'Vo d'Vo s'/fx? jdf]lhd pNn]v ul/Psf] xf] .

r/0f @ sfo{;"rLsf] tof/L

jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg÷;fdflhs k|efj d"NofÍg k|s[of cGtu{t

sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfon] sfo{;"rL agfO{ :jLs[ltsf] nflu ;DalGwt lgsfo -
jftfj/0f, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno_df k]z ug'{ kb{5 . If]q lgwf{/0f ug]{
cEof;sf qmddf klxrfg ul/Psf d'Vo d'Vo ;jfnx?sf] cfwf/df sfo{;"rL
agfpg' kb{5 . sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfon] If]q lgwf{/0f tyf sfo{;"rL ;DaGwL
b:tfj]hx? Ps} ;fy agfO{ :jLs[ltsf] nflu k]z ug{ ;Sb5 . If]q lgwf{/0f
cGtu{t ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ ;jfnx? klxrfg ul/G5 eg] sfo{;"rLn] jftfj/0fLo
k|efj d"NofÍg÷;fdflhs k|efj d"NofÍg cWoogsf qmddf ;jfnx?nfO{
;Daf]wg ug]{ dfu{lgb]{zg jf cfwf/ k|bfg ub{5 . sfo{;"rLdf lgDglnlvt
s'/fx? ;d]t ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 M

• cg';Gwfg ug'{kg]{ ;jfnx? klxrfg u/L pNn]v ug]{

• sfo{ k|0ffnL Jojl:yt ug]{

• jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg÷;fdflhs k|efj d"NofÍg cWoogsf qmddf

sfof{Gjog ul/g] laz]if s[ofsnfkx? klxrfg ug]{

41
 • ljBdfg gLltut / sfg"gL Joj:yfx?sf] ;Gbe{df jftfj/0fLo k|efj
d"NofÍg÷;fdflhs k|efj d"NofÍg cWoognfO{ ldnfg ug]{ .

• jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg÷;fdflhs k|efj d"NofÍg ug{sf nflu

cfjZos dfgj;|f]tsf] ;dofjlw lgwf{/0f ug]{ .

• tf]lsPsf] ;doleq sfd ;DkGg ug]{ .

jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍgsf] sfo{;"rLsf] 9fFrf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL,

@)%$ sf] cg';"rL $ df lbOPs]f 5 .

u'0f:t/Lo jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg ;DaGwL b:tfj]h tof/ ePsf]

;'lglZrt ug{sf] nflu l;+rfO{ tyf hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgfsf
cfjZostfx?nfO{ b[li6ut ul/ sfo{;"rL tof/ ug]{ ;DaGwL pk/f]Qm sfdx?
pNn]v ul/Psf] xf] . o;n] lg0f{o k|s[ofnfO{ ;xh agfpg] 5 .

r/0f #M ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo k[i7e"ldut hfgsf/Lsf] ;+sng, ;+of]hg /

ljZn]if0f ug]{

jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍgsf] of] r/0f lgwf{l/t ;dodf pk–cfof]hgf If]qsf]

h}ljs–ef}lts, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts tyf cfly{s If]q;+u ;DalGwt Pj+ pk–
cfof]hgfsf] cfo' / If]qLo bfo/f ;DaGwL jftfj/0fsf] ;+efljt eflj l:ylt -
k|a[lQ_ ;DaGwL k[i7e"ldsf] hfgsf/L ;+sng ug]{ s'/f ;+u ;DalGwt 5 .
k[i7e"ld hfgsf/L ;+sng tyf laZn]if0f ug]{ sfddf pk–cfof]hgf ;DaGwL -
efu, s[ofsnfk, k|of]u ul/g] ;|f]tx? cflb_ tyf jftfj/0fLo l:ylt -;]l6Ë_
;DaGwL hfgsf/Lsf] ;+sng / laZn]if0f ;d]t ;dfj]z x'G5 . ;fdflhs tyf
jftfj/0fLo cjl:yltsf ;DaGwdf ;+sng / laZn]if0f ul/g] d'Vo d'Vo
;jfnx? tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ M

42
 tflnsf ^–^M ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s cjl:ylt ;DaGwL d'Vo ;jfnx?

efu ;jfnx?

h}ljs, ef}lts jftfj/0f

e"ldzf:q tyf ef}ule{s If]q, r6[fg ;DaGwL hfgsf/L, e"–agfj6sf]

e"–agfj6 laz]iftfx?, l:y/tf, klx/f] af9Ljf6 x'g] Iflt, cflb .

ef}uf]lns jgf}6 pk–cfof]hgf If]qsf] ;fwf/0f / laz]if 6f]kf]u|fkmL

-6f]kf]u|flkm_

df6f] df6f]sf] gS;fÍg -DoflkË_, g"lgnf]kg, df6f]sf u'0fx?

hndUgtf, df6f]sf] ;+/rgf

e"ldut hn;|f]t kfgL a:g] txsf] k|s[lt, l/rfh{ b/, bLuf] ;'/lIft kfgL
lemSg ;Sg] dfqf, ljBdfg 6\o'jj]nsf] cjl:ylt /
ulx/fO{, kfgLsf] u'0f:t/

hn;|f]t tyf hnfwf/ / pkhnfwf/sf] lgsf;, 1ft tyf c1ft hn

hn If]qx? If]q tyf hndfu{x?, hn If]qx?sf] lgodgsf/L juL{s/0f,
kfgLsf] jt{dfg pkof]u, kfgLsf] clwsf/, kfgLsf]
u'0f:t/, /;fog, uGw, wldnf]kgf cflb .

jfo' / jfo'd08n jfo'sf] u'0f:t/, WjgL, tfkqmd, jiff{, xfjf cflb .

phf{ phf{sf ;|f]tx? -ljB't, l8h]n, bfp/f cflb_, k|sfz, WjgL,

sDkg

jg:klt tyf k+IfL, :tgwf/L hgfj/, df5f, hnLo tyf w/ftnLo

hLjhGt' jg:klt, ;+/lIft If]qx?, /fli6«o lgs'~h, b'n{e tyf
vt/fdf k/]sf k|hftLx?, ethono botany, cf}ifwLo tyf

43
 u}/–sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x? cflb

Dfgj zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s :jf:Yo, sNof0f

hg;+Vof ;DaGwL hg;+Vofsf] k|a[lQ, hftLotf, k|a[lQ, ;fF:s[lts

dfGotfx?÷d"No÷traits cflb

cfly{s cfwf/ /f]huf/L, k]zf, >d jhf/, cfly{s s[ofsnfkx? -s[lif,

pBf]u, ;]jfx? cflb_

;]jfx?sf] tx ;]jfsf] dfu / cfk"lt{, :jf:Yo, lzIff, tyf cGo cfwf/e"t

;]jfx?

s[lif k|0ffnL jfnL / kz'

;fd'bflos kfgLsf] cfk"lt{, ljBfno, :jf:Yo, ;8s, l;+rfO{ cflb

k"jf{wf/
;+/rgfx?

dlxnf, cflbjf;L cflbjf;L tyf ljkGg÷sdhf]/ ;d'bfox?, dlxnf tyf

tyf sdhf]/ pgLx?sf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s x}l;ot
;d'bfo

P]ltxfl;s tyf ;+/lIft If]q, lgld{t ;Dkbf, P]ltxfl;s tyf k'/ftflTjs

;fF:s[lts ;Dkbf If]qx? cflb

r/0f $ jftfj/0fLo k|efjx?sf] klxrfg, cg'dfg tyf d"NofÍg ug]{

jftfj/0fLo k|efjx?sf] klxrfg, cg'dfg / d"NofÍg ug{sf] nflu cWoog

6f]nLn] cfof]hgfsf s[ofsnfkx? -cfof]hgfsf] ljj/0f_ tyf jftfj/0fLo
cjl:ylt a'em\g' kb{5 . ef}lts, h}ljs, ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo kIfx?sf]

44
;Gbe{df jftfj/0fLo k|efjsf] klxrfg ug'{ kb{5 . k|efjsf] klxrfg ug{ k|of]u
ul/g] t/Lsfx?df ?h';"rL t/Lsf -;fwf/0f, ljj/0ffTds, txut_, k|ZgfjnL,
cGts[{of d]l6«S; -:ffwf/0f matrix tyf ;+zf]lwt :t/Ls[t matrix _, ;+hfn -
g]6js{_ t/Lsf tyf cf]e/n] t/Lsf -GIS jf Dofg'cn_ ;d]t ;dfj]z x'g
;Sb5g\ .

klxrfg kl5, kl/df0f, cjlw / xb÷;Ldfsf] ;Gbe{df k|efjx?sf] cg'dfg

ug'{kb{5 . ljleGg k|ljlw / t/Lsfx? ckgfP/ k|efjsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
l;+rfO{ tyf hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgf cGtu{t lgdf{0f / ;+rfng ul/g]
l;+rfO{ k|0ffnLx?sf] PsLs[t ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍgsf] nflu
cg'dfg ug]{ h6Ln t/Lsfx? cfjZos 5}gg / lgDglnlvt gd"gf k|s[of k|of]u
ug{ ;lsG5 .

• jt{dfg ca:yf -jgh+unsf] If]q jf s'g} al:tdf /x]sf 3/kl/jf/sf] s'n

;+Vof_ :yflkt ug{ ;"rgfx?sf] ;fdfGo ljZn]if0f

• cfof]hgf x'Fbf / gx'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf efjL cj:yfsf] cg'dfg . o:tf]

cg'dfg k|:tfljt sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ b[li6ut ug{ k|:t't k|s[ltsf]
eljiosf] l:yltsf] jfx\o cg'dfg / eljiosf] l:yltsf] cfGtl/s cg'dfg
h:tf ;fwf/0f kl/df0ffTds t/Lsfx? jf Joj;flos -k|f]km];gn_ lg0f{o
cg';f/sf] u'0ffTds t/Lsf

• cGo :yfgsf o:t} ca:yfdf xfl;n ul/Psf ljutsf cg'ej k|of]u ug]{
. pbfx/0fsf] nflu, le/fnf] kfvf]df df6f] y'kfgf{n] klx/f] z'?jft x'g;Sg]
jf t/sf/L v]tL k|a4{g ug{ jhf/ kx'Fr nufotsf] ;'wfl/Psf] ef}lts
kx'Fr .

45
;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo k|efjx?sf] d"NofÍg

eljiodf x'g;Sg] k|efjx? dxTjk"0f{ eP jf gePsf] s'/fsf] pQ/ lbgsf] nflu

;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo k|efjx?sf] d"NofÍg ul/G5 . jftfj/0fLo k|efj
d"NofÍg÷;fdflhs k|efj d"NofÍg cWoogsf] nflu k|efjx?sf] d"NofÍg ug{
lgDglnlvt r/0fx? k"/f ug'{ kb{5 M

• k|efljt x'g;Sg] k|To]s jftfj/0fLo ;|f]t, laz]iftf, efu jf tTjsf]

dxTj÷d"No :yflkt ug]{ . ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo k[i7e"ldut
;"rgfsf] JofVof u/L tyf pkof]lutf, sfd, cGo If]q;+usf] ;DaGw
tyf ;Da4 tTjx?nfO{ b[li6ut u/L PsLs[t ;fdflhs tyf
jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍg 6f]nLn] of] sfd ug'{ kb{5 .

• kl/df0f, cjlw, k|ToIf, ck|ToIf cflbsf ;DaGwdf kl/jt{gsf

laz]iftfx?, d"No jf kl/df0fdf ePsf] k|efj jf ljleGg jftfj/0fLo
laz]iftfx?sf] dxTjsf] ljrf/ .

k|efjx? d"NofÍg ug{sf] nflu :ki6 / :jLsfo{ dfkb08x? tof/ kfg{

cfjZos 5 . o;sf] cefjdf k|efjsf] d"NofÍg ljjfbf:kb x'g ;S5 .
lgDglnlvt tTjx? ljrf/ u/L dfkb08x?sf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

• kl/df0f, cjlw, lj:tf/ cflb h:tf k|efjsf laz]iftfx?,

• k|rlnt sfg"g, gLlt, dfkb08x?,

• :jLs[t dfkb08 / d"Nox? nufot k|efjx?sf] t'ngf,

• ;fj{hlgs ;+j]bgzLntf, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts / cfly{s k|efj,

• kof{j/0fLo sfd / dxTj, tyf

46
 • Joj;flos d"NofÍg .

k|efjx?sf] k|ltkmn lnlvt ?kdf Pj+ tflnsfdf dxTjk"0f{ jf sd dxTjk"0f{

egL ;+If]lks/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

^=#=# Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox?

cfof]hgf s[ofsnfkx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf] sf/0fn] kg]{ k|lts"n k|efjx?

Go"gLs/0f ug]{ jf x6fpg] p2]Zon] Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox? l;kmfl/z ug'{ kb{5
. Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox? lgDg lsl;dsf 5g\ M x6fpg], ;'wf/ ug]{ tyf
kl/jlt{t ;'wf/ ug]{ pkfox? jf Ifltk"lt{ .

ljsf; cfof]hgf jf:tjd} ;+efJo, Jojxfl/s tyf nfut k|efjsf/L 5 /

h;n] jftfj/0fLo tyf ;fdflhs bLuf]kgnfO{ kl/k"/0f ug{ ;Sb5 eGg] h:tf
s]xL ;fdfGo÷;fwf/0f ljlwx? ckgfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox? ljsf; ug'{
kb{5 .

x6fpg] pkfox?

kmfObfx?nfO{ clwsflws jgfpg] / cjfl~5t xfgLgf]S;fgL Go"gLs/0f ub}{

p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf] nflu k|:tfljt kl/of]hgf s[ofsnfksf ljsNkx?sf]
ljrf/ u/L s]xL lglZrt k|efjx? x6fpg ;lsG5 .

;'wf/ ug]{ tyf kl/jlt{t ;'wf/ ;DaGwL pkfox?

;'wf/fTds pkfox? ckgfP/ s]xL x6fpg} g;Sg] k|efjx? lglZrt xb;Dd

sd ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, sfl6Psf] le/fnf] kfvf]df jg:klt /f]Kg],
le/fnf] kfvf] arfpg 6]jf kvf{nx? agfpg], k|efljt k|fs[lts lgsf; dfu{ jf
Ifltu|:t ;|f]t, hldg pkof]u of]hgf cflb k'g:yf{lkt ug]{ .

47
Ifltk"lt{ ;DaGwL pkfox?

vf;vf; k|efjx? x6fpg g;lsg] k|s[ltsf ePsf] ca:yfdf Ifltk"lt{sf]

Joj:yf ug'{ k|efjsf/L x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, cfof]hgfaf6 clwu|x0f
ul/Psf] jg If]qsf] Ifltk"lt{ :j?k j[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ jf gub Ifltk"lt{ lbg],
jftfj/0fsf cGo s]xL kIfx? clea[l4 ug{ cfof]hgfsf] If]q afx]ssf If]qdf
klg jftfj/0f ;'wf/ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{, Iflt ePsf ;|f]tx? k'g:yf{kgf jf
lh0ff]4f/ ug]{, ;Lkd"ns tfnLd h:tf k'g:yf{kgf ;DaGwL pko'St of]hgfx?
;+rfng ug]{ .

/f]syfdd"ns pkfox?

k|lts"n k|efjx? Go"gLs/0f ug{sf] nflu k"j{ tof/Lsf] qmddf /f]syfdd"ns jf

lgjf/fTds pkfox? ckgfO{ s]xL k|efjx? x6fpg ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu,
;r]tgf sfo{qmd, lzIff tyf hfgsf/L, ;"rgf k|jfx sfo{qmd .

Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox?sf] sfof{Gjog

Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox?nfO{ pk–cfof]hgfsf] l8hfOg / af]nkq ;DaGwL

sfuhftdf PsLs[t ug'{ kb{5 . of] ljlw k|of]u ubf{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox?
:jtM cfof]hgf lgdf{0f / ;~rfngsf] r/0fsf] c+u aGg]5g\ . Go"gLs/0f ug]{
pkfox?nfO{ 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf, kl/df0f ;"rL -Bill of quantities _ sf] lglZrt
cfO6ddf ;dfj]z u/]/ Go"gLs/0f sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg / ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{
sfdnfO{ ;Demf}tfsf] ;fwf/0f OlGhlgol/+Ë ;'k/Lj]If0f ;DaGwL Joj:yfx?df
;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 . 7]s]bf/n] jftfj/0f ;Demf}tf ;DaGwL k|fjwfgx? cg';f/
Go"gLs/0f ug]{ y'k|} pkfox? k|f/De ug]{5 -7]Ssf ;Demf}tfsf gd"gf Joj:yfx?
cg';"rL !@ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5_ . jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g tyf jftfj/0f
;+/If0f lgodfjnLsf] ;+/rgfleq /xL oL ;Demf}tfsf Joj:yfx?sf] sfof{Gjog
ug'{ kb{5 . sfdsf] of] clen]vnfO{ jf:tljs ?kdf pknJw u/fOPsf] ;]jfsf]

48
 d"NofÍg ug{sf] nflu cfof]hgfsf] cflwsfl/s k|of]hgsf nflu pkof]u ul/g]5
. l;+rfO{ k'g:yf{kgf, hL0ff]4f/÷ljsf; sfo{ ;DkGg eO{ ;s]kl5 7]s]bf/n]
ul/Psf] a[Iff/f]k0f -:yfg, l:ylt, ;+Vof_ nfO{ itinerary gS;fdf b]vfpg'
kb{5 .

pk–cfof]hgfsf] l8hfOg

Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox?nfO{ pk–cfof]hgfsf] l8hfOg d} PsLs[t ug'{ kb{5 .

o;n] Go"gLs/0f ug]{ laz]if l8hfOg, Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfosf] nfut cg'dfg,
tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ vf; vf; dfkb08x?sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 Go"gLs/0f ug]{
pkfox?nfO{ clea[l4 ug]{5 . l8hfOg r/0fdf Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox?sf]
PsLs/0fn] cfof]hgfsf] kmfObf tyf bLuf]kgnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{ ;d]t ;xof]u
ug]{5 .

pk–cfof]hgfsf] 7]Ssf

pk–cfof]hgfsf] 7]s]bf/n] 7]Ssf ;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt Go"gLs/0f ug]{ ;DaGwL

laz]if jf vf; vf; pkfox?sf ;DaGwdf jftfj/0fLo tyf ;fdflhs d"NofÍg
klxrfg ul/Psf dfkb08x?sf] kfngf ug'{ kb{5 . jftfj/0f ;DaGwL
Joj:yfx? ;Gtf]ifhgs 9+un] sfof{Gjog geP;Dd ;DkGg ul/Psf] sfdsf]
clGtd :jLs[lt x'g ;Sb}g .

kl/df0f ;"rL -Bill of Quantities_

jf]nkqbftfx?nfO{ lbg] af]nkq ;DaGwL lgb]{zgx?df :yfg laz]ifdf ckgfpg'

kg]{ Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox?, k|of]u ug'{ kg]{ ;fdu|Lx?, sfdbf/ a:g] k|aGw,
kmf]x/d}nf km\ofSg] :yfg Pj+ :yfg laz]if ;DaGwL cGo jftfj/0fLo s'/fx?
;d]t :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 . o:tf] kl/efiffn] Go"gLs/0f ug]{
pkfox? sfof{Gjog ug{ nfUg] vr{ ;d]t b]vfpg' kb{5 . a9L k|lt:klw{ x'g]
x]t'n] jf]nkqbftfn] Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfo tyf cGo ;+/If0fd"ns pkfox?

49
 sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos /sd ;dfj]z gug{ klg ;Sg] x'gfn] o;/L vr{
b]vfpg cfjZos 5 .

lgl/If0f / cg'udg

lgl/If0fsf] p2]Zo jftfj/0fLo / ;fdflhs d"NofÍgsf] ljz]if /f]syfdd"ns

tTjx?sf] klxrfg u/L ;Gtf]ifhgs ?kdf sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] ;'lglZrt ug]{
xf] . h:t} /f]syfdd"ns pkfox? ;fFlRrs} Jojxf/df ptfl/Psf] 5 ls 5}g
cg'udg ug{ cfjZos 5 .

b]xfosf] tflnsfdf Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox? tyf ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ lhDd]jf/L
lj:t[t ?kdf juL{s/0f u/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf ^-&M ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo k|efj÷;+efJo k|efj Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox?

k|efj÷;jfnx? clea[l4÷Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox? lhDd]jf/L

lgdf{0f k"j{

jftfj/0fLo k|efj cfof]hgf th'{df / l8hfOg ubf{ ;fdflhs / l;+rfO{ ljsf; l8lehg, ;a
d"NofÍg/ jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍg l;kmfl/zx? sfof{Gjog l8lehg, hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf,
cWoogsf ug]{ 7]s]bf/, k/fdz{bftf
l;kmfl/zx?
cfof]hgf nfutdf, af]nkq sfuhft / 7]Ssf l;+rfO{ ljsf; l8lehg, ;a
sfof{Gjog
;Demf}tfdf Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox? ;dfj]z l8lehg, hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf,
gu/]sf]af6 pTkGg
ug]{ 7]s]bf/, k/fdz{bftf
k|efjx?
lgdf{0f ;DaGwL pko'St k|aGw ;fdu|Lx? - l;+rfO{ ljsf; l8lehg, ;a
nlhli6s_ sf] Joj:yf ug]{ -sfdbf/ a:g] l8lehg, hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf,
l;lj/, pks/0f / cGo s'/fsf] Joj:yf_ 7]s]bf/, k/fdz{bftf

cfof]hgfsf] – ;~rf/ dfWodsf] k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ l;+rfO{ ljsf; l8lehg, ;a

k|lqmofdf cflwsflws agfpg] l8lehg, If]qLo l;+rfO

50
nfeflGjt ;d'xsf] – cfof]hgfsf] klxrfg / tof/L k|lqmofdf lgb]{zgfno / k/fdz{bftf
;xeflutf gx'g] / s[ifsx?sf] ;xeflutf clwsflws agfpg]
pk–cfof]hgfsf
– ;"rgf ;dod} / kof{Kt dfqfdf k|jfx ug]{
;]jfsf :t/x?
36\b} uPsf] – cfof]hgf / o;sf s[ofsnfkx?sf] jf/]df
;r]tgf clea[l4 ug]{

– hn pkef]Stf ;+:yfsf] u7g, btf{ k|s[of

yfngL ug]{

–hn pkef]Stf ;+:yfdf dlxnf, bnLt,

cflbjf;L ;d'xsf] ;lqmo ;+nUgtf ;'lglZrt
ug]{ .

–gub ;+sng -up front) ug]{

– of]ubfg ug]{ k|lta4tf

– hn pkef]Stf ;+:yfsf] ;Ifdtf ljsf; -

tfnLd, ;r]tgf, cGt/ e]63f6_

lghL s[lifhGo – lj:yflkt ug'{ kg]{ If]q e/;s x6fpg] jf l;+rfO ljsf; l8lehg, ;a
hUuf hldg / Go"gLs/0f ug]{ l8lehg, e"ldut lkmN8
;DklQsf] k|flKt, sfof{no, hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf
–k|efljt x'g] If]q klxrfg ug]{
xfgL gf]S;fgL
– hUuf hldg u'dfpg] JolStx?sf] klxrfg
ug]{

– l8hfOgsf] ;dodf hUuf k|flKt ;DaGwL

kof{Kt of]hgfx? tof/ ug]{

– cfof]hgfaf6 k|efljt x'g] JolStx?sf]

hgu0fgf ;e]{If0f ul/ ;s]kl5 Ifltk"lt{
;DaGwL pko'St Kofs]hx? tof/ ug]{

51
 – cflbjf;L÷sdhf]/ ;d'xx?sf] nflu
/f]syfd d"ns ug]{ of]hgf tof/ ug]{

– hUuf hldg / ;DklQ jfkt wgL tyf

k6[fjfnfx?nfO{ Ifltk"lt{ tyf cGo ;'ljwf
ahf/ b/df pknJw u/fpg] / lj:yfkg d"No
;d]t pknJw u/fpg]

– Ifltk"lt{ / k'gjf{; tyf k'g:yf{kgf

;DaGwdf kfpg] ;'ljwf ;'lglZrt ug{
k'gjf{; sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug]{

lgdf{0fsf] r/0f

lgdf{0f:yn – ;+ej eP;Dd jg h+un If]qaf6 x6fpg] / 7]s]bf/

;kmfOaf6 kg]{ cfjZos ePsf gsf6L gx'g] ?vx? dfq}
k|efjx? sf6\g]

– jg ;|f]tsf] – jg If]qleq kg]{ ePdf ?v sf6\g' cl3 k"j{

gf]S;fgL cg'dlt k|fKt ug]{

– jGohGt' / – h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f ug]{ pkfox?

jf;:yfgdf kg]{ ckgfpg]
c;/
– sfl6Psf ?vsf] Ifltk"lt{ :j?k a[Iff/f]k0f
ug]{

– lgdf{0f If]q nfO{gnfO{ /fO6–ckm–j] df dfq}

l;let ug]{

– ;+ej eP;Dd jfof] OlGhlgol/++u k|ljlw

pkof]u ug]{.

– u}/ sfg"gL ?kdf lzsf/ ug]{ jf

52
 jGohGt'nfO{ hfndf kfg]{ sfd lgoGq0f ug]{

df6f] vGg] sfd – t6jGw lgdf{0f ug]{ sfddf vGbf 7]s]bf/

tyf lgdf{0fsf lgl:sPsf df6f], 9'Ëf cflb k|of]u u/L
cjz]if÷kmf]x/ ;Gt'ng ldnfpg], df6f]sf] kl/df0f 36fpg]
gi6 ug]{ sfdaf6 lt/ hfg] .
kg]{ k|efjx?
– vg]sf] df6f] y'kfg{sf] nflu v]t, vfN8f
– y'k|f]sf] df6f] / v'N8L If]q klxrfg ug]{
lgdf{0fsf
– jiff{bsf] kfgLaf6 x'g] Ifo tyf cGo
cjz]if÷ kmf]x/
lsl;dsf] Ifo Go"gLs/0f ug{sf] nflu ;+/If0f
gi6 ug]{
;DaGwL sfd tyf jg:klt ;DaGwL pkfox?
– k|fs[lts ckgfpg]÷j[Iff/f]k0f ug]{
kfgLsf] dfu{, – P]ltxfl;s tyf ;fF:s[lts If]qx? h:tf
9ndf cj/.]w ;+j]bgzLn If]qx? glhsdf6f] cflb y'kfg{
gx'g] .
– hn k|b'if0f
– jiff{bsf] ofddf lgdf{0f sfo{ gug]{

– vg]sf] df6f] cflb gbL, 9n, kfgLsf] d'xfg

tyf cGo hn If]qx?df gy'kfg]{÷gkmfNg] .

– lgdf{0f sfo{ ubf{ k|fs[lts 9nsf] nflu

pko'St jfO{kf; k|aGwx?sf] Joj:yf ug]{

lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx? – le/fnf] kfvf]sf] cl:y/tf, Ifo, k|fs[lts 7]s]bf/

vfgLaf6 lgsfNbf 9ndf cj/f]w, gbL If]qdf kl/jt{g, gbLsf]
tyf lgdf{0f t6 s6fg, jg:kltsf] ljgf;, s[lifhGo e"ld
;fdu|Lx? y'kfbf{ tyf cGo ef}lts ;|f]tx?sf] xfgL gf]S;fgL
kg]{ k|efjx? gx'g] u/L vfgL tyf lgdf{0f ;fdu|L lgsfNg]
:ynx? 5gf}6 ug]{
– gbLaf6 Ifo,
af9L, 8'jfg / – vfgL lgdf{0f ;fdu|L lgsfNg] :yn tyf

53
;DklQsf] xfgL, lgdf{f0f ;fdu|Lsf] y'k|f]x? jl:t, v]lt ul/Psf]
gf]S;fgL hUuf hldg, cl:y/ If]q tyf 9n dfu{jf6
6f9f /x]sf] ;'lglZrt ug]{
– gbL jxfjsf]
cj:yf kl/jt{g – vfgL tyf lgdf{0f ;fdu|L lgsfNg]
:yfgx?af6 lbuf] b/df dfq} pQm s'/fx?
– ;fd'bflos
lgsfNg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug]{
;+/rgfx?sf]
xfgL, gf]S;fgL – df};dL gbLx?af6 jfn'jf / u|fe]n lemSg]
sfd ;Dej eP;Dd nfdf] b"/Ldf km}lnP/
– jfo' / WjgL
lemSg]
k|b'if0f
– jfn'jf u|fe]n lgsfNg] ;dodf kfgLsf]
u'0f:t/, s[lifhGo e"ld, ;fd'bflos
;+/rgfx?, jgh+un tyf cGo If]qx?sf]
;+/If0f ug]{ h:tf pko'St jftfj/0fLo
;+/If0fsf pkfox? ckgfpg]

– jfn'jf u|fe]n lgsfNg] sfd ;lsP kl5,

;fO6nfO{ /fd|f];+u jGb ug'{ kb{5, hldgnfO{
ldnfO{ ToxfF a[Iff/f]k0f ug'{ kb{5

lgdf{0f sfo{ / – cl:y/ / sdhf]/ If]q 5gf}6 gug]{ 7]s]bf/

glhssf] If]qdf
– s6fg ubf{ le/fnf] kg sd x'g] u/L ug]{ .
k'u]sf] xfgL,
gf]S;fgLsf] – tf]lsPsf] :yfgdf vg]sf] / a9L ePsf]
sf/0fn] le/fnf] df6f] tx nufpg]
kfvf]sf] cl:y/tf
– jfof] OlGhlgol/Ë ljlw ckgfpg]

– k'gM jg:klt /f]Kg] sfo{ ug]{

k|fs[lts lgsf; –k|fs[lts lgsf;df cj/f]w x'g glbg] 7]s]bf/

/f]sfj6af6 kg]{

54
k|efjx? –kof{Kt dfqfdf qm; 8]«]g]h ;+/rgfx? -:yfoL
/ c:yfoL_ pknJw u/fpg]

– sf6\g] / k'g]{ sfo{df ;Gt'ng /fVg]

–jiff{bsf] df};ddf lgdf{0f sfo{ gug]{

– df6f] tyf cGo ;fdu|Lx?sf] y'lk|Psf

sf/0faf6 lgsf;df k'Ug ;Sg] cj/f]w
x6fpg]

–lgdf{0f sfo{ ubf{ k|fs[lts 9nsf] nflu

pko'St jfOkf; k|aGwx?sf] Joj:yf ug]{

lgdf{0f sfo{sf] –vg]sf] df6f] lgdf{0f If]qdf jf ;f]sf] jl/k/L 7]s]bf/

sf/0fn] ubf{ x'g] v'nf ?kdf y'kfg]{ / 5l/g] ug]{ sfd lgif]w
jfo', WjgL / hn ug]{
k|b'if0f
–y'kfl/Psf] df6f]nfO{ e"Ifo lgoGq0f ug]{ ljlw
ckgfO 9fSg]

–9'jfgL ubf{ 6«sdf nflbPsf ;fdfgx?nfO{

5f]Kg]

–w'nf]sf] k|b'if0fn] k|efj kfg]{ ca:yfdf

lgdf{0f ug]{ :yfgx?df kfgL 5s{g]

–pks/0f / ;jf/L ;fwgx?df jfo' lkmN6/

ug]{ u'0f:t/Lo ;fdu|L k|of]u ePsf] ;'lglZrt
ug]{

–u'0f:t/Lo OGwg k|of]u ul/Psf] ;'lglZrt

ug]{

–lgdf{0f :yndf jfFw jf jg:tklto 5]sfj6

55
 h:tf WjgL cj/f]ws lgdf{0f ug]{

–jl:t tyf jGohGt'sf] jf;:yfg If]q glhs

;jf/L tyf pks/0fn] xg{ ahfpg gkfpg]
u/L lgif]w ug]{

–;jf/L ;fwgx?af6 pTkGg x'g]

r]tfjgLd"ns cfjfh k|of]u gug]{ .

–9'Ëf kmf]g]{, 9nfg d;nf tof/ ug]{,

sf/vfgfx?, j:tL / hn If]qaf6 6f9f /fVg]

– df6f,] n]bf] / cGo kmf]x/d}nf l;w} hn

If]qdf lj;h{g gug]{

– df6f] cflb y'kfl/Psf] y'k|f]sf] jl/kl/

5]sjf/ nufO{ aUg jf 5l/g glbg]

– v'nf If]q tyf hn If]qx?df lgdf{0f sfo{

ug]{ sfdbf/x?nfO{ lb;f lk;fa ug{ glbg] /
pgLx?sf] k|of]usf nflu zf}rfnosf] Joj:yf
ug]{

– k]zfut :jf:Yo / ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug{

d'vsf] k6\6L, sfgsf] k6\6L, rZdf / k~hfsf]
k|of]usf] Joj:yf ug]{

lgdf{0f sfo{sf] – :yfgLo hgtfn] lgdf{0f sfo{sf] ;dodf 7]s]bf/

;dodf cu|flwsf/sf cfwf/df pgLx?nfO{
/f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|fyldstfsf ;fy /f]huf/L ;'lglZrt ug]{,
clea[l4 ug]{ / cfof]hgfaf6 Hofbf k|efljt kl/jf/x?nfO{
cfosf] tx a[l4 klxnf] k|fyldstf lbO{ To;kl5 cfof]hgfaf6
ug]{ k|efljt kl/jf/x?nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg]

56
 – s[ifsx? cfkm\gf] s[lifhGo sfd ;s]/ vfnL
ePsf] ;dodf kg]{ u/L lgdf{0f ;DaGwL
>dd"ns sfdsf] tflnsf tof/ kfg]{

–cflbjf;L tyf sdhf]/ ;d'xx? nufotsf

hg;+Vofsf ;a} ju{x?nfO{ lhNnfdf k|rlnt
Go"gtd Hofnf b/df Hofnf pknJw u/fpg]

–;dfg sfdsf] nflu ;dfg Hofnf ;'lglZrt

ug]{ -dlxnfnfO{ e'StfgL lbg] Hofnfdf
e]befj gug]{_

–lgdf{0f, cfof]hgfsf s[ofsnfkx?df

jfn>d ;+nUg gePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{

k|fljlws ;Lk –:yfgLo hgzlStn] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DaGwL l;+rfO{ ljsf; l8lehg, ;a
clea[l4 ug]{ kof{Kt tfnLd kfPsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ l8lehg, e"ldut lkmN8
sfof{no, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf,
–;+nUg JolStx?nfO{ Jojxfl/s ?kdf
hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf ;xhstf{
laz]if1sf] ;'k/Lj]If0f cGtu{t /fvL
pgLx?nfO{ k|fljlws ;Lk xfl;n u/]sf]
;'lglZrt ug]{

b'3{6gf, wghgsf] –7]s]bf/x?n] pks/0f rnfpg] ;DaGwdf 7]s]bf/

Iflt pko'St cled'lvs/0f tflnd u/fpg] /
OHS ;DaGwL zt{x? k"/f ug]{

–;fdfGo hghLjg / Joj;fonfO{ ;xh

jgfpgsf] nflu gx/ PnfOgd]06df
cfjZostfg';f/ c:yfoL ;fF3'÷k'nx?
agfpg]

–ult cj/f]wsx?sf] Joj:yf u/L b'3{6gfsf]

57
 hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug]{

–b'3{6gf 36fpg] p2]Zon] k|efjsf/L

;'/IffTds tyf ;fjwfgLsf pkfox? u|x0f
ug]{

–jLdf tyf Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ug]{

– sfo{:yndf k|fylds pkrf/ :jf:Yo

;'ljwf pknJw u/fpg] / ;+s6sflng
cj:yfdf p2f/ ug]{ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L
pknJw u/fpg]

–ljB'tLo df]6/ h:tf ljB'tLo pks/0fsf]

;d'lrt Joj:yf tyf e"ldut hnsf] xsdf
oflGqs / ljB'tLo pks/0fsf] ;d'lrt
Joj:yf tyf e"ldut hnsf] xsdf oflGqs
/ ljB'tLo pks/0fsf] lgoldt dd{t ;Def/

wfld{s tyf –gx/sf] PnfOgd]06 kl/jt{g 7]s]bf/, hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf,

;fF:s[lts ;|f]tdf :yfglo ;d'bfo
–o:tf :yfgx? 5gf}6 gug]{
cj/f]w
–o:tf :yfg lh0ff]4f/ ug]{

;fdflhs cj/f]w –4Gb, lx+;f, h'jf, j]Zofa[lQ / /lS; ;]jg 7]s]bf/, hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf,
h:tf u}/ ;fdflhs s[ofsnfkx?sf] lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no
;fjwfgLk"j{s cg'udg u/L o:tf :yfgLo ;d'bfo
s[ofsnfkx? lgoGq0f ug]{

–bf]ifLx? lj?4 sfg"gL sf/jfO{ / b08 k|0ffnL

>lds lzlj/sf] –>lds lzlj/x?sf] pko'St 9+un] Joj:yf 7]s]bf/

:yfkgf tyf >d ug]{
jnsf] a[l4 b/sf]

58
sf/0fn] kg]{ k|efj –g]kfnsf] >d ;DaGwL sfg"g cg's'n x'g]
u/L >d lzlj/x?df ;'ljwf pknJw u/fpg]
– >ldsx?sf
nflu :jf:Yo / –kof{Kt e]lG6n];g, kfgL cfk"lt{, 9n Joj:yf
zf}rfno ;lxtsf cw{ :yfoL ;+/rgfx? / ;fd'bflos
zf}rfnox?sf] Joj:yf
– ;fdflhs
;]jfsf nlfu –kof{Kt ;/;kmfO{ / zf}rfnosf] k|of]u
bjfj ;'lglZrt ug]{

– ;?jf /f]u –kfgLsf ;|f]tx? tyf v'nf :yfgx?df lb;f

lk;fj ug{ glbg]
– h+un / h+unL
hgfj/x?sf] –h}ljs ;|f]tx?df bjfj gkg]{ u/L vfgf
af;:yfgdf xfgL ksfpg] OGwg pknJw u/fpg]
gf]S;fgL
–k|fylds pkrf/sf kof{Kt ;'ljwfx?
;lxtsf cf}iflwd"nf]sf] Joj:yf

–sfg"gL Joj:yfx? cg';f/ gu/kflnsf÷

uflj;nfO{ jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iffsf] af/]df
hfgsf/L lbg]

–a9\bf] hg;+VofnfO{ vfg]kfgL, :jf:Yo rf}sL

h:tf cfwf/e"t ;'ljwfx?sf] Joj:yf ug{]

–;?jf /f]u tyf /f]syfdsf pkfox?

;DaGwL ;d'lrt ;r]tgfsf] Joj:yf ug{]

;Grfng tyf dd{t ;Def/sf] r/0f

a9\bf] l;+rfO{ ;]jf –kfgLsf] kof{Kt, e/kbf]{ / ;dGoflos hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf, pkef]Stf
jfF8kmfF8 / ljt/0f ;'lglZrt ug]{ p2]Zon] s[ifsx?
;|f]t gbLdf pknJw kfgL tyf l;+rfO{
kfgLsf] dfu -jfnLsf] 9fFrfsf] cfwf/df_ sf]

59
 cfwf/df gx/ ;+rfng of]hgf tof/ kfg]{

–s[ifs ;+u7gx?sf] ;s[o ;xeflutfdf

of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{

–gx/ dd{t ;Def/ of]hgf tof/ kfg]{

–;Grfng tyf dd{t ;Def/ ;DaGwL

lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{ ;Ifd jgfpg hn
pkef]Stf ;+:yfsf] Ifdtf ;'b[9 ug]{

jfnL ;3gtf, –;'wfl/Psf] jLp ljhg, s[lifhGo /;fog hnpkef]Stf ;+:yf, pkef]Stf
jfnL pTkfbgdf h:tf s[lifhGo ;fdu|Lx? ;dod} pknJw s[ifs, lhNnf s[lif sfof{no,
a[l4 / gub] jfnL u/fpg] / lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no ;+u :yfgLo ;xsf/L
tkm{ ljljlws/0f ;dGjo u/L jhf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg'kg]]{

jfnL pTkfbg / –cfw'lgs s[lifhGo ;fdu|L / k|ljlwx?sf] pkef]Stf s[ifsx?

hldgsf] d"Nodf k|of]u
j[l4
–:yfgLo txdf s[lif jhf/ :yflkt ug]{

–bIf s[lifhGo lj:tf/ ;]jfx?sf] Joj:yf

cfly{s s[ofsnfk –bLuf] l;+rfO{ ;]jf pkef]Stf s[ifsx?, :yfgLo

/ cfosf] txdf ;d'bfo, hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf
–cfly{s s[ofsnfkx?sf] ljljlws/0f -u}/–
a[l4
s[lifhGo s[ofsnfkx?_

tNnf] t6Lo hn tNnf] t6Lo pkef]Stfx?nfO{ ;dod} hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf, l;+rfO

pkef]Stfx?df kg]{ ;dfg'kflts ?kdf kfgL pknJw u/fpg] ljsf; l8lehg ÷;j l8lehg
k|lts"n k|efj

tfnLdsf] –dlxnf, cflbjf;L ;d'x / bnLtsf] nflu u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;d'bfodf
dfWodaf6 Ifdtf ljsf; ;DaGwL s[ofsnfkx? lgoldt cfwfl/t ;+:yf, hn pkef]Stf
:yfgLo ;+:yf, 9+un] ;+rfng ug]{ ;+:yf

60
dlxnf, cflbjf;L –dlxnfsf] cfly{s ;jntf / lg0f{o ug]{
;d'x / k|s[ofdf pgLx?sf] ;xeflutfdf ;'wf/ ug]{
bnLtx?sf] Ifdtf
–;dfg Hofnf pknJw u/fO{ Hofnfsf] lje]b
ljsf;
pGd"ng ug]{

–hn pkef]Stf ;+:yfdf clgjfo{ ?kdf

dlxnfsf] ## k|ltzt ;xeflutf ePsf]
;'lglZrt ug]{

– cfod"ns s[ofsnfkx?, g]t[Tj ljsf;

tfnLd, n]vfkfng, ;|f]t kl/rfng, kfgLsf]
ljt/0f, 4Gb Joj:yfkg / s[lif ;DaGwL
tfnLdx? pknJw u/fpg]

s[lifhGo – afnLsf] :jb]zL hftx?sf] ;+/If0f lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no,

cEof;df cfpg] hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf, pkef]Stf
kl/jt{gsf] s[ifsx?
sf/0fn] jfnLsf]
:jb]zL hft
;+s6fkGg x'g]

hndUgtf / –8]«g]h k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] :t/ clea[l4 ug]{ hn pkef]Stf;+:yf ,l;+rfO

g'lgnf]kgf, / pko'St ;+/rgfx? lgdf{0f ug]{ ljsf; l8lehg ÷;j l8lehg
gx/df /;fj6 /
–e"ldut hnsf] tx 36fpg ;tx l;+rfOaf6
r'xfj6
cfjZos dfqfsf] kfgL k|of]u ug{]

– /;fj6 / r'xfj6 klxrfg u/L :yfoL

pkfox?sf] dfBdaf6 To;df ;'wf/ ug]{

gx/df jfn'jf, –dg;'g z'? x'g'eGbf cufj} gx/sf] lk+w hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf
df6f] y'lk|g] ;kmf ug]{

61
 hn If]qx?df –hgr]tgf clea[l4 u/L laiffbL, dnvfbsf] lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no,
dnvfb / cTolws k|of]u lg?T;flxt ug{ of]hgf hn pkef]Stf, ;+:yf, u}/–
ljiffbLsf] cjz]if, agfpg] ;/sf/L ;|+:yf, ;d'bfodf
dfgj, k+IfL / cfwfl/t ;+:yf
–Plss[t ls6gf;s cf}iflw Joj:yfkg /
hnr/df k|lts"n
Plss[t ls6gf;s / kf]if0f tTj Joj:yfkg
k|efj
cEof;x? k|a4{g ug]{

–h}ljs s[lif, jfnL k|a4{g ug]{

–xl/t dnvfb k|a4{g ug]{

^=#=$ ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{

l;+rfO{ tyf hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgfsf] o; k|s[ofdf w]/} kmfObfx? 5g\ .

o:tf kmfObfx? vf;u/L 4Gb ;dfwfg ug]{, c;dembf/L / zq'tfnfO{
Go"gLs/0f ug]{, 4Gbsf] sf/0fn] cfof]hgfsf s[ofsnfkx?df kg]{ cj/f]w sd
ug]{ tyf ;/f]sf/jfnx? aLr ckgTjsf] efjgf ljsl;t ug]{ cflb x'g\ .

l;+rfO{ tyf hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgfdf ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{sf] dxTjnfO{

ljrf/ u/L, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnLn] ljsf; cfof]hgfx?sf] k|f/lDes
jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f tyf jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg txsf cWoogx?sf] nflu
;fj{hlgs k/fdz{ ug'{ kg]{ jfWofTds Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . k/fdz{ k|s[ofsf]
nflu ckgfpg' kg]{ Go"gtd sfo{ljlwx?df -!_ :yfgLo ;d'bfox?nfO{ lnlvt
;"rgf lbg], -@_ /fli6«o b}lgs ;dfrf/kqdf ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sfzg ug]{, -
#_ ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ ug,]{ tyf -$_ jf/Daf/ k/fdz{ / ;+rf/ ug]{ sfd ;d]t
;dfj]z 5g\ .

l;+rfO{ tyf hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgf cGtu{t pk–cfof]hgfx?sf]

sfof{Gjog ubf{ ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ qmddf sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfon]

62
jftfj/0fLo :jLs[lt ;DaGwL Joj:yfx?sf] kfngf ug'{ kb{5 . ckgfpg' kg]{
sbdx?df b]xfosf sfdsf/jfxL ;d]t ;dfj]z 5g\ M

• 5gf}6 ug]{ k|s[of k|f/De ug'{ cufj} pk–cfof]hgfsf] tof/Lsf qmddf

;fj{hlgs k/fdz{ ug]{ . o; cjlwdf, sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfon]
;/f]sf/jfnfx? tyf k|efljt hgtfsf] /fo ;'emfj tyf k|ltlqmof
nufotsf 5gf}6 ug]{ cEof;sf] nflu jftfj/0fLo l6kf]6 tof/ kfg'{
kb{5 .

• cfof]hgf tof/Lsf] r/0f cGtu{t k/fdz{sf qmddf, sfof{Gjog ug]{

lgsfon] cfof]hgf tyf o;n] :yfgLo ;dfh / jftfj/0fdf kfg{ ;Sg]
k|efjx?sf] af/]df :yfgLo ;d'bfo / ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg'
kb{5 . o; qmddf d'Vo d'Vo ;jfnx? klxrfg u/L 5gf}6 ug]{
cEof;sf] nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo hfgsf/Ldf
;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .

• Plss[t ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/l0fo d"Nof+sg k|s[ofsf] qmddf,

sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfon] ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{ ;d]t u/L cfof]hgf
;DaGwL d'Vo d'Vo ;/f]sf/x?nfO{ Plss[t ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/l0fo
d"Nof+sg cWoogdf ;dfj]z ug'{sf] ;fy} pko'St Go"gLs/0f ug]{
pkfox? to ug'{ kb{5 .

• Plss[t ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/l0fo d"Nof+sg k|ltj]bg k]z ul/

;s]kl5, lgodgsf/L lgsfon] k'g/fjnf]sg, k|lts[of / ;'emfjsf] nflu
Plss[t ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/l0fo d"Nof+sg b:tfj]hx? ;fj{hlgs
ug'{ kb{5 .

63
;fj{hlgs k/fdz{ ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ k|s[of :yfgLo lgsfo, stf{x? -:yfgLo
;/sf/sf OsfO{, gful/s ;dfh, k|fylds tyf ;xfos ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?_
;+usf] ;xof]udf ;+rfng ug'{ kb{5 .

¾ ;fj{hlgs ;xeflutf h'6fpg] t/LsfM jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL

cg';f/ sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfon] ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{ ug]{ of]hgf
tof/ kfg'{ kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{sf] k|s[of k|f/De ug'{ cl3 o:tf]
of]hgf clwsf/k|fKt lgsfo ;dIf k]z u/L k"j{ :jLs[lt k|fKt ug'{ kb{5
. ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{ ug]{ ;DaGwL s]xL ;'emfjx? tn lbOPsf] 5 .

¾ ;fj{hlgs ;"rgfM ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf eg]sf] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f

lgodfjnLn] Joj:yf u/]sf] dfkb08x?dWosf]] Pp6f dfkb08
;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ xf] . ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ k|:tfljt ljsf; sfo{sf]
;DaGwdf hfgsf/L lbg] p2]Zon] /fli6«o b}lgs ;dfrf/kqdf ;"rgf jf
lj1fkg k|sfzg ug'{ xf] . o;n] ;fj{hlgs k|lts[of, /fo, ;'emfj
cfJxfg ub{5 . ;dfrf/kqdf k|sfzg ul/g] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf oyfy{,
kof{Kt, :ki6 / ;+If]kdf x'g' kb{5 . ;"rgfsf] efiff ;/n / k|fljlws
zJbfjnL -hf/ug_ /lxt x'g' kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf jftfj/0fLo
k|efj d"NofÍgsf] xsdf If]q lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL b:tfj]h / sfo{;"rL
tof/ ug]{ qmddf tyf k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0fsf] xsdf d:of}bf
k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/]kl5 Pj+ Plss[t ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/l0fo
d"Nof+sg :jLs[ltsf] r/0fdf k|sfzg ug'{ kb{5 .

¾ ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ / ;fd'bflos j}7s M ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ /

;fd'bflos j}7sx?df jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs
;'g'jfO{ / ;fd'bflos j}7sx? ug'{ kb{5 . PsLs[t ;fdflhs tyf
jftfj/0fLo d"Nof+sg 6f]nLsf ;b:ox?n] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ /
;fd'bflos j}7sx? ;xh agfpg' kb{5 . o:tf] ;'g'jfO{ / j}7sdf

64
 pgLx?n] k|efj kfg'{ x'+b}g . o; k|s[ofsf] qmddf, cfof]hgf;+u ;Da4
ljj/0f tyf ;fj{hlgs ;+nUgtfsf] k|s[ofsf] jf/]df hfgsf/L lnO{
5nkmn ug'{ kb{5 .

o; k|s[ofdf, :yfgLo lgsfo tyf ;DalGwt dGqfno÷ljefusf

k|ltlglwx?nfO{ cfdGq0f ug'{ kb{5 . PsLs[t ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo
d"Nof+sg k|s[ofsf] qmddf d:of}bf k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/]kl5 ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{
ug'{ kb{5 .

;fd'bflos j}7sx? cfof]hgfaf6 k|efljt hgtfx?sf] cltl/St e]nf xf] .

o:tf j}7sx? cfof]hgfaf6 k|efljt x'g] If]qdf / pk–cfof]hgf rqme/L
cfjlws ?kdf cfof]hgf ug'{ kb{5 . k|To]s ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ tyf j}7sdf
;j{;fwf/0f hgtfjf6 p7fOPsf ;jfnx?nfO{ s;/L ;Daf]wg ul/g]5 eGg]
s'/f pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 . c:j]lR5s k'gjf{; ljsNksf] af/]df Ifltk"lt{sf] lsl;d
/ ck]lIft d"No, k'gjf{;, tyf :yfg / gofF :yfgdf pknJw gofF cj;/x?
nufot cGo ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;fF:s[lts / jftfj/0fLo ;jfnsf jf/]df
cfjZos ePsf]df 5nkmn ug{ k|efljt kl/jf/x?;+u j}7s ug'{ kb{5 .

^=#=% ;"rgf, lzIff tyf ;~rf/ Joj:yfkg /0fgLlt

;a} lsl;dsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ ;"rgf k|jfx ug{ / pgLx?;+u ;+rf/ ug{

kl/R5]b $ df plNnlvt /0fgLltx? u|x0f u/L cjnDag ug'{ kb{5 .
;fdflhs–cfly{s x}l;ot -n}+lus, ;fIf/tf, cflbjf;L, e"ldlxg / bnLt hf]
r/ge"ld tyf hn If]q h:tf ;femf ;DklQ ;|f]tx?df j9L lge{/ 5g\_ tyf
;|f]t kl/rfngdf pknAw kx'Frdf ljleGgtf / c;dtfsf] ;Gbe{df o;df
dlxnf, lg/If/ cflbjf;L, bnLt / e"ldlxg hgtfsf] ;dGoflos kx'Fr
;'lglZrt u/L ;"rgf, lzIff tyf ;~rf/df ;dtf k|a4{g ug]{ sfo{df
k|:tfljt ;"rgf, lzIff tyf ;~rf/ /0fgLlt pkof]uL x'g]5 .

65
^=#=^ jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg k|ltj]bg

jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg k|ltj]bg jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)%$ df

tf]lsPsf] 9fFrf cg';f/ tof/ kfl/g] 5 . jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnLsf]
cg';"rL ^ df lbOPsf] jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg k|ltj]bgsf] 9fFrfsf] gd"gf
tflnsf ^–* df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf ^–*

jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍgsf] 9fFrf

!= sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo, ;+:yfsf] gfd / 7]ufgf

@= k|:tfjs]f ;f/f+z

-s_ k|:tfjsf] p2]Zo

-v_ e"–pkof]udf kg]{ c;/

-u_ jftfj/0fdf kg]{ k|lts"n k|efj, dfgj hLjgdf kg]{ c;/ /

hg;+Vofsf] rfk

-3_ :yfgLo lrhj:t'df x'g] Iflt

-ª_ cGo cfjZos s'/fx?

#= k|ltj]bgsf] ;f/f+z

$= k|:tfjsf] ljj/0f

%= k|:tfjsf] cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L

-s_ e"–ef}lts, /;folgs

66
 -v_ ;fF:s[lts

-u_ h}ljs

-3_ ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s kl/l:ylt

^= jftfj/0fLo k|efjsf] klxrfg

-s_ nfebfoL jf k|lts"n k|efj kg]{ ef}uf]lns If]q

-v_ k|:tfjsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 lgisfzg x'g] kmf]x/ d}nf / k|b"if0fsf

k|efjx?

&= k|:tfjsf] ljsNk laZn]if0f

*= jftfj/0fLo k|efj sd ug]{ pkfox?

(= jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg of]hgf ;DaGwL s'/fx?

!)= jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f

!!= gLltut tyf sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ;dLIff

!@= k|:tfjsf] cg'udg

!#= jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0fsf] 9fFrf / To;sf] ;fy{stf

!$= ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?

!%= lgrf]8 / l;kmfl/z

67
^=$ ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo cg'udg

;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] dxTjk"0f{ efusf] ?kdf cfof]hgfsf]

k|To]s r/0fdf ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo cg'udg ug'{ kb{5 . pk–cfof]hgfx?sf]
lsl;d, :yfg, k|s[lt / kof{j/0fLo If]q -j]N6_ cg';f/ pk–cfof]hgfx?sf] ;e]{If0f
u/L -l;+rfO{ tyf hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgf txdf ul/g]_ cg'udg / d"NofÍg
ul/g]5 . cg'udg ul/g] ;jfnx?, :yfg, ;"rs, t/Lsf, lhDd]jf/ lgsfo tyf
cg'udg ;dotflnsf lgDglnlvt tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

68
 tflnsf ^=( l;+rfO{ tyf hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgfsf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg

s[ofsnfk÷ :yfg cg'udgsf ;"rsx? cg'udg ug]{ t/Lsf lhDd]jf/ lhDd]jf/ cg'udg ;dotfln
sfof{Gjog sf /
;jfnx? ug]{ lgsfo
ug]{ lgsfo k6s

;fdflhs cfof]hgf –pk–cfof]hgfsf] 5gf}6 b:tfj]hx?sf] l;+rfO ljsf; cfof]hgf sfof{no÷ jif{df
tyf If]q k'g/fjnf]sg / l8lehg÷;a l;+rfO{ ljefu tLg k6s
–5gf}6 ;DaGwL
jftfj/0fLo cGts[of l8lehg,
k|ltj]bgx?sf]
5gf}6 If]qLo
k\'g/fjnf]sg
lgb]{zgfno
–:ynut e|d0f u/L
5gf}6 ug]{ lgsfox?sf]
;+nUgtf l;+rfO ljsf;
l8lehg÷;a l8lehg
jf k/fdz{bftf_

–5gf}6 k|ltj]bgsf]
u'0f:t/

–jftfj/0fLo k|efj
d"NofÍg, k|f/lDes
jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f tyf
;fdflhs tyf
jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg
of]hgf dfq} ug'{ kg]{ pk–
cfof]hgfsf] ;+Vof

k|f/lDes cfof]hgf –ul/Psf jftfj/0fLo b:tfj]hx?sf] l;+rfO ljsf; cfof]hgf sfof{no÷ jif{df
jftfj/0fLo If]q k|efj d"NofÍg, k|f/lDes k'g/fjnf]sg / l8lehg÷;a l;+rfO{ ljefu tLg k6s
k/LIf0f÷ jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0fsf] l8lehg,

69
jftfj/0fLo ;+Vof cGts[of If]qLo
k|efj lgb]{zgfno
–jftfj/0fLo k|efj
d"NofÍg
d"NofÍg, k|f/lDes
cWoog
jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f
cWoogdf ;+nUg
lgsfox?, l;+rfO ljsf;
l8lehg÷;a l8lehg,
k/fdz{bftfx?_

–:jLs[t ul/Psf
jftfj/0fLo k|efj
d"NofÍg, k|f/lDes
jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f
k|ltj]bgsf] jf :jLs[ltsf]
qmddf /x]sf To:tf
k|ltj]bgsf] ;+Vof

– cfof]hgf r/0fx?sf
;DaGwdf ul/Psf
jftfj/0fLo k|efj
d"NofÍg, k|f/lDes
jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f
cWoogx?sf] ;do

jftfj/0fLo cfof]hgf –If]q lgwf{/0f tyf b:tfj]hx?sf] l;+rfO{ ljsf; cfof]hgf sfof{no, jif{df
k|efj If]q sfo{;"rL k'g/fjnf]sg, l8lehg÷;a l;+rfO{ ljefu tLg k6s
d"NofÍg, cGts[of / :ynut l8lehg,
–k[i7e"ldut hfgsf/L
k|f/lDes e|d0f If]qLo
jftfj/0fLo –k|efjsf] klxrfg, lgb]{zgfno
k/LIf0f cg'dfg / d"NofÍg
b:tfj]hsf]

70
u'0f:t/ - –ljsNkx?sf] ljZn]if0f
E/A
–Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox?
b:tfj]hsf]
gd"gf_ –jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg
of]hgf

;fj{hlgs cfof]hgf ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{ / b:tfj]hx?sf] l;+rfO{ ljsf; cfof]hgf sfof{no, jif{df
k/fdz{ / If]q ;'g'jfO{sf] k|efjsfl/tf k'g/fjnf]sg, l;+rfO ljsf; l;+rfO{ ljefu tLg k6s
;'g'jfO{ cGts[of / :ynut l8lehg÷;a
–;fj{hlgs ;"rgf
;fdflhs e|d0f l8lehg,
tyf –cGts{[of / j}7sx? If]qLo
jftfj/0fLo lgb]{zgfno
–;xefuLx?sf] ;+Vof
d"NofÍg
b:tfj]hsf] –k|fKt ;'emfj /
gd"gf_ k|lts[ofx?

––;'emfj / k|lts[ofx?
;dfj]z u/L l;kmfl/z
ul/Psf] ;"rgf, lzIff
tyf ;~rf/ /0fgLlt
;dfj]z ul/Psf]

jftfj/0fLo cfof]hgf –;+efJo k|efj / o;sf] b:tfj]hx?sf] l;+rfO{ ljsf; cfof]hgf sfof{no, jif{df
k|efj If]q dxTjsf] klxrfg ug]{ k'g/fjnf]sg, l8lehg÷;a l;+rfO{ ljefu tLg k6s
d"NofÍg, cGts[of / :ynut l8lehg,
–Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox?
k|f/lDes e|d0f If]qLo
l;kmfl/z ug]{
jftfj/0fLo lgb]{zgfno
k/LIf0f, –l;kmfl/zx? sfof{Gjog
;fdflhs ug{sf] nflu ;+:yfut
k|efj k|aGwsf] l;kmfl/z ug]{
d"NofÍg,

71
;fdflhs
k|efj
k/LIf0f
txsf]
cWoog ug'{
gkg]{ pk–
cfof]hgfsf]
jftfj/0fLo
Joj:yfkg
of]hgf

;fdflhs cfof]hgf lgDglnlvt laifodf b:tfj]hx?sf] l;+rfO{ ljsf; cfof]hgf sfof{no, jif{df
tyf If]q ;dflji6 ug]{ k'g/fjnf]sg, l8lehg÷;a l;+rfO{ ljefu tLg k6s
jftfj/0fLo cGts[of / :ynut l8lehg,
–cfof]hgf th'{df
d"NofÍg / e|d0f If]qLo
;fdflhs –OlGhlgol/Ë l8hfOg lgb]{zgfno
tyf
–hn pkef]Stf ;+:yfsf]
jftfj/0fLo
;+:yfut ljsf;
Joj:yfkg
of]hgf –nfut cg'dfg
l;kmfl/zsf]
–af]nkq ;DaGwL
sfof{Gjog
sfuhft

;/f]sf/jfnf cfof]hgf ;fdflhs tyf b:tfj]hx?sf] l;+rfO{ ljsf; cfof]hgf sfof{no, jif{df
x?sf] If]q, l;+rfO{ jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍg k'g/fjnf]sg, l8lehg÷;a l;+rfO{ ljefu tLg k6s
;+:yfut ljsf;, k|ltj]bg cg';f/sf] cGts[of / :ynut l8lehg,
ljsf; If]qLo ;+:yfut k|aGwM e|d0f If]qLo
lgb]{zgfno– lgb]{zgfno
–k/fdz{bftfx? v6fpg]
x? / cGo
;/f]sf/jfnf –;fdflhs tyf

72
 jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍg
l;kmfl/z cg';f/ cGo
dfgj;|f]t v6fpg]

–;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf]
tfnLd tyf ;Ifdtf
ljsf;

–ljQLo tyf ef}lts

;|f]tx?sf] jfF8kmfF8

gLltut cfof]hgf –cfof]hgfsf] klxrfg, b:tfj]hx?sf] l;+rfO{ ljsf; cfof]hgf sfof{no, jif{df
;'wf/ If]q k|fyldsLs/0f tyf k'g/fjnf]sg, l8lehg÷;a l;+rfO{ ljefu tLg k6s
sfof{Gjogsf] xsdf cGts[of / :ynut l8lehg,
jfWofTds x'g] ;fdflhs e|d0f If]qLo
tyf jftfj/0fLo lgb]{zgfno
d"NofÍg b:tfj]h tyf
cGo dfu{lgb]{lzsfx?
tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{

–;fdflhs tyf
jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍg
cWoogx?af6 klxrfg
ul/Psf sdL, sdhf]/Lx?
x6fpg k|rlnt jftfj/0f
;+/If0f P]g tyf
jftfj/0f ;+/If0f
lgodfjnLdf ;'wf/ ug]{
k|s[of k|f/De ug]{

–k'gjf{; gLltx? u|x0f

ug]{

73
hnfwf/ cfof]hgf –l;+rfO ljsf; b:tfj]hx?sf] l;+rfO{ ljsf; cfof]hgf sfof{no, jif{df
of]hgf If]q l8lehg÷;a l8lehg, k'g/fjnf]sg, l8lehg÷;a l;+rfO{ ljefu tLg k6s
If]qLo lgb]{zgfnoaf6 cGts{[of / :ynut l8lehg,
ul/Psf hnfwf/ txsf e|d0f If]qLo
cWoogx?sf] ;+Vof lgb]{zgfno

–cfof]hgfsf] th'{df /
sfof{Gjogsf nflu
hnfwf/ cWoogaf6
ul/Psf l;kmfl/zx?
u|x0f ug]{

s[lif cfof]hgf – PsLs[t ls6gfzs / b:tfj]hx?sf] l;+rfO{ ljsf; s[lif ljefu ;+u jif{df
If]q kf]if0f tTj Joj:yfkg k'g/fjnf]sg, l8lehg÷;a ;dGjo u/L cfof]hgf tLg k6s
t/Lsf / cfw'lgs s[lif cGts{[of / :ynut l8lehg, sfof{no, l;+rfO{
cEof;, k|0ffnL ;DaGwL e|d0f If]qLo ljefu
tfnLd lgb]{zgfno
tyf lhNnf
– dnvfb / ljiffbLsf]
s[lif ljsf;
tf]lsP jdf]lhdsf] k|of]u
sfof{no;Fusf]
;dGjodf
l;+rfO ljefu
Joj:yfkg
dxfzfvf

74
pk–cfof]hgf txdf cg'udg

lgdf{0f k"j{sf] r/0fM cfof]hgfsf] o; r/0fsf] cg'udgsf] p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/

5M

• l;+rfO{ k|0ffnLsf] of]hgf, gx/ PnfOgd]G6 / cGo :yfg 5gf}6 tyf

l8hfO{g ubf{ PsLs[t tyf ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍgaf6
ul/Psf l;kmfl/zx?nfO{ Wofg lbOPsf] PsLg ug]{,

• lgdf{0f;Fu ;DalGwt /f]syfdd"ns sfo{x? sfof{Gjog ug{sf] nflu

tof/Lsf] tx d"NofÍg ug]{, tyf

• pNn]vgLo k|efj kg]{ egL d"NofÍg ul/Psf] cj:yfdf vf; ;fdflhs

;d'x, :yfgsf] ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo l:ylt ;DaGwL cBfjlws
hfgsf/L tof/ kfg]{ .

PsLs[t tyf ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍg l;kmfl/zx? pk–cfof]hgf

txsf] of]hgf, l8hfOg, nfut cg'dfg / jf]nkq ;DaGwL sfuhftdf ;dfj]z
ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ k"j{–lgdf{0f txsf] cg'udg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L If]qLo l;+rfO{
lgb]{zgfnodf /xg]5 . PsLs[t tyf ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍg
l;kmfl/zx? k"0f{ ?kn] ;dflji6 gePdf If]qLo l;+rfO{ lgb]{zgfnon] ;DalGwt
l8lehg, ;a–l8lehg sfof{nox?nfO{ lgb]{zg lbg]5 .

lgdf{0fsf] r/0f

cfof]hgfsf] o; r/0fsf] cg'udg d'Votof lgdf{0f tyf Joj:yfkg

cEof;x?df s]lGb|t x'G5 . cg'udgsf] o; r/0fsf] p2]Zo pQd cEof;, d"No

75
/ dfkb08x?sf] kl/kfngf eP gePsf] tyf ;]jfu|fxL pkef]Qmfx?sf] ;DaGwdf
pTkGg k|efj jf ePsf kl/jt{gx?sf ;DaGwdf PsLs[t tyf ;fdflhs tyf
jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍg /÷jf pk–cfof]hgf txsf] cWoog÷;fdflhs tyf
jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg of]hgfaf6 tf]lsPsf Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox?sf]
sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf PsLg ug'{ xf] .

;tx l;+rfO{ cGtu{tsf k|foM ;a} pk–cfof]hgfx? -d'Vo d'Vo lh0ff]{4f/÷gofF

/ lh0ff]{4f/ ug'{ kg]{ lsl;dsf_ sf] ;DaGwdf l;+rfO{ tyf 8]«g]h gx/ tyf
;Da4 ;+/rgf nufotsf lgdf{0f sfo{x? ug'{ kg]{5 . o:tf k|efjx? gd"gf
pk–cfof]hgfx?df klg pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ . lgdf{0f sfo{ ug]{ :yfgdf gx/
lgdf{0f ug{ df6f] lgsfNg] / hu agfpg df6f] pkof]u ug]{ sfd ;d]t kb{5 .
ljutsf cfd ?kdf ul/Psf cEof;x?nfO{ x]bf{ o:tf ;fdu|Lx?nfO{ glhssf]
If]qdf lj;h{g ul/G5, h;af6 jfo' k|b'if0f, hn k|b'if0f / 8]«g]hsf] cj/f]w
nufotsf y'k}| jftfj/0fLo k|lts"n k|efjx? pTkGg ePsf] kfOG5 . k|of]udf
gcfpg] lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] lj;h{g / lgdf{0f sfo{ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;jfn xf] /
o;sf] ;DaGwdf ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] c+usf]
?kdf cg'udg ug'{ kb{5 .

k|fs[lts kfgLsf] jxfjdf cj/]fw, lgsf; ;DaGwL sfo{ / o;sf] kl/0ffd

gx/ lh0ff]{4f/ ubf{ jf gofF gx/ lgdf{0f ubf{, gx/sf] lgdf{0f, df6f]sf] gx/
vGg] / k|fs[lts 8]«g]hx?df vlgPsf ;fdu|Lx? lj;h{gsf] kmn:j?k kfgLsf]
k|fs[lts jxfj÷8]«g]hdf cj/f]w k'Ug] ;Defjgf x'G5 . kfgLsf] jxfjdf k'u]sf]
o:tf] cj/f]wsf] sf/0fn] glhssf] If]qdf af9L cfpg jf e"–Ifo x'g ;S5 .
kmn:j?k v]lt ul/Psf] hldg, v8f jfnL / cGo lsl;dsf] ;DklQdf Iflt
k'Ug ;S5 . pNn]vgLo 5 ls gd"gf ;xfos–cfof]hgfx?df clwsf+z gx/x?
kfgL9nf] gx/x? x'g\ hf] s'g} :yfgLo 8]«g]h / kfgLsf] jxfjx? x'Fb} hfG5g\ .

76
lgdf{0fsf] sf/0fn] o:tf 8]«g]hx?df cj/f]w k'Ug ;Sg] w]/} ;+efjgf 5, / of]
Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;jfn xf] . ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf]
Ps c+usf] ?kdf o;sf] cg'udg ug'{ kb{5 .

jgh+un tyf jg:kltsf] xfgL, gf]S;fgL jf Ifo

l;+rfO tyf hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgfsf] efu æsÆ cGtu{tsf jx';+Vos

pk–cfof]hgfx?sf] xsdf oft gofF gx/ lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5 oft t6jGw rf}8f
agfpg] jf jlnof] agfpgsf] nflu lh0ff]{4f/ ug'{ kb{5 . o:tf sfo{x? ubf{,
jgh+undf /x]sf jg:klt -gx/ PnfOgd]G6 jg If]q x'Fb} hfg] eP_ /÷jf cGo
jg:kltsf] Ifo x'g] ;+efjgf x'G5 . gd"gf pk–cfof]hgfx?df y'k|} ?v tyf
cGo jg:kltx? sf6\g' kg]{ klg x'g ;S5 . xfgL, gf]S;fgL x'g] jg:kltdf
b'n{e jf ;+s6fkGg nufotsf ljleGg lsl;dsf hftsf jg:klt ;d]t kg{
;S5g\ . gx/ PnfOgd]G6 h+un If]q x'Fb} hfg] ePdf of] ;jfn cem a9L
dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . t;y{, l;+rfO{ tyf hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgf cGtu{tsf
pk–cfof]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjog ubf{ of] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;jfnsf] ?kdf
b]lvPsf] 5 / o;sf] ;DaGwdf ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg
of]hgfsf] c+usf] ?kdf cg'udg ug'{ kb{5 .

;fd'bflos k"jf{wf/ ;/+rgfsf] /]vb]v, ;+j]bglzntf jf cj/f]w

gd"gf pk–cfof]hgfsf gx/x? vfg]kfgL, ljBfno, l;+rfO{, ;8s, sne6{x?

cflb h:tf y'k|} ;fd'bflos k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfx? cjl:yt ufp+ jf glhssf
ufp+x? x'+b} hfG5g\ . l;+rfO{ tyf hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgf cGtu{t
gx/x?sf] lgdf{0f jf lh0ff]{4f/ ug]{ sfo{af6 o:tf k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfx?n] cj/f]w
ug{ jf gf]S;fg x'g ;Sb5 . o:tf k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfx?sf] xfgLgf]S;fgLn]
;]jfx? cj?4 u/fpg ;S5 . cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ubf{ of] Pp6f ulDe/

77
;jfnsf] ?kdf pTkGg x'G5 / o:tf ;d'bflos k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfx?sf] xfgL,
gf]S;fgL gePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ ;fjwfgLk"0f{ cg'udg ug'{ kb{5 .

lghL ;DklQsf] xfgL, gf]S;fgL jf Ifo

l;+rfO{ tyf hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgf cGtu{tsf pk–cfof]hgfx?sf] gx/

k|0ffnLsf] lgdf{0f jf lh0ff]{4f/af6 hUuf, jfnL, 3/ jf cGo lsl;dsf
;DklQsf] gf]S;fgL x'g] x'Fbf lghL ;DklQdf Iflt k'Ug ;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .
of] s'/f gd"gf pk–cfof]hgfx?af6 klxrfg ul/Psf k|efjx?af6 ;d]t :ki6
5 . pk–cfof]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjogn] lghL ;DklQdf k'Ug ;Sg] xfgL, gf]S;fgL
Go"gLs/0f ug'{ kb{5 / xfgL, gf]S;fgL cjZodefjL ePsf]df k|efljt
JolStx?nfO{ kof{Kt Ifltk"lt{ lbg' kb{5 . of] laifo l;+rfO{ pk–cfof]hgfx?sf]
sfof{Gjog ubf{ x'g] dXTjk"0f{ k|efj xf] / ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍg
cWoogx?af6 l;kmfl/z ul/Psf Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox? cfof]hgf k|s[ofdf
;dflji6 ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ o;sf] cg'udg ug'{ kb{5 .

jGo hGt'df kg]{ k|efj, u}/–sfg"gL lzsf/, rf]/L lzsf/, df5f dfg]{

s]xL gd"gf l;+rfO{ pk–cfof]hgfx?sf] sdf08 If]q glhs jg cf/If tyf

/fli6«o lgs'~hx? /x]sf 5g\ . lgdf{0f s[ofsnfksf] kmn:j?k dfgj
s[ofsnfkdf x'g] a[l4sf] sf/0fn] jGo hGt'nfO{ cj/f]w k'Ug ;Sg] ;Defjgf 5
. jGo hGt'sf] cfjthfjt / jf;:yfgdf o:tf] cj/f]w k'Ug ;S5 . ;fy},
lgdf{0f sfo{df ;+nUg sfdbf/x?af6 u}/ sfg"gL lzsf/ / rf]/L lzsf/
x'g;Sg] ;+efjgf klg 5 . of] s'/f jgh+un If]qleq jf glhs /x]sf pk–
cfof]hgfx?sf] xsdf ulDe/ ;jfn xf] / o;sf] ;DaGwdf jGo hGt'sf] ;+/If0f
;'lglZrt ug{ cg'udg ug{ h?/L 5 .

78
;f+:s[lts :ynx?sf] x]/ljrf/, ;+j]bglzntf / cj/f]w

l;+rfO{ tyf hn;|f] t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgf cGtu{tsf y'k|} pk–cfof]hgfx?sf]

gx/ PnfOgd]G6x? lrxfg, dlGb/, wfld{s tyf ;fF:s[lts :df/sx? x'Fb} jf
;f]sf] glhsaf6 hfg ;S5g\ . lgjf/s pkfox?, ;'wf/ ug]{ pkfox?, Ifltk"lt{
;DaGwL pkfox? jf /f]syfdd"ns pkfox? ckgfP/ o:tf ;fF:s[lts
;DklQx?sf] ;+/If0f ug'{ kb{5 . ljleGg pk–cfof]hgfx?sf] xsdf of] Pp6f
dxTjk"0f{ k|efj x'g ;S5 / ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo d"NÍgsf] l;kmfl/z
;'lglZrt ug{ cg'udg ug{' kb{5 .

le/fnf] ;+/If0f ;DaGwL pkfox?

l;+rfO{ tyf hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgf cGtu{tsf pk–cfof]hgfx? lxdfnL,

kxf8L / t/fO{ kof{j/0fLo If]qx?df sfof{Gjog ul/g]5g\ . lxdfnL / kxf8L
kof{j/0fLo If]qx?df kxf8L le/fnf]df gx/x? jgfpg' kb{5 tyf gofF lgdf{0f
/ lh0ff]4f/sf] nflu pTvgg sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 . o:tf] ca:yfdf cg'ko'St
l8hfOg / lgdf{0fsf] sf/0fn] le/fnf] v:g] ;Defjgf x'G5 . To;}u/L, t/fO{
kof{j/0fLo If]qdf ulx/f] s6fg jf a9L dfqfdf df6f] e/L gx/ lgdf{0f ubf{
le/fnf] hUuf v:g] ;Defjgf x'G5 . dg;'gsf] ;do jiff{bsf] sf/0fn] le/fnf]
v:g] ;Defjgf k|an x'G5 . o:tf] sfo{sf] sf/0fn] le/fnf] v:bf k"jf{wf/
;+/rgf, jfnL tyf ;DklQdf xfgL, gf]S;fgL k'Ug ;Sb5 . l;+rfO{ pk–
cfof]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0f ubf{ dxTjk"0f{ k|efj kb{5 / o:tf k|efj lj?4sf
Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox? ;'lglZrt ug{ cg'udg ug'{ kb{5 .

79
df6f] vGg] / lgsfNg] sfd

pk–cfof]hgf lgdf{0f ubf{ x]8js{, qm; 8]«g]h ;+/rgf, kfgL lgoGq0f ug]{
;+/rgf, sne6{ h:tf ;+/rgfx? lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5, h;sf] nflu u]u/, jfn'jf,
u|fe]n cflb h:tf :yfgLo xf8{j]o/ ;fdu|Lx?sf] cfjZostf kg]{5 . ljutsf]
cg'ejn] s] b]vfp+5 eg] 9'jfgLsf] vr{ arfpgsf] nflu o:tf ;fdu|Lx?
glhs}sf] If]qaf6 vg]/ NofOG5 . cTolws dfqfdf jf ;d'lrt Wofg glbO{
:yfgLo gbL jf le/fnf] kfvf]jf6 o:tf ;fdu|Lx? lemSg] sfo{n] gbL k|0ffnL
jf If]qdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;Sb5 / o;sf] sf/0fn] jf9L / klx/f] cfpg ;S5
. To;}u/L, cTolws dfqfdf jf ;d'lrt Wofg glbO{ kxf8L le/fnf] kfvf]jf6
lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx? lgsfNbf le/fnf] kfvf] v:g] / klx/f] hfg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .
o;n] ubf{ cGttf]uTjf, e"ld, ;DklQ / ;fd'bflos k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfx?df xfgL,
gf]S;fgL k'Ug hfg]5 .

clwsf+z pk–cfof]hgfx?df vfgL ;+rfngsf] cltl/St, df6f] el/Psf] :yfgdf

gx/ ;]S;gx? klg lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5 . df6f] eg{sf nflu, glhssf If]qx?af6
df6f] Nofpg' kb{5 . vfN8f]af6 df6f] Nofpg] sfo{ lgof]lht / ;fjwfgLk"j{s
ug'{ kb{5 . o:tf] ;fjwfgLsf] sldn] glhssf hUufhldg / ;DklQdf xfgL,
gf]S;fgL k'/fpg ;S5 .

l;+rfO{ tyf hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgf cGtu{tsf clwsf+z pk–

cfof]hgfx?sf] xsdf vfgL / df6f] Nofpg] sfdaf6 kg]{ k|efjx? dxTjk"0f{
5g\ / ;f]sf] cg'udg ug'{ kb{5 .

80
w'nf], WjgL / hn k|b'if0f tyf sDkg Go"gLs/0f ug{ lgdf{0f s[ofsnfkx?
cjnDag ug]{

pk–cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ubf{ ;jf/L ;fwg tyf d]l;gx?sf] k|of]u ug'{kg]{
x'g;S5 . ;jf/L ;fwg / d]l;gsf] k|of]uaf6 WjgL, w'nf] cflb pTkGg x'g;S5
. ;fy}, lgdf{0f kmf]x/d}nfsf] cg'lrt lj;h{gn] ubf{ e"ld tyf hn k|b'if0f
x'g;S5 . 9'Ëf lk:g], lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx? y'kfg]{ cflb sf/0fn] jfo' tyf WjgL
k|b'if0f pTkGg x'g;S5 . lgdf{0f:yn jl:t glhs} cjl:yt ePdf o:tf
k|efjx? cem a9L dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . jx';+Vos pk–cfof]hgfx?sf] xsdf
o:tf lsl;dsf k|efjx? dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ / ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍg
cg';f/ ;f]sf] cg'udg ug'{ kb{5 .

7]s]bf/ jf sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfoaf6 k|of]u ul/g] :yfgLo >dsf] xb

pk–cfof]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0fn] bIf / cbIf sfdbf/sf] nflu /f]huf/Lsf

cj;/x? l;h{gf ub{5 . /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?n] cNksfn -lgdf{0fsf] r/0f_ sf
nflu cfDbfgLsf] tx a[l4 ug]{5 . 7]s]bf/ tyf cfof]hgfsf clwsf/Lx?n] ;+ej
xb;Dd :yfgLo ;d'bfox?nfO{ ;+nUg u/fPsf] v08df pk–cfof]hgfx?n]
;sf/fTds k|efjx? kfg]{5g\ . lgdf{0f sfo{ ubf{sf] ;dodf /f]huf/Lsf] nflu
:yfgLo >dnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOPsf] pk–cfof]hgf If]qleq j;f]jf; ug]{ u/Lj
tyf ljkGg ;d'xx?sf] nflu of] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ k|efj tyf cj;/ xf] /
;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍg l;kmfl/zx?sf] Pp6f efusf] ?kdf
o;sf] cg'udg ug'{ kb{5 .

81
k]zfut :jf:Yo / ;'/Iffsf pkfox?

lgdf{0f sfo{ ubf{ b'3{6gf x'g] ;+efjgf x'G5 / o:tf] b'3{6gfaf6 >ldsx?
k|efljt x'G5g\ . df6f]sf] sfd, 9'Ëf s6fg tyf pks/0f ;+rfng ubf{ b'3{6gf
x'g;S5 . o:tf b'3{6gf x'g glbg pk–cfof]hgfn] kof{Kt pkfox? ckgfpg'
kb{5 . l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0f ubf{ of] k|efj dxTjk"0f{ x'g] ePsf]n]
o;sf] cg'udg ug'{ kb{5 .

;"rgf k|jfx tyf ;fdflhs / jftfj/0fLo s'/fx? cflbdf hn pkef]Stf

;+:yf / :yfgLo ;d'bfox?sf] ;xeflutf

k|rlnt l;+rfO{ gLltn] l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfsf] ljsf; of]hgfsf] th'{df ubf{ b]lv
g} l8hfO{g, lgdf{0f tyf ;+rfng Pj+ dd{t ;Def/ ug]{ sfddf nfeflGjt
ju{sf] ;xeflutf x'g'kg]{ jfWofTds Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . cfof]hgfsf] k|f/lDes
r/0f b]lv g} nfeflGjt ju{sf] ;xeflutfn] :jfldTjsf] efjgf ljsf; u/L
cfof]hgfsf] bLuf]kg clea[l4 ug]{5 . nfeflGjt ju{sf] ;xeflutfsf] sdLn]
e/kbf{] ;+rfng tyf dd{t ;Def/ / cGttf]uTjf sd;n l;+rfO{ ;'ljwfjsf]
k|efjsfl/tf 36\g ;Sb5 . o; s'/fnfO{ b[li6ut u/L, l;+rfO{ tyf hn;|f]t
Joj:yfkg cfof]hgfn] s[ifsx?nfO{ hn pkef]Stf ;+:yfx?df ;+u7Lt u/L
pgLx?sf] ;ls|o ;xeflutf u/fO{ tfnLd / cled"lvs/0fsf] dfBdaf6
pgLx?sf] ;Ifdtf clea[l4 ;'lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 . of] s'/f l;+rfO{ tyf
hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgf cGtu{tsf] pk–cfof]hgfsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{
k|efj ePsf]n] o;sf] cg'udg ug'{ kb{5 .

82
;fdflhs cj/f]w, 4Gb / lx+;f

w]/} >ldsx? cfjZos kg]{ pk–cfof]hgfx?df >ldsx? jLr tyf :yfgLo

;d'bfo / >ldsx? aLr 4Gbsf 36gfx? pTkGg x'g ;S5g\ . lgoGq0f
gul/Pdf o:tf lsl;dsf s[ofsnfkx?n] ;DalGwt If]qsf] ;fdflhs,
;fF:s[lts cjl:ylt÷jftfj/0fdf k|lts"n k|efj kfg{ ;Sb5g\ . h'jf, dlb/f
;]jg tyf j]Zofa[lQ h:tf s[ofsnfkx?df klg a[l4 x'g;S5 . o;n] :yfgLo
;d'bfo Pj+ >ldsx?df :jf:Yo ;DaGwL k|efjx? kfg{ ;Sb5 . t;y{, o:tf
lsl;dsf s[ofsnfkx?sf] cg'udg ug'{ kb{5 .

;+rfngsf] r/0f

;+rfng cjlwdf ul/g] cg'udgn] d"ntM l;+rfO{ ;DaGwL laz]iftfx?,

l;+rfO{af6 pTkGg s[ofsnfkx? tyf ;Da4 ;dfh / jftfj/0fdf To:tf
s[ofsnfkaf6 kg]{ k|efjx?df Wofg s]lGb|t ug]{5 . o; r/0fdf, d"nt
lgDglnlvt dfkb08x?sf] cg'udg ul/g]5 .

kof{Kt, e/kbf]{ / ;dGoflos lsl;dn] kfgLsf] afF8kmfF8 / ljt/0f ;lxt

gx/sf] ;+rfng

;+rfng / dd{t ;+ef/sf] r/0fdf pk–cfof]hgfn] kof{Kt, ;dfg'kflts /

e/kbf]{ lsl;dn] l;+rfO{ ;]jf pknJw u/fpg' kb{5 . t/ ljutdf ;DkGg
ul/Psf pk–cfof]hgfx?sf] xsdf of] s'/f Tolt k|efjsf/L gx'g ;S5 . o:tf
cfof]hgfsf xsdf dWod / k'R5f/ If]qsf s[ifsx?n] eGbf d"xfgdf /x]sf
s[ifsx?n] a9L / kof{Kt kfgL kfp+5g\ . s]xL ca:yfdf l;+rfO{ k"jf{wf/
;+/rgfx?sf] lgdf{0fsf] jfjh'b klg k'R5f/df /x]sf s[ifsx?n] l;+rfO{ ug{
kof{Kt kfgL k|fKt ub{}gg\ .

83
of] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ k|efj xf] . o:tf] k|efj x6fpgsf] nflu pk–cfof]hgf;+u
kfgL afF8kmfF8 / ljt/0f ug]{ ;DaGwL laifox? / gx/ ;+rfng of]hgf
;lxtsf] ;jn / ;Ifd hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf x'g h?/L 5 . pk–cfof]hgfsf]
r/0fdf of] k|efjsf] cg'udg ug'{ kb{5 .

x]8js{sf] ;+rfng, hndUgtf / gbLdf k|efj

;a} ;tx ;xfos l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfx?df jfFw, ;fO8 OG6]s jf c:yfoL

8fOe;{g ;+/rgfx? h:tf ;+/rgfx? x'g]5g\ . jfFw lgdf{0f ubf{ pkNnf] t6df
gbL lk+w prflng / tNnf] t6df gbL ulxl/g] x'g ;S5 . jf9Lsf] ;dodf jfFw
u]6 -undersluice_ sf] ;+rfngn] gbLdf ulxl/g] / psfl;g] ;d:of pTkGg
x'g;S5 . To;}u/L, ;fO8 OG6]s u]6sf] ;+rfngn] gbL k|0ffnLdf kl/jt{g
Nofpg] vfnsf k|efjx? kfg{ ;Sb5 . o:tf] sf/0fn] dflyNnf] t6df 8'afg /
tNnf] t6df ulxl/g] x'g ;S5 . o;af6 cGttf]uTjf x]8js{ Pj+ glhssf
If]qx?df /x]sf cGo k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfx?df Iflt k'Ug hfG5 . x]8js{sf]
;+rfngdf of] ulDe/ k|efj ePsf]n] lgoldt ?kdf o;sf] cg'udg ug'{ kb{5
. xfgL, gf]S;fgL Go"gLs/0f ug{sf] nflu cfjZos pkfox? ckgfpg' kb{5 .

hndUgtf, 8]«g]h / s[lifhGo pTkfbgdf k|efj

pk–cfof]hgfx?sf] xsdf hndUgtf Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ jftfj/0fLo k|efj xf] .

jfnLdf cTolws kfgLsf] k|of]usf] sf/0fn] of] k|efj pTkGg x'G5 . kmn:j?k,
jfnL lhdfxf eO{ cGttf]uTjf jfnL pTkfbgdf sdL cfp+5 . ;fdfGotof,
gx/x?af6 r'xfj6 eO{, gx/ k'm6\g uO{ Pj+ cfkm\g]f hUufdf j9L kfgL nufpg]
s[ifsx?sf] wf/0ff÷k|a[lQsf] sf/0fn] hndUgtf pGkGg x'G5 . of] dxTjk"0f{
k|efj xf] / o;sf] cg'udg lgoldt ?kdf ug'{ kb{5 .

84
s[lifhGo cEof;x?sf] ;3gLs/0f

pk–cfof]hgfx?sf] of] Pp6f ;sf/fTds k|efj xf] . l;+rfO{ ug]{ kfgLsf]

pknJwtfdf a[l4 ePsf] sf/0fn] s[ifsx?n] jfnL ;3gtf a[4L u/L jfnLsf]
;'wfl/Psf] hft Pj+ cfw'lgs s[lifhGo ;fdu|Lx?sf] k|of]u u/L a9L jfnL
nufpg] k|oTg ub{5g\ . o;n] cGttf]uTjf sdf08 If]qleq j;f]jf; ug]{
s[ifsx?sf] hLjg:t/ clea[l4 ug]{5 . of] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ nfebfos k|efj xf]
/ o;sf] cg'udg ug'{ kb{5 .

s[lifhGo /;fogsf] k|of]u

l;+rfO{ ug{ kfgL pknJw x'g] x'Fbf s[lifhGo pTkfbg a[l4 ug{ s[ifsx?n]
s[lifhGo /;fog / /;folgs dn k|of]u ug]{5g\ . s[lifhGo /;fog /
/;folgs dnsf] cTolws k|of]un] s[ifsx?sf] dfgj :jf:Yosf] b[li6n]
k|lts"n jftfj/0fLo k|efj kfg]{ 5 / cg'ko'St dfqfdf /;folgs dn k|of]u
u/]df o;n] df6f]sf] ;/+rgfdf k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{5 . of] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{
k|efj xf] / o;sf] cg'udg ug'{ kb{5 .

tNnf] t6df kfgLsf] pkof]u tyf hnr/sf] hLjg cflbdf k|efj

l;+rfO{+ tyf hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgf cGtu{tsf jx';+Vos pk–

cfof]hgfx? cfwf/df ;fgf / lh0ff]4f/ ug]{ k|s[ltsf 5g\ . ;fy}, l;+rfO{+ tyf
hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgf cGtu{tsf jx';+Vos pk–cfof]hgfx? cGtu{t
j9L kfgL kmsf{pgsf] nflu s[ifssf k/Dk/fut :ofpnf kftsf] 8fOe;{g
lj:yflkt ug{ gofF x]8js{ lgdf{0f ug'{ kg]{5 . k/Dk/fut 8fOe;{g x]8js{
lj:yfkgsf] sf/0fn] a9L kfgL kmsf{pg] Joj:yf ePkl5 kfgLsf] ;|f]t e"ldut
hnsf] tx 36\g uO{ ePsf tNnf] tl6o hn pkef]Stfx? k|efljt x'g]5g\ .

85
kfgLsf] pknJwtfdf sdL cfpg] x'Fbf tNnf] t6Lo hn pkef]Stfx? k|efljt
x'g]5g\ . l;+rfO{ tyf hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgf cGtu{tsf pk–
cfofh]gfx?sf] xsdf o:tf] lsl;dsf] k|efj dxTjk"0f{ x'g] ePsf]n] o;sf]
cg'udg ug'{ kb{5 .

86
 tflnsf ^=!)M cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg 9fFrf -t/fO{ ;txL l;+rfO{ of]hgf_

;jfn dfkb08 :yfg cg'udg ;"rs cg'udg ug]{ t/Lsf lhDd]jf/ lhDd]jf/ cg'udg ;dotflnsf
sfof{Gjog ug]{ ug]{ lgsfo
lgsfo

lgdf{0f k"j{sf]
r/0f

jftfj/0fLo cfof]hgf th'{df / pk– jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍg l;kmfl/z pk– clGtd l8hfOg sfuhft l;+rfO{ ljsf; If]qLo l;+rfO{ lj:t[t l8hfOg sfo{
d"NofÍg l8hfOgdf ;fdflhs cfof]hgf cfof]hgf l8hfOg sfuhft, 7]Ssf tyf cfof]hgfsf] l8lehg÷;a lgb]{zgfno, ;DkGg ePkl5
l;kmfl/zsf] tyf jftfj/0fLo If]q ;Demf}tf ;DaGwL sfuhftdf :k]lzlkms];gsf] l8lehg, l;+rfO l;+rfO{ ljefu
sfof{Gjog d"NofÍg l;kmfl/zsf] ;dfj]z ePsf] k'g/fjnf]sg Joj:yfkg
sfof{Gjog l8lehg hn
pkef]Stf ;+:yf

cfof]hgfsf] nfut, pk– jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍg l;kmfl/z jf]nkq sfuhft / 7]Ssf l;+rfO{ ljsf; If]qLo l;+rfO{ jf]nkq sfuhft
jf]nkq sfuhft / cfof]hgf jf]nkq sfuhft / 7]Ssf ;Demf}tfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg l8lehg÷;a lgb]{zgfno, tof/ kf/L 7]Ssf
7]Ssf ;Demf}tfdf If]q ;Demf}tfdf ;dflji6 ePsf] l8lehg / hn l;+rfO{ ljefu lbPkl5
Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox? pkef]Stf ;+:yf

87
 ;dfj]z ug]{

lgdf{0f ;DaGwL pk– 7]s]bf/n] ;fdu|Lx?sf] e08f/0f, :ynut cjnf]sg l;+rfO{ ljsf; If]qLo l;+rfO{ lgdf{0f cjlwsf]
;fdu|Lx? cfof]hgf pks/0f / lgdf{0f sfo{x?sf] k|aGw l8lehg÷;a lgb]{zgfno, k|f/Dedf
If]q u/]sf] l8lehg, hn l;+rfO{ ljefu
pkef]Stf ;+:yf,
7]s]bf/

s[ifsx?;+u ;xeflutf / hn ;du| pk– hn pkef]Stf ;+:yfsf] u7g, btf{ clen]v hfFr ug]{, l;+rfO{ ljsf; If]qLo l;+rfO{ lgdf{0f sfo{ k|f/De
k/fdz{ / pkef]Stf ;+:yfsf] cfof]hgf dlxnf, bnLt, cflbjf;L hghftL hn pkef]Stf ;+:yfsf l8lehg÷;a lgb]{zgfno, ubf{, lgdf{0f sfo{
s[ifsx?sf] kl/rfng If]q÷ lhNnf ;d'xsf] hn pkef]Stf ;+:yfdf OsfOx? tyf l;+rfO{ l8lehg, hn l;+rfO{ ljefu ubf{, / ;+rfng tyf
;xof]u k|ltlglwTj, clu|d gub ;+sng, ljsf; dxfzfvf ;+u pkef]Stf ;+:yf dd{t ;Def/ ubf{
of]ubfg ug]{ k|lta4tf 5nkmn ug]{

;Ifdtf ljsf; tfnLd pk– lbOPsf] tfnLdsf] ;+Vof tfnLd btf{ clen]v hfFr ug]{, l;+rfO{ ljsf; If]qLo l;+rfO{ lgdf{0f sfo{ k|f/De
cfof]hgf lbOPsf hn pkef]Stf ;+:yfsf hn pkef]Stf ;+:yfsf l8lehg÷;al8le lgb]{zgfno, ubf{, lgdf{0f sfo{
If]q ;b:ox?sf] ;+Vof tfnLd kfPsf kbflwsf/L tyf l;+rfO{ hg, e"ldut hn l;+rfO{ ljefu ubf{, / ;+rfng tyf
;b:ox?af6 tfnLd ;Lksf] k|of]u ljsf; l;+rfO ljsf; l;+rfO lkmN8 dd{t ;Def/ ubf{
l8lehg;Fu 5nkmn ug]{ sfof{no, u}/–
;/sf/L ;+:yf,
hn pkef]Stf

88
 ;+:yf ;xhstf{

hUuf / ;DklQ hUuf / ;DklQ k|flKt, gx/ k|fKt ul/g] hUufsf] If]q / hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf / l;+rfO{ ljsf; If]qLo l;+rfO{ lgdf{0f sfo{sf]
k|flKt Ifltk"lt{ / k'g:yf{kgf PnfOgd]G6d ;DklQsf] ;+Vof :yfgLo hgtf tyf l8lehg÷;al8le lgb]{zgfno, k|f/Dedf
f ;d'bfox?;+usf] 5nkmn, hg, e"ldut hn l;+rfO{ ljefu,
k|bfg ul/g] Ifltk"lt{sf] /sd
k|efljt x'g;Sg] k"jf{wf/ l;+rfO lkmN8 lhNnf jg
;+/rgfx?sf] clen]v sfof{no, hn sfof{no hn
hfFr u/L hgtf;+u pkef]Stf ;+:yf pkef]Stf ;+:yf
5nkmn ug]{

lgdf{0fsf] r/0fdf

:yn ;kmf jgh+un / jg:kltsf] pk–cfof]hgf jg:klt, xl/t If]qdf :ynut cjnf]sg, :yfgLo 7]s]bf/ l;+rfO{ ljsf; l8lehg÷ lgdf{0fsf] r/0fdf
ubf{ pTkGg xfgL, gf]S;fgL jf Ifo :yn sdL, jgh+undf /x]sf hgtf;+u 5nkmn ug]{, ;a l8lehg, lhNnf jg ;fKtflxs
x'g] k|efj herpatofauna, k+IfL lhNnf jg sfof{nodf sfof{no,
/ sL6x?sf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf] clen]v hfFRg]
sdL, hnLo hLjgdf
sdL, j[Iff/.]k0f
ul/Psf] x]S6/sf] ;+Vof

lghL ;DklQsf] Ifo jf pk–cfof]hgf lghL ;DklQ / cjnf]sg, Ifltk"lt{sf] 7]s]bf/, l;+rfO{ l;+rfO{ ljsf; 4}dfl;s
;f]sf] r'gf}lt If]q jf;:yfgsf] xfgL, clen]v k'g/fjnf]sg ljsf; l8lehg l8lehg÷;a l8lehg,

89
 gf]S;fgL If]qLo l;+rfO{ lgb]{zgfno

jGohGt'nfO{ cj/f]w, pk–cfof]hgf jf;:yfgsf] xfgL, cjnf]sg / cGtjf{tf{ l;+rfO{ ljsf; l;+rfO{ ljsf; 4}dfl;s
u}/sfg"gL l;sf/ / If]q gf]S;fgL / l8lehg÷;a l8lehg÷;a l8lehg,
jGohGt'sf] jf;:yfgdf jGohGt'nfO{ cj/f]w l8lehg If]qLo l;+rfO{ lgb]{zgfno,
xfgL, gf]S;fgL e"ldut lkmN8 sfof{no
k/fdz{bftf, lhNnf jg
sfof{no

hUufsf] jgh+un, v]lt ul/Psf] / pk–cfof]hgf lghL ;DklQsf] xfgL cjnf]sg / cGtjf{tf{ l;+rfO{ ljsf; l;+rfO{ ljsf; 4}dfl;s
pkof]udf cGo hUufsf] kl/jt{g If]q gf]S;fgL, :yfgLo l8lehg÷;a l8lehg÷;a l8lehg,
kl/jt{g ;d'bfosf] >dd'ns l8lehg If]qLo l;+rfO{ lgb]{zgfno,
sfo{df a[l4 e"ldut lkmN8 sfof{no,
k/fdz{bftf, lhNnf jg
sfof{no

hUuf / ;DklQ k|flKt, gx/ k|fKt ul/g] hUufsf] hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf, / l;+rfO{ ljsf; l;+rfO{ ljefu, If]qLo lgdf{0fsf] k|f/Dedf
Ifltk"lt{ / k'g:yf{kgf PnfOgd]G6df If]qkmn / ;DklQsf] :yfgLo hgtf tyf l8lehg÷;a l;+rfO{ lgb]{zgfno, lhNnf
;+Vof, e'StfgL ul/g] ;d'bfox?;+usf] 5nkmn, l8lehg, If]qLo jg sfof{no, hn
Ifltk"lt{sf] /sd k|efljt x'g;Sg] k"jf{wf/ l;+rfO{ pkef]Stf ;+:yf
;+/rgfx?sf] clen]v hfFr lgb]{zgfno,
e"ldut lkmN8

90
 u/L s[ifs;Fu 5nkmn ug]{ sfof{no, hn
pkef]Stf ;+:yf

pTvgg / y'k|]sf] df6f] / lgdf{0f pk–cfof]hgf ;DklQsf] xfgL, cjnf]sg, clen]vsf] 7]s]bf/, l;+rfO{ l;+rfO{ ljsf; l8lehg÷ lgdf{0fsf] ;dodf
df6f]sf] sfd km]fx/ d}nfsf] lj;h{g If]q gf]S;fgL, Iflt k'g/fjnf]sg ljsf; l8lehg ;a l8lehg, e"ldut ;fKtflxs
tyf lgdf{0f jg:klt ;+/If0f, lkmN8 sfof{no, lhNnf jg
kmf]x d}nfsf] lj;h{g ug]{ :yfgsf] sfof{no k/fdz{bftf
lj;h{g 5gf}6 cflb h:tf
;+/If0fsf pkfox?

8]«g]h lgdf{0f tyf kfgLsf pk–cfof]hgf kfgLn] wf]hf agfPsf] :ynut cjnf]sg / l;+rfO{ ljsf; l;+rfO{ ljsf; l8lehg÷ lgdf{0fsf] ;dodf
k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?sf] ljgf; :yn xb, k|efljt jgh+un :yfgLo s[ifsx? tyf l8lehg ;a l8lehg, e"ldut ;fKtflxs
/ s[lifhGo pTkfbgsf] ;d'bfox?;+usf] cGtjf{tf{ lkmN8 sfof{no, lhNnf jg
/sd, :yfgLo ?kdf sfof{no, k/fdz{bftf
cj?4 8]«g]haf6
pTkGg e"Ifosf] xb,
le/fnf] kfvf] tnlt/
a:g] jfl;Gbf /
s[lifhGo e"ldnfO{
vt/f, 8]«g]hsf] nDafO{,
8]«g]h ;+/rgfsf] ;+Vof

91
 ;fd'bflos k"jf{wf/ pk–cfof]hgf kfgL cfk"lt{, ;8s :ynut cjnf]sg, clen]v 7]s]bf/ l;+rfO{ ljsf; dfl;s
;+/rgfx?df cj/f]w If]q cflb h:tf ;]jfx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg l8lehg÷;a l8lehg,
ljR5]bg lhNnf jg sfof{no,
k/fdz{bftf

Quarrying le/fnf] kfvf] ;++/If0f / Pk–cfof]hgf vfgL pTvgg nflu 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf / 7]s]bf/ l;+rfO{ ljsf; lgdf{0f ubf{sf]
and l:y/tf If]q :yfgsf] 5gf}6, :k]lzlkms];g sfuhftsf] l8lehg÷;a l8lehg, ;dodf b}lgs
borrowing ;+/If0fsf pkfox? k'g/fjnf]sg, :ynut e"ldut lkmN8 sfof{no,
u|x0f, k|of]u ul/Psf e|d0f / :yfgLo lhNnf jg sfof{no,
vfgL ;fdu|Lx?sf] ;d'bfox?;+u cGts{[of k/fdz{bftf
u'0f:t/, le/fnf]sf]
l8u|L, 8]«g]h ;'ljwfx?,
le/fn]fsf] l:y/tf,
8]«g]hsf] sdL, gofF
gullies / Ifosf]
sf/0fn] k|efljt If]q

92
lgdf{0f w'nf], WjgL tyf jfo' lgdf{0f:yn –jfo'df s'n b[li6ut lgl/If0f, :ynut 7]s]bf/ l;+rfO{ ljsf; lgdf{0f ubf{sf]
s[ofsnfkx? k|b'if0f / sDkg suspended 7f]; tyf cjnf]sg, :yfgLo ;d'bfo, l8lehg÷;a l8lehg, ;dodf b}lgs
-w'nf], jfo', particulate kbfy{, s[ifsx?;+u cGts[{of, e"ldut lkmN8 sfof{no
kfgL / WjgL w'nf] ldl;Psf] kfgLsf] gd"gf lnO{ k/LIf0f k/fdz{bftf
k|b'if0f_ jftfj/0f ug]{, WjgL clen]vg

– hn If]qdf /x]sf
hnLo hLjhGt'sf]
;+Vof / lsl;d,
turbidity, t]n tyf
lu|h spill tyf cGo
/;fogx?

– decibel df WjgLsf]
tx

93
lgdf{0f 7]s]bf/x?n] >ldsx?nfO{ Pk–cfof]hgf cfosf] txdf a[l4 cjnf]sg 7]s]bf/, l;+rfO{ l;+rfO{ ljsf; l8lehg, l4dfl;s
sfo{df sfddf nufpg] ljsf; If]lqo l;+rfO lgb]{zgfno
/f]huf/Lsf] l8lehg÷;a
cj;/ l8lehg, e"ldut
lkmN8 sfof{no

b'3{6gf k]zfut :jf:Yo / lgdf{0f:yn b'3{6gf, wghgsf] Iflt cjnf]sg, Ifltk"lt{sf] 7]s]bf/, l;+rfO{ ;+rfO{ ljsf; l8lehg, l4dfl;s
;'/Iffsf pkfox? clen]v k'g/fjnf]sg ljsf; l8lehg If]lqo l;+rfO lgb]{zgfno

:yfgLo hn pkef]Stf ;+:yfsf] Pk–cfof]hgf hn pkef]Stf ;+:yfsf] cjnf]sg l;+rfO{ ljsf; ;+rfO{ ljsf; l8lehg, l4dfl;s
;d'bfox?;Fu u7g, cGt/lqmof If]q u7g, cGts[{of l8lehg, If]lqo l;+rfO lgb]{zgfno
k/fdz{ / sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog, sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog,
;xof]u ;Ifdtf ljsf;, hn ;Ifdtf ljsf;, hn
pkef]Stf ;+:yfaf6 pkef]Stf ;+:yfaf6
of]ubfg of]ubfg

94
;+rfng / dd{t ;+ef/sf] r/0f

s[lifhGo jfnL 9f+rfdf kl/jt{g Pk– x'sf{Psf jfnLsf] ;+Vof / hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf, hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf, q}dfl;s
s[ofsnfkx?df cfof]hgf lsl;d, k|lt OsfO{ :yfgLo s[ifs, s[lif pkef]Stf s[ifsx? pkef]Stf s[ifsx?,
a[l4 If]q If]qkmnaf6 k|fKt jfnL, ljefu;+u 5nkmn, hn lhNnf s[lif ljsf;
s[lif ;fdu|Lsf] pknJwtf pkef]Stf ;+:yf / s[lif sfof{no
ljefusf] clen]v hfFr ug]{

jfnL ;3gtf, jfnL Pk– x'sf{Psf jfnLsf] ;+Vof / hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf, s[lif ljefu, hn lhNnf s[lif ljsf; q}dfl;s
pTkfbgdf a[l4 / gub] cfof]hgf lsl;d, k|lt OsfO{ :yfgLo s[ifsx?;+u pkef]Stf ;+:yf, sfof{no, hn
jfnLdf ljljwtf If]q If]qkmnaf6 k|fKt jfnL, 5nkmn :yfgLo ;xsf/L, pkef]Stf ;+:yf,
s[lif ;fdu|Lsf] pkef]Stf s[ifsx? :yfgLo ;xsf/Lx?
pknJwtf, jfnLsf] d"No,
jhf/ outlet / s[lif
;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u

cfly{s s[ofsnfk / Pk– gofF cfly{s :yfgLo ;d'bfo, hn nfeflGjt s[ifsx?, lhNnf jg sfof{no, cw{aflif{s
cfodf a[l4 cfof]hgf s[ofsnfkx?sf] ;+Vof / pkef]Stf ;+:yf, Jofkf/L u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf,
If]q lsl;d, o:tf s[ifsx?;+u cGts{[of / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
s[ofsnfkx?df ;+nUg cjnf]sg ;+:yfx?, uf= lj= ;= ;+:yfx?
hgtfsf] ;+Vof, cGo

95
 s[ofsnfkdf ;/]sf
hgtfsf] ;+Vof, ef8fdf
lbOPsf 3/ / hUufsf]
;+Vof

hLjg:t/df a[l4, Pk– bfp/fsf] pkof]udf s[ifs, :yfgLo ;d'bfo, pkef]Stf s[ifs, hn :yfgLo ;d'bfo, hn cw{aflif{s
bfp/fsf] 36\bf] k|of]u, cfof]hgf kl/jt{g, phf{sf u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yf, pkef]Stf ;+:yf, pkef]Stf ;+:yf,
jgh+unsf] ;+/If0f, If]q j}slNks ;|f]tx? - ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yf, :yfgLo ;d'bfo uflj;
Zjf; k|Zjf; ;DaGwL pbfx/0fsf] nflu lhNnf hg:jf:Yo
/f]u tyf w'Fjfsf] ;'wfl/Psf] :6f]e, sfof{no;Fu cGt/lqmof
hf]lvd;+u ;DalGwt uf]j/Uof;, ;f}o{ zlQm, cjnf]sg
cfFvfsf] /f]u nfu]sf dl6[t]n_ k|of]u ug]{ 3/
36gfsf] sdL kl/jf/sf] ;+Vof, Zjf;
k|Zjf;, cfFvf;+u
;DalGwt /f]usf
s];x?sf] ;+Vof, j}slNks
phf{ pknJw u/fpg]
k;nx?sf] ;+Vof

96
k|0ffnLsf] k|0ffnLsf] dd{t ;Def/ Pk– dd{t ;Def/sf] l:ylt, :yunt ;Dk'li6, hn hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf, hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf q}dfl;s
;+rfng tyf cfof]hgf hn pkef]Stf ;+:yfaf6 pkef]Stf ;+:yf, pkef]Stf pkef]Stf s[ifsx?
dd{t ;+ef/ If]q cfGtl/s ?kdf ;|f]tsf] s[ifsx?;+u cGts[{of,
Joj:yf clen]v hfFr

hndUgtf / Pk– 8'jfg If]q, lsgf/f glhs hn pkef]Stf ;+:yfsf] hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf, hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf, cw{aflif{s
g"lgnf]kgf, gx/df cfof]hgf l;d;f/ / kfgL hDdf clen]v, / hn pkef]Stf pkef]Stf s[ifsx? pkef]Stf s[ifsx?
r'xfj6 / /;fj6, If]q ePsf] If]q / 8]«g]hsf] ;+:yf / s[ifsx?;+u
vector-borne /f]usf l:ylt, t6aGwdf rodents 5nkmn
s];x?sf] ;+Vof sf] Infestation, lhNnf
hg:jf:Yo sfof{no,
:jf:Yo rf}sL, pk–
:jf:Yo rf}sLx?df l/kf]6{
ul/Psf vector-borne
/f]ux?sf] ;+Vof

97
 tNnf] tl6o Pk– tNnf] tl6odf kfgL :ynut cjnf]sg / hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf, hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf l;+rfO{ cjlwdf b}lgs
pkef]Stfx?sf nflu cfof]hgf 5fl8Psf], k'R5f/df :yfgLo ;d'bfo, pkef]Stf pkef]Stf s[ifsx?
kfgL 5f8\g] If]q kfgLsf] cefj s[ifsx? tyf hn
pkef]Stf ;+:yf;+u 5nkmn

gx/sf] lsgf/f Pk– tNnf] txdf kfgLsf] sdL cjnf]sg tyf hn hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf, hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf l;+rfO{ cjlwdf b}lgs
elTsg] cfof]hgf pkef]Stf ;+:yf, pkef]Stf pkef]Stf s[ifsx?
If]q s[ifsx?, :yfgLo
;d'bfo;+u 5nkmn

x]8js{ x]8js{sf] ;+rfng Pk– gx/df ul/g] l8:rfh{df :ynut cjnf]sg hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf, hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf dg;'g k"j{sf] cjlw
;+rfngsf] cfof]hgf sdL, l;+rfO{sf] pkef]Stf s[ifsx?
sf/0fn] gbLsf] If]q k|efjsfl/tfdf sdL,
If]q, k|0ffnLdf pkNnf] t6df / tNnf]
kl/jt{g t6df jfn'jf lyu|g]

/;folgs dn / gbL If]qdf /;folgs Pk– k|of]u ul/Psf] /;folgs :ynut cjnf]sg s[lif lhNnf s[lif ljsf; lhNnf vfg]kfgL tyf q}dfl;s
ljiffbLsf] dn / laiffbLsf] cfof]hgf dn, ljiffbLsf] lsl;d, ljefu, pkef]Stf s[ifsx? sfof{no hn pkef]Stf ;/;kmfO{ sfof{no
cTolws k|of]u cjz]if, k+IfL / hnLo If]q o:tf] dn, laiffbL k|of]u hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf;+u ;+:yf, u}/ ;/sf/L s[lif ljefu,
hLjgdf k|lts"n k|efj ug]{ s[ifsx?sf] ;+Vof, 5nkmn ;+:yf, ;d'bfodf pkef]Stf s[ifsx?
k|of]usf] kl/df0f / cfwfl/t ;+:yfx?

98
 u'0f:t/, hnLo hLjg /
k+IfLsf] hg;+Vof

tflnsf ^=!!M cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg 9fFrf -kxf8L tyf lxdfnL ;txL l;+rfO{ of]hgf_

;jfn dfkb08 :yfg cg'udg ;"rs cg'udg ug]{ t/Lsf lhDd]jf/ lhDd]jf/ ug]{ ;dotflnsf
sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo
lgsfo

lgdf{0f k"j{sf] r/0f

jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍg cfof]hgf th'{df / pk–cfof]hgf If]q jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍg l;kmfl/znfO{ clGtd l8hfOg l;+rfO{ ljsf; If]qLo l;+rfO{ lj:t[t
l;kmfl/zsf] sfof{Gjog l8hfOgdf ;fdflhs pk–cfof]hgfsf] l8hfOg sfuhft, sfuhft tyf l8lehg÷;a lgb]{zgfno, l8hfOg sfo{
tyf jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍg 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf ;DaGwL sfuhftdf cfof]hgfsf] l8lehg, hn l;+rfO{ ljefu ;DkGg
l;kmfl/zsf] sfof{Gjog ;dfj]z ePsf] :k]lzlkms];gsf] pkef]Stf ;+:yf ePkl5
k'g/fjnf]sg

cfof]hgfsf] nfut, pk–cfof]hgf If]q jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍg l;kmfl/znfO{ jf]nkq sfuhft / l;+rfO{ ljsf; If]qLo l;+rfO{ jf]nkq
jf]nkq sfuhft / 7]Ssf jf]nkq sfuhft / 7]Ssf 7]Ssf ;Demf}tfsf] l8lehg÷;a lgb]{zgfno, sfuhft
;Demf}tfdf Go"gLs/0f ;Demf}tfdf ;dflji6 ul/Psf] k'g/fjnf]sg l8lehg, hn l;+rfO{ ljefu tof/ kf/L
ug]{ pkfox? ;dfj]z ug]{ pkef]Stf ;+:yf 7]Ssf

99
 lbPkl5

lgdf{0f ;DaGwL ;xof]uL pk–cfof]hgf If]q 7]s]bf/n] ;fdu|Lx?sf] e08f/0f, :ynut cjnf]sg l;+rfO{ ljsf; If]qLo l;+rfO{ lgdf{0f
pks/0fx? pks/0f / lgdf{0f sfo{x?sf] k|aGw l8lehg÷;a lgb]{zgfno, cjlwsf]
u/]sf] l8lehg, hn l;+rfO{ ljefu k|f/Dedf
pkef]Stf ;+:yf,

s[ifsx?;+u k/fdz{ / ;xeflutf / hn ;du| pk– hn pkef]Stf ;+:yfsf] u7g, btf{ clen]v hfFr l;+rfO{ ljsf; If]qLo l;+rfO{ lgdf{0f sfo{
s[ifsx?sf] ;xof]u pkef]Stf ;+:yfsf] cfof]hgf If]q÷ dlxnf, bnLt, cflbjf;L hghftL ug]{, hn pkef]Stf l8lehg÷;a lgb]{zgfno, k|f/De ubf{,
kl/rfng lhNnf ;d'xsf] hn pkef]Stf ;+:yfdf ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/L l8lehg, hn l;+rfO{ ljefu lgdf{0f sfo{
k|ltlglwTj, clu|d gub ;+sng, tyf l;+rfO{ ljsf; pkef]Stf ;+:yf ubf{, /
of]ubfg ug]{ k|lta4tf l8lehg÷;a ;+rfng tyf
l8lehg;Fu 5nkmn dd{t ;Def/
ug]{ ubf{

;Ifdtf ljsf; tfnLd pk–cfof]hgf lbOPsf] tfnLdsf] ;+Vof, tfnLd btf{ clen]v hfFr l;+rfO{ ljsf; If]qLo l;+rfO{ lgdf{0f sfo{
-s[ifsx?;+u k/fdz{ / If]q lbOPsf hn pkef]Stf ;+:yfsf ug]{, hn pkef]Stf l8lehg÷;a lgb]{zgfno, k|f/De ubf{,
s[ifsx?sf] ;xof]u _ ;b:ox?sf] ;+Vof, tfnLd kfPsf ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/L l8lehg, e"ldut l;+rfO{ ljefu lgdf{0f sfo{
;b:ox?af6 tfnLd ;Lksf] k|of]u tyf l;+rfO{ ljsf; lkmN8 sfof{no, ubf{, /
l8lehg;Fu 5nkmn u}/–;/sf/L ;+rfng tyf
ug]{ ;+:yf, hn dd{t ;Def/
pkef]Stf ;+:yf

100
 ;xhstf{ ubf{

hUuf / ;DklQ k|flKt hUuf / ;DklQ k|flKt, gx/ k|fKt ul/g] hUufsf] If]q / hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf l;+rfO{ ljsf; If]qLo l;+rfO{ lgdf{0f
Ifltk"lt{ / k'g:yf{kgf - PnfOgd]G6df ;DklQsf] ;+Vof, k|bfg ul/g] / :yfgLo hgtf l8lehg÷;a lgb]{zgfno, sfo{sf]
lghL ;DklQsf] xfgL, Ifltk"lt{sf] /sd tyf ;d'bfox?;+usf] l8lehg, e"ldut l;+rfO{ k|f/Dedf
gf]S;fgL jf Ifo jf ;f]sf] 5nkmn, k|efljt lkmN8 sfof{no, ljefu,lhNnf
eo_ x'g;Sg] k"jf{wf/ hn pkef]Stf jg sfof{no
;+/rgfx?sf] ;+:yf hn
clen]v hfFr u/L pkef]Stf
hgtf;+u 5nkmn ;+:yf
ug]{

lgdf{0fsf] r/0fdf

:yn ;kmf ubf{ jgh+un / pk– jg:klt, xl/t If]qdf sdL, :ynut cjnf]sg, 7]s]bf/ l;+rfO{ ljsf; l8lehg÷;a lgdf{0fsf] r/0fdf
pTkGg x'g] k|efj jg:kltsf] xfgL, cfof]hgf jgh+undf /x]sf :yfgLo hgtf;+u l8lehg, e"ldut lkmN8 ;fKtflxs
gf]S;fgL jf Ifo :yn herpatofauna, k+IfL / 5nkmn ug]{, lhNnf sfof{no, 7]s]bf/, lhNnf jg
sL6x?sf] ;+Vofdf sdL, jg sfof{nodf /x]sf] sfof{no
hnLo hLjgdf sdL, clen]v hfFRg]
j[Iff/.]k0f ul/Psf] x]S6/sf]
;+Vof

101
 ;f+:s[lts :yndf pk– ;Dkbf:yndf clts|d0f, cjnf]sg, :yfgLo 7]s]bf/, hn hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf, lgdf{0fsf] r/0fdf
cj/f]w cfof]hgf dxTjk"0f{ ;+/rgfx?sf] ljgf; hgtf;+u 5nkmn pkef]Stf ;+:yf :yfgLo hgtf / k'/ftTj dfl;s
:yn ug]{ / :yfgLo hgtf ljefu

lghL ;DklQsf] pk– lghL ;DklQ / jf;:yfgsf] cjnf]sg, 7]s]bf/, l;+rfO{ l;+rfO{ ljsf; l8lehg÷;a 4}dfl;s
Ifo jf ;f]sf] cfof]hgf xfgL, gf]S;fgL Ifltk"lt{sf] clen]v ljsf; l8lehg l8lehg, If]qLo l;+rfO{
r'gf}lt If]q k'g/fjnf]sg lgb]{zgfno

pTvgg / df6f]sf] spoil / lgdf{0f pk– ;DklQsf] xfgL, gf]S;fgL, cjnf]sg, 7]s]bf/, l;+rfO{ l;+rfO{ ljsf; l8lehg÷;a lgdf{0fsf] ;dodf
sfd tyf lgdf{0f km]fx/ d}nfsf] cfof]hgf Iflt jg:klt ;+/If0f, clen]vsf] ljsf; dxfzfvf l8lehg, e"ldut lkmJ8 ;fKtflxs
kmf]x/d}nfsf] lj;h{g If]q lj;h{g ug]{ :yfgsf] 5gf}6 k'g/fjnf]sg sfof{no, k/fdz{bftf
lj;h{g cflb h:tf ;+/If0fsf
pkfox?

8]«g]h lgdf{0f tyf pk– Gully formation sf] xb, :ynut cjnf]sg / 7]s]bf/, l;+rfO{ l;+rfO{ ljsf; l8lehg÷;a lgdf{0fsf] ;dodf
kfgLsf k|fs[lts cfof]hgf k|efljt jgh+un / s[lifhGo :yfgLo s[ifsx? ljsf; l8lehg, l8lehg, e"ldut lkmN8 ;fKtflxs
;|f]tx?sf] ljgf; :yn pTkfbgsf] /sd, :yfgLo tyf ;d'bfox?;+usf] hn pkef]Stf sfof{no, k/fdz{bftf
?kdf cj?4 8]«g]haf6 cGtjf{tf{ ;+:yf
pTkGg e"Ifosf] xb, le/fnf]
kfvf] tnlt/ a:g] jfl;Gbf /
s[lifhGo e"ldnfO{ vt/f,
8]«g]hsf] nDafO{, 8]«g]h

102
 ;+/rgfsf] ;+Vof

;d'bflos k"jf{wf/ pk– kfgL cfk"lt{, ;8s cflb :ynut cjnf]sg, 7]s]bf/, l;+rfO{ l;+rfO{ ljsf; l8lehg÷;a dfl;s
;+/rgfx?df cfof]hgf h:tf ;]jfx?sf] ljR5]bg clen]v ljsf; l8lehg, l8lehg, e"ldut lkmN8
cj/f]w If]q k'g/fjnf]sg hn pkef]Stf sfof{no, k/fdz{bftf
;+:yf

le/fnf] kfvf] pk– v;]sf] le/fnf]sf] ;+Vof, u|x0f :ynut cjnf]sg, 7]s]bf/, l;+rfO{ l;+rfO{ ljsf; l8lehg÷;a dfl;s
;++/If0fsf pkfox? cfof]hgf ul/Psf ;+/If0fsf pkfox?, clen]v ljsf; l8lehg, l8lehg, e"ldut lkmN8
If]q le/fnf]sf] l8hfO{g k'g/fjnf]sg hn pkef]Stf sfof{no, k/fdz{bftf
;+:yf

Quarrying and le/fnf] kfvf] pk– Quarrying sf] nflu :ynut e|d0f / 7]s]bf/, l;+rfO{ l;+rfO{ ljsf; l8lehg÷;a lgdf{0f ubf{sf]
borrowing ;++/If0f / l:y/tf cfof]hgf :yfgsf] 5gf}6, ;+/If0fsf :yfgLo ljsf; l8lehg, l8lehg, e"ldut lkmN8 ;dodf b}lgs
If]q pkfox? u|x0f, k|of]u ;d'bfox?;+u hn pkef]Stf sfof{no, k/fdz{bftf
ul/Psf quarry ;fdu|Lx?sf] cGts{[of ;+:yf
u'0f:t/, le/fnf]sf] l8u|L,
8]«g]h ;'ljwfx?, le/fn]fsf]
l:y/tf, 8]«g]hsf] sdL, gofF
gullies / Ifosf] sf/0fn]
k|efljt If]q

103
lgdf{0f sfo{df 7]s]bf/x?n] pk– cfodf a[l4 cjnf]sg 7]s]bf/, l;+rfO{ l;+rfO{ ljsf; l8lehg÷;a l4dfl;s
/f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ >ldsx?nfO{ cfof]hgf ljsf; l8lehg, If]qLo l;+rfO
sfddf nufpg] l8lehg÷;a lgb]{zgfno
l8lehg

lgdf{0f w'nf], WjgL tyf lgdf{0f:yn jfo'df s'n suspended 7f]; b[li6ut lgl/If0f, 7]s]bf/, l;+rfO{ l;+rfO{ ljsf; l8lehg÷ lgdf{0f ubf{sf]
s[ofsnfkx? jfo' k|b'if0f / tyf particulate kbfy{, w'nf] :ynut cjnf]sg, ljsf; ;a l8lehg, e"ldut lkmN8 ;dodf b}lgs
sDkg ldl;Psf] jftfj/0f, WjgLsf] :yfgLo ;d'bfo, l8lehg÷;a sfof{no, k/fdz{bftf
tx, hn If]qdf /x]sf hnLo s[ifsx?;+u l8lehg
hLjhGt'sf] ;+Vof / lsl;d, cGts[{of, kfgLsf]
turbidity, t]n tyf lu|h gd"gf lnO{ k/LIf0f
spill tyf cGo /;fogx? ug]{, WjgL clen]vg

jGohGt'nfO{ pk– jf;:yfgsf] xfgL, gf]S;fgL / cjnf]sg / l;+rfO{ ljsf; l;+rfO{ ljsf; l8lehg÷ 4}dfl;s
cj/f]w, u}/sfg"gL cfof]hgf jGohGt'nfO{ cj/f]w / cGtjf{tf{ l8lehg÷;a ;a l8lehg, If]qLo l;+rfO
l;sf/ If]q jGohGt'sf] jf;:yfgdf xfgL, l8lehg, lgb]{zgfno, e"ldut lkmN8
gf]S;fgL 7]s]bf/ sfof{no, k/fdz{bftf, lhNnf
jg sfof{no

b'3{6gf k]zfut :jf:Yo / lgdf{0f:yn b'3{6gf, wghgsf] Iflt cjnf]sg, 7]s]bf/, l;+rfO{ l;+rfO{ ljsf; l8lehg, l4dfl;s
;'/Iffsf pkfox? Ifltk"lt{sf] clen]v ljsf; l8lehg If]qLo l;+rfO lgb]{zgfno

104
 k'g/fjnf]sg

:yfgLo hn pkef]Stf pk– hn pkef]Stf ;+:yfsf] u7g, cjnf]sg, clen]v l;+rfO{ ljsf; l;+rfO{ ljsf; l8lehg, l4dfl;s
;d'bfox?;+u ;+:yfsf] u7g, cfof]hgf cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdsf] k'g/fjnf]sg l8lehg, hn If]qLo l;+rfO lgb]{zgfno
k/fdz{ / ;xof]u cGts{[of If]q sfof{Gjog, ;Ifdtf ljsf;, pkef]Stf ;+:yf
sfo{qmdsf] hn pkef]Stf ;+:yfaf6
sfof{Gjog, of]ubfg
;Ifdtf ljsf;,
hn pkef]Stf
;+:yfaf6 of]ubfg

;+rfng / dd{t ;+ef/sf] r/0f

s[lifhGo jfnL 9f+rfdf kl/jt{g / pk– x'sf{Psf jfnLsf] ;+Vof / hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf, hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf, hn pkef]Stf q}dfl;s
s[ofsnfkx gub] jfnLdf ljljwtf cfof]hgf lsl;d, k|lt OsfO{ :yfgLo s[ifs, s[lif pkef]Stf s[ifsx? ;+:yf, pkef]Stf
?df a[l4 If]q If]qkmnaf6 k|fKt jfnL, ljefu;+u 5nkmn, s[ifsx?, lhNnf
s[lif ;fdu|Lsf] pknJwtf hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf / s[lif ljsf;
s[lif ljefusf] clen]v sfof{no
hfFr ug]{

jfnL ;3gtf / jfnL pk– x'sf{Psf jfnLsf] ;+Vof / hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf, s[lif ljefu, hn pkef]Stf lhNnf s[lif ljsf; q}dfl;s
pTkfbgdf a[l4 cfof]hgf lsl;d, k|lt OsfO{ :yfgLo s[ifsx?;+u ;+:yf, :yfgLo ;xsf/L, sfof{no, hn

105
 If]q If]qkmnaf6 k|fKt jfnL, 5nkmn pkef]Stf s[ifsx? pkef]Stf ;+:yf,
s[lif ;fdu|Lsf] pknJwtf, :yfgLo ;xsf/Lx?
jfnLsf] d"No, jhf/ outlet
/ s[lif ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u

cfly{s s[ofsnfk / pk– gofF cfly{s :yfgLo ;d'bfo, hn pkef]Stf s[ifsx?, hn :yfgLo ;d'bfo, cw{aflif{s
cfodf a[l4 cfof]hgf s[ofsnfkx?sf] ;+Vof / pkef]Stf ;+:yf, pkef]Stf ;+:yf, :yfgLo hn pkef]Stf
If]q lsl;d, o:tf Jofkf/L s[ifsx?;+u ;d'bfo ;+:yf, uflj;
s[ofsnfkx?df ;+nUg cGts{[of / cjnf]sg
hgtfsf] ;+Vof, cGo
s[ofsnfkdf ;/]sf
hgtfsf] ;+Vof, ef8fdf
lbOPsf 3/ / hUufsf]
;+Vof

hLjg:t/df a[l4, pk– bfp/fsf] pkof]udf s[ifs, :yfgLo ;d'bfo, pkef]Stf s[ifs, AEPC, lhNnf jg clws[t, q}dfl;s
bfp/fsf] 36\bf] k|of]u, cfof]hgf kl/jt{g, phf{sf j}slNks u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yf, u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yf, AEPC, u}/–;/sf/L
jgh+unsf] ;+/If0f, If]q ;|f]tx? -pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yf ;+:yf, ;d'bfodf
Zjf; k|Zjf; ;DaGwL ;'wfl/Psf] :6f]e, uf]j/Uof; ;+:yf, lhNnf hg cfwfl/t ;+:yf,
/f]u tyf w'Fjfsf] ;f}o{ zlQm, dl6[t]n_ k|of]u :jf:Yo sfof{no;Fu cfof]hgf clws[t
hf]lvd;+u ;DalGwt ug]{ 3/ kl/jf/sf] ;+Vof, cGt/lqmof cjnf]sg
cfFvfsf] /f]u nfu]sf Zjf; k|Zjf;, cfFvf;+u
106
 36gfsf] sdL ;DalGwt /f]usf s];x?sf]
;+Vof, j}slNks phf{
pknJw u/fpg] k;nx?sf]
;+Vof

k|0ffnLsf k|0ffnLsf] dd{t pk– dd{t ;Def/sf] :ynut ;Dk'li6, hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf, hn pkef]Stf q}dfl;s
] ;+rfng ;Def/ cfof]h l:ylt, hn pkef]Stf hn pkef]Stf pkef]Stf s[ifsx? ;+:yf
tyf gf If]q ;+:yfaf6 cfGtl/s ;+:yf, pkef]Stf
dd{t ?kdf ;|f]tsf] s[ifsx?;+u
;+ef/ Joj:yf cGts[{of,
clen]v hfFr

hndUgtf / pk– 8'jfg If]q, lsgf/f hn pkef]Stf hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf, hn pkef]Stf cw{aflif{s
salinity gx/df cfof]h glhs l;d;f/ / ;+:yfsf] clen]v, pkef]Stf s[ifsx? ;+:yf,
r'xfj6 / gf If]q kfgL hDdf ePsf] / hn pkef]Stf pkef]Stf
seepage, vector- If]q / 8]«g]hsf] ;+:yf / s[ifsx?
borne /f]usf l:ylt, t6aGwdf s[ifsx?;+u
s];x?sf] ;+Vof rodents sf] 5nkmn
Infestation, lhNnf
hg:jf:Yo sfof{no
:jf:Yo rf}sL, pk–

107
 :jf:Yo rf}sLx?df
l/kf]6{ ul/Psf
vector-borne
/f]ux?sf] ;+Vof

tNnf] t6sf pk– tNnf] t6df kfgL :ynut cjnf]sg hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf, hn pkef]Stf l;+rfO{
pkef]Stf– x?sf cfof]h 5fl8Psf], k'R5f/df / :yfgLo pkef]Stf s[ifsx? ;+:yf cjlwdf b}lgs
nflu kfgL 5f8\g] gf If]q kfgLsf] cefj ;d'bfo,
pkef]Stf
s[ifsx? tyf hn
pkef]Stf
;+:yf;+u 5nkmn

gx/sf] lsgf/fsf] elTsg] pk– tNnf] txdf kfgLsf] sdL cjnf]sg tyf hn hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf, hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf l;+rfO{ cjlwdf
cfof]hgf pkef]Stf ;+:yf, pkef]Stf s[ifsx? b}lgs
If]q pkef]Stf s[ifsx?,
:yfgLo ;d'bfo;+u
5nkmn

108
x]8js{ x]8js{sf] ;+rfng pk– gx/df ul/g] l8:rfh{df :ynut cjnf]sg hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf, hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf dg;'g k"j{sf]
;+rfngsf] cfof]hgf sdL, l;+rfO{sf] pkef]Stf s[ifsx? cjlwdf
sf/0fn] If]q k|efjsfl/tfdf sdL,
gbLsf] If]q, jfn'jf lyu|g], gbLsf]
k|0ffnLdf dflyNnf] Pj+ tNnf] t6df
kl/jt{g

/;folgs gbL If]qdf /;folgs pk– k|of]u ul/Psf] /;folgs :ynut cjnf]sg s[lif lhNnf s[lif ljsf; lhNnf vfg]kfgL q}dfl;s
dn / dn / laiffbLsf] cjz]if, cfof]hgf dn, ljiffbLsf] lsl;d, ljefu, pkef]Stf sfof{no hn pkef]Stf sfof{no s[lif
ljiffbLsf] k+IfL / hnLo hLjgdf If]q o:tf] dn, laiffbL k|of]u s[ifsx? hn pkef]Stf ;+:yf, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf, ljefu, pkef]Stf
cTolws k|lts"n k|efj ug]{ s[ifsx?sf] ;+Vof ;+:yf;+u 5nkmn, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t s[ifsx?
k|of]u k|of]u ug]{ cfjt{g / kfgLsf] u'0f:t/sf] ;+:yfx?
kfgLsf] u'0f:t/sf] hf+r ljZn]if0f

109
110