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Unit 4
Unit 4
Hadoop Framework:
Hadoop is an open-source framework for distributed storage and processing of large datasets on
clusters of commodity hardware. It provides a distributed file system (HDFS) and a programming
model (MapReduce) for efficiently processing large amounts of data in parallel.
Benefits of Hadoop:
1. Scalability: Hadoop can handle large datasets by distribu ng data and processing across
mul ple nodes.
2. Fault Tolerance: Hadoop can withstand node failures by automa cally replica ng data and
restar ng failed tasks.
3. Cost-Effec veness: Hadoop u lizes commodity hardware, reducing the overall cost of
infrastructure.
4. High Performance: MapReduce op mizes data processing by dividing work into parallel
tasks.
MapReduce Programming:
MapReduce is a programming model for processing large datasets in parallel by dividing the data into
smaller chunks, processing them independently, and combining the results. It consists of two main
phases:
1. Map Phase: Each input data chunk is processed by a mapper func on that transforms the
data into key-value pairs.
2. Reduce Phase: Key-value pairs are shuffled and grouped based on their keys, and a reducer
func on aggregates the values for each key, producing the final output.
Using MapReduce:
1. Write mapper and reducer func ons: Define the mapper and reducer func ons to process
and aggregate data.
2. Submit MapReduce job: Submit a MapReduce job to the Hadoop cluster, specifying the input
data, mapper and reducer classes, and output format.
3. Monitor job execu on: Monitor the progress of the MapReduce job using the Hadoop web
UI or command-line tools.
Applica ons of Hadoop and MapReduce:
1. Log Analysis: Analyzing large volumes of log data to iden fy pa erns, trends, and anomalies.
2. Web Data Processing: Processing large datasets from web crawling, clickstream analysis, and
social media interac ons.
3. Scien fic Compu ng: Analyzing large scien fic datasets from experiments, simula ons, and
observa ons.
4. Data Warehousing: Building and maintaining large data warehouses for complex data
analysis and repor ng.
In this diagram, the InputFormat (e.g., TextInputFormat) reads data from input files and splits it into
input splits. Map tasks receive input splits and use the RecordReader to parse them into key-value
pairs. A er shuffling and sor ng, Reduce tasks receive key-value pairs and process them using the
reducer func on. Finally, the OutputFormat (e.g., TextOutputFormat) writes the processed data to
output files.
Map-side Join
In a map-side join, the join opera on is performed during the map phase of a MapReduce job. This
involves distribu ng the data from both tables across the mappers and performing the join within
each mapper.
Reduce-side Join
In a reduce-side join, the join opera on is performed during the reduce phase of a MapReduce job.
This involves shuffling and sor ng data from both tables based on the join key and performing the
join within each reducer.
In this diagram, map-side join performs the join within each mapper, while reduce-side join involves
shuffling and sor ng data before joining within each reducer.
Secondary Sor ng in MapReduce
Secondary sor ng is a technique used in MapReduce to sort data in a custom order a er the ini al
sor ng of intermediate key-value pairs. The default sor ng in MapReduce sorts intermediate key-
value pairs by the key, but secondary sor ng allows for addi onal sor ng criteria within each key
group.
Benefits of Pipelining
1. Reduced I/O Overhead: Minimizes the me spent wri ng and reading intermediate data,
improving overall processing speed.
2. Reduced Latency: Can significantly reduce latency for itera ve tasks, as data is processed in a
con nuous stream.
3. Resource U liza on: Allows for more efficient u liza on of cluster resources by avoiding
unnecessary data storage and I/O opera ons.
Challenges of Pipelining
1. Data Dependency: Requires careful planning to ensure that subsequent jobs have access to
the output of preceding jobs.
2. Error Handling: Error handling becomes more complex as jobs are interconnected, requiring
mechanisms for propaga ng errors and restar ng failed stages.
3. Debugging: Debugging can be more challenging due to the interdependencies between jobs,
requiring careful tracing of data flow and error propaga on.
In this diagram, two MapReduce jobs are connected in a pipeline. The output of Job 1 is directly fed
as input to Job 2, reducing intermediate data storage and I/O overhead.
Spark Framework
Apache Spark is a distributed data processing framework that provides high-level APIs in Scala, Java,
Python, and R for processing large datasets in a distributed manner. It offers significant performance
improvements over tradi onal MapReduce by u lizing in-memory computa ons and efficient data
structures.
Spark Architecture
Spark's architecture consists of the following components:
1. Driver Program: The central coordinator that ini ates Spark jobs and manages resource
alloca on.
2. Worker Nodes: Execute Spark tasks in parallel, distributed across a cluster of machines.
3. Executor: Runs Spark tasks on worker nodes, managing memory and CPU resources.
4. Resilient Distributed Dataset (RDD): A distributed collec on of data par ons that can be
cached in memory for efficient processing.
5. Spark SQL: Provides a SQL-like interface for querying and analyzing structured data.
6. MLlib: Machine learning library with algorithms for classifica on, regression, and clustering.
Benefits of Spark
1. Faster Processing: Spark's in-memory processing and efficient data structures significantly
outperform tradi onal MapReduce for many workloads.
2. Scalability: Spark can handle large datasets effec vely, scaling horizontally by adding more
worker nodes to the cluster.
3. Ease of Use: Spark's high-level APIs make it easier to write and maintain data processing
applica ons.
4. Versa lity: Spark supports a wide range of data processing tasks, from batch processing to
streaming and interac ve queries.
5. Integra on with Exis ng Ecosystems: Spark integrates well with exis ng data sources and
frameworks, such as Hadoop and Ka a.
Crea ng RDDs
RDDs can be created in several ways:
1. Parallelizing an exis ng collec on: A collec on of data elements in the driver program can be
parallelized to create an RDD. For instance, a list of numbers or a string can be converted into
an RDD.
2. Loading data from external sources: Spark can read data from various external sources, such
as text files, HDFS, and databases, and create RDDs accordingly.
3. Transforming exis ng RDDs: New RDDs can be created by transforming exis ng RDDs using
opera ons like map, filter, reduce, and join.
RDD Example
Consider a simple example of calcula ng the average word length in a text file.
1. Load the text file into an RDD:
val textFileRDD = sc.textFile("input.txt")
2. Convert each line into an RDD of words:
val wordsRDD = textFileRDD.flatMap(_.split("\\s+"))
3. Map each word to its length:
val wordLengthsRDD = wordsRDD.map(_.length)
4. Reduce the word lengths to find the total length of all words:
val totalLength = wordLengthsRDD.reduce(_ + _)
5. Calculate the average word length:
val averageLength = totalLength.toDouble / wordLengthsRDD.count()
This code snippet demonstrates the basic opera ons of crea ng, transforming, and performing
ac ons on RDDs in Spark.
Transforma ons
Transforma ons create new RDDs or DataFrames from exis ng ones without modifying the original
data. They are lazy opera ons, meaning that they are not executed un l an ac on is triggered. Some
common transforma ons include:
1. map: Applies a func on to each element of an RDD or DataFrame.
2. filter: Selects elements based on a predicate.
3. reduce: Aggregates all elements of an RDD using an associa ve func on.
4. join: Combines two RDDs or DataFrames based on a common key.
5. groupBy: Groups elements based on a key and applies transforma ons to each group.
Ac ons
Ac ons trigger computa ons over the distributed data and return a value to the driver program.
They are eager opera ons, meaning that they are executed immediately when called. Some common
ac ons include:
1. collect: Gathers all elements of an RDD or DataFrame into a collec on in the driver program.
2. count: Returns the number of elements in an RDD or DataFrame.
3. reduceByKey: Aggregates elements within each key group using an associa ve func on.
4. first: Returns the first element of an RDD or DataFrame.
5. take: Returns the specified number of elements from an RDD or DataFrame.
DataFrames
DataFrames are a higher-level abstrac on in Spark that represent organized data in a tabular format
with named columns. They provide a more structured and convenient way to work with data
compared to RDDs. DataFrames can be created from RDDs, external data sources, or by specifying a
schema.
Benefits of DataFrames
1. Structured Data Representa on: DataFrames organize data into rows and columns with
named a ributes, making it easier to understand and manipulate.
2. Type Safety: Spark infers or explicitly defines the data types of DataFrame columns, ensuring
type-safe opera ons and preven ng errors.
3. SQL-like Interface: Spark SQL provides a SQL-like interface for querying and transforming
DataFrames, enabling users with SQL knowledge to perform data analysis tasks.
4. Integra on with Spark Ecosystem: DataFrames seamlessly integrate with other Spark
components, such as RDDs, machine learning libraries, and streaming APIs.
DataFrames in Ac on
Consider a scenario where you have a text file containing employee data with fields like name, age,
and department. Using DataFrames, you can:
1. Read the text file into a DataFrame:
val employeeDF = spark.read.text("employee_data.txt")
2. Select specific columns:
val nameAgeDF = employeeDF.select("name", "age")
3. Filter employees by department:
val salesDeptDF = nameAgeDF.filter(row => row.getString(1) == "Sales")
4. Calculate average age by department:
val avgAgeDF = salesDeptDF.groupBy("department").avg("age")
This example demonstrates how DataFrames simplify data manipula on tasks, enabling users to
focus on data analysis and insights rather than low-level data wrangling.