DAS 22403-ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

EXPERIMENT 1

PREPARING SOLUTIONS AND MAKING DILUTION

Name: Kasih Najihah binti Abdullah Matrix No./ Course: AA221588/ DAU

Instructor: Puan Rabe’ah Binti Adam Bench No./ Group: 5

Date / Day / Time: 23/10/2023 / Monday / 8:00 – 10:00

DATA: PREPARATION OF STOCK SOLUTION

1) Write the procedure to prepare the NaOH stock solution in passive form. Mention each
apparatus and chemical/solvent used in the preparation.

1. 2g NaOH pellets were weighed in order to prepare the stock solution.

2. The 2g NaOH pellets were then put into the 100ml beaker before being
dissolved in distilled water.
3. The solution was stirred using a glass rod until it completely dissolved.
4. The solution's temperature was checked to see whether it was at room
temperature.
5. Then, a 10ml pipette was used to transfer 10ml and 2ml of stock solution into
two volumetric flasks through filter funnel.
6. Each volumetric flasks were labelled as A for 10ml of stock solution and B for
2ml stock solution.
7. Dilute each stock solution in volumetric flasks A and B using distilled water
until the desired final volume of 100ml volumetric flask is reached.
8. Lastly, both mixtures in volumetric flasks A and B were mixed well to ensure a
uniform dilution.

2) Data obtained.
Weight of NaOH = 2.0019g Density of water:
Molecular weight of NaOH = 40 g/mol Temperature, oC Density
21 0.9979955
Volume of distilled water = 100 ml
22 0.9977735
Temperature of water = 27 oC 23 0.9975415
24 0.9972995
Density of water = 0.9965162 g/ml 25 0.9970479
26 0.9967867
27 0.9965162
28 0.9962365

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 29 0.9959478
30 0.9956502
3) Calculation of the NaOH concentration.

No Concentration Unit Calculation

1 Molarity mol/L (M) 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2𝑔
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = = 0.05𝑚𝑜𝑙
40𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.05𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 0.5𝑀 #
0.1𝑙

2 Molality mol/kg (m) 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡(𝑘𝑔)
0.9965𝑔
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑔) = × 100𝑚𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 99.65𝑔
0.05𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 0.5017𝑚 #
0.09965𝑘𝑔

3 Mass percent % w/w 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒(𝑔)

solution %𝑤/𝑤 = × 100%
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑔)
2. 𝑔
= × 100%
2. 𝑔
= 1.97%(𝑤/𝑤) #

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 4 Part per million ppm 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒(𝑔) × 106
𝑝𝑝𝑚 =
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑔)
2. 𝑔 6
= × 10
𝑔
= 1.96 × 104 𝑝𝑝𝑚 #

3. 1) Based on your result in calculation above, state the differences between molality and molarity.

Based on the result of calculation, molality is expressed using the symbol "m" which denotes moles per
kilogram (mol/kg or m) whereas molarity is expressed using the symbol "M" and moles per litre
(mol/L or M).

3.2) Distilled white vinegar is a solution of acetic 0.5 L vinegar solutio

contains 25.2g of acetic acid, CH3CO2H in molarity
acid water. A n . Calculate the concentration of the
Given that molecular weight acetic acid solution in units of .
of acetic acid is 60.052.

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 =
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ

25.2𝑔
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 =
60.052𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 0.4196𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

0.4196𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
0.5𝑙

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 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 0.8396𝑚𝑜𝑙/ 𝑙 #
4) Dilution of the NaOH stock solution.

No Molarity (M) Volume of NaOH stock solution (mL) Dilution factor

𝑉1 =? 𝑉𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
1 0.01 𝐷𝐹 =
𝑀1 = 0.5𝑀
𝑉𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝑉2 = 100𝑚𝑙 100𝑚𝑙
𝐷𝐹 =
𝑀2 = 0.05𝑀
10𝑚𝑙
𝐷𝐹 = 10𝑚𝑙 #
𝑀1𝑉1 = 𝑀2𝑉2
(0.5𝑀)(𝑉1) = (0.05𝑀)(100𝑚𝑙)
𝑉1 =
0. 𝑀
𝑉1 = 10𝑚𝑙 #

𝑉1 =? 𝑉𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
2 0.05 𝐷𝐹 =
𝑀1 = 0.5𝑀
𝑉𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝑉2 = 100𝑚𝑙 100𝑚𝑙
𝐷𝐹 =
𝑀2 = 0.01𝑀
2𝑚𝑙
𝐷𝐹 = 50𝑚𝑙 #
𝑀1𝑉1 = 𝑀2𝑉2
(0.5𝑀)(𝑉1) = (0.01𝑀)(100𝑚𝑙)
𝑉1 =
0. 𝑀
𝑉1 = 2𝑚𝑙 #

5) Conclusion

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 Write the possible errors that could occurred during this experiment. Include all possible
precaution steps to minimize the errors.

To sum up, preparing solutions in the laboratory and performing dilution experiments is an
essential part of chemical analysis, however, this process is prone to various errors that affect
the precision of the results obtained. These errors include parallel errors, dilution errors,
inadequate mixing and many others. To reduce the number of errors while preparing and
diluting solutions in the laboratory, there are several things you should keep in mind.

1. Maintain the correct eye angle while measuring.

2. Calculate the amount of diluent and stock solution needed.

3. Ensure that the solution has been well mixed.

4. Use an appropriate apparatus..

6) List of References:
• Libretexts. (2020, November 24). 5.2: Solutions and Dilutions. Chemistry LibreTexts.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Bellarmine_University/BU%3A_Chem_103_(Christ

ianson)/Phase_2%3A_Chemical_ProblemSolving/5%3A_Reaction_Stoichiometry/5.2%

3A_Solutions_and_Dilutions#:~:text=Solutions%20of%20known%20concentration%2

0can,to%20the%20desired%20final%20volume.

• Michael Seery. (2016, September 9). Preparing a standard solution [Video]. YouTube.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeOAPbMvubE

• Carolina Biological. (2009, November 6). How to dilute a solution [Video]. YouTube.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MG86IFZi_XM

• Admin. (2022, March 23). Dilution Factor Equation - Overview of Dilution, Dilution

Factor Equation along with FAQs. BYJUS. https://byjus.com/chemistry/dilution-

factorequation/

7) Diagrams:

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DIAGRAM ACTIVITIES

Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH, was weighed on a weighing

scale

Weighing 2g of Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH pellets

Stirred the mixture of NaOH pellets and distilled water

using a glass rod until it completely dissolved.

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 Check the temperature.

Pour the solution into a 100ml volumetric flask and fill with
distilled water.

label on both volumetric flasks with different dilutions of

the solution.