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2
Quiz
Menti 5823 6093
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 Assignment 1 marked
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 Assignment 2 coming up
• Friday, December 8th - in-class quiz
RMIT University © 2018 School of Engineering 6 6/42

AERO2656
Introduction to Aviation
Lecture 4
Airports – Types, functions and facilities
24/11/2023
3
Lecture Learning Outcomes
 Upon successful completion of this lecture you

should be able to:
1. Evaluate the various factors influencing the global
air transport system, the types of and major
functions of airports, the basic principles of aviation
policy, airline commercial economics, flight planning
and flight dispatch, and air cargo management
4
Source: iStock
Topic 4: Airports – Types,

Functions and Facilities
4
Source: iStock
Topic 4.1
The Types and Categories of Airports
6
AIRPORT : Key Definition

An airport is essentially
one or more runways for
aircraft operations together
with associated buildings
or terminals where
passengers or air cargo
transported by aircraft are
Source: Citizen (2010), reproduced as per the Wikimedia Creative Commons Attribution License,
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/MunichAirport2010.jpg>.>>.
processed (Doganis 1992).
RMIT University©2015 School of Aerospace, Mechanical

7 & Manufacturing Engineering
7
AIRPORT : Categories
There are, according to
Airservices Australia, over
2000 airports and airfields
in Australia.
As discussed in Topic 2
they fall into four very
broad categories: Source: Citizen (2010), reproduced as per the Wikimedia Creative Commons Attribution License,
State and (very

Completely privately
predominantly) local Defence owned
privatised airports owned airports and
government owned airports
airstrips.
regional airports

8
AIRPORT : Categories
There are 22 airports in
Vietnam.
As discussed in Topic 2 they
are all managed by the
Airports Corporation of
Vietnam. A joint-stock
company with State-owned
controlling stakes (~95%)

8
AIRPORT : Types
Inter/
General Local/
rural air private military hub Capital
Aviation regional
strips air strips airports airports city
Source: Citizen (2010), reproduced as per the Wikimedia Creative Commons Attribution License,
airports
airports
airports

9
Source: iStock
Topic 4.2
The Functions of an Airport
10
The Airfield and its components

Although every airport is unique in terms of its geographic location,
physical layout, demand characteristics, built environment and mix
of air traffic, the design and configuration of every airfield must fulfil
three basic requirements:
It must facilitate routine safe and efficient air transport operations while
complying with (inter)national safety and design standards.
It must be designed to enable future expansion, should it be required.
It must minimise and mitigate local environmental and social impacts as far
as possible.
11
Design of airfield
The design of airfield infrastructure and airfield configuration
requires considerations of:
The number, length, spacing and orientation of the runway(s).
The number, location and design of exit taxiways and rapid

exit taxiways (RETs, or high-speed turn-offs).
The design and layout of taxiways.
The design and layout of apron areas.
The relative siting and interaction between these elements.
Aerodrome safeguarding.

12
Design of airfield
Runway(s) have to be long enough and strong enough
The primary runway(s) should be aligned in the direction of the

prevailing wind
Taxiways and adjoining apron areas have to be wide enough and

big enough to facilitate simultaneous aircraft movements,
minimise runway occupancy and ensure the safe and efficient
movement of aircraft.
The configuration of the aprons and the landside interface must

maximise efficiency and minimise the potential for ground collision
The runway(s), taxiways and aprons should be designed and operated

in a way that minimises and mitigates any adverse local
environmental and social impacts.

13
ICAO Airport Classification Codes

Aerodrome Code Reference Aerodrome Aircraft Aircraft Outer
Number Airfield Length Code Letter Wingspan Main Gear Wheel
(metres) Span (metres)
(metres)
1 <800 A <15 <4.5
2 800-<1,200 B 15-<24 4.5-<6
3 1200-<1,800 C 24-<36 6-<9
4 >1,800 D 36-<52 9-<14
E 52-<65 9-<14
F 65-<80 14-<16
Source: based on International Civil Aviation Organization (1999, p. 16).

14
Tan Son Nhat International Airport
Aerodrome reference code: SGN (IATA), VVTS (ICAO)

Runway: 02 runways of 3048 meters and 3800 meters in length.
Taxiway system, aprons, air navigation aids system in accordance with CAT
II category standard.
Accommodate wide-body aircrafts, e.g. A350, B747-400, A330, B777,
B767, A321....
Aerodrome classification: 4E
Civil airport, also serving for military flight operation
International Passenger terminal: 92.000m2
Domestic Passenger terminal: 40.048m2
Capacity: 25 million pax/year
Opening time: 24/24h.
Source: based on International Civil Aviation Organization (1999, p. 16).

14
ICAO Airport Codes

The ICAO airport code is a four-letter
alphanumeric code designating each airport
around the world. The ICAO codes are used by air
traffic control and airline operations such as
flight planning.
Nic's Tip - Each Country represents the first 2

codes, eg Australia is always Y and then the state,
Melbourne M, so Melbourne would be YM(airport
code), Sydney would be YS(airport code), etc.

15
IATA Airport Codes

An IATA airport code is a three-letter code
designating many airports around the world
(including United States), defined by the
International Air Transport Association (IATA). The
characters prominently displayed on baggage
tags attached at airport check-in desks are an
example of a way these codes are used.
At the link below you can search for the airline
and location codes assigned by IATA.
https://www.iata.org/en/publications/directories/co
de-search/?

16
Airside and Landside

The Functions of an Operations
Airport
• aircraft dispatch
• loading and unloading of
an aircraft
• supplying it with fresh
water, power, fuel
• passenger servicing
• baggage handling
• air cargo handling
• transportation of
passengers
• provision of aerobridges
and air stairs Source: iStock
Source: iStock
Airport Facilities
• Runways
(classifications, marking
and lighting, instrument
runway landing
systems),
• Ground control
• Taxiways
• Holding bays
• Holding areas
• Parking
Source: iStock
Source: iStock
Airport Facilities
• For air traffic control
and airport capacity
the runway
configuration of the
airport is critical
• The position, number,
length, width and
distance between two
runways influence the
number of flights that an
airport can handle Source: iStock
Source: iStock
10 Minute Break
5
Source: iStock
Topic 4.3
Types of Runways
20
Number and orientation of the runway

The number and orientation
of runways should be
decided by the aerodrome
operator in consultation with
airlines and other users of the
aerodrome on the basis of
achieving the maximum
availability of the runway
system under all weather
conditions, for the least
capital investment.
Source: iStock

21
Number and orientation of the runway

Factors to be considered when planning the number
and orientation of runways at an aerodrome include:
• weather, in particular the effect of prevailing
wind, fog and rain on runway usability;
• frequency of aeroplane movements and mix of
aeroplane types;
• aeroplane characteristics, especially the
maximum permissible crosswind velocity;
• airspace conflicts;
• site and site environs constraints

22
Crosswind
https://www.istockphoto.com/en/vector/airplanes-at-runway-gm576937124-99183123?phrase=airport+runway

22
Windrose
Good website to check weather conditions:
ZOOM EARTH https://zoom.earth/maps/wind-speed/#view=13.77,107.229,6z/model=icon
NOAA https://gml.noaa.gov/dv/iadv/graph.php?code=MLO&program=met&type=ts
Yearly average on Mauna Loa, Hawaii (NOAA)

• Direction of the wind
• Intensity of the wind (Speed)

22
Types of Runways

23
Single Runway
Source: iStock
Single Runway
Designed for prevailing winds
Designed to reduce/share noise
Designed to maximise land use Source: Belam (2006), reproduced as per the Wikimedia Creative Commons Attribution License,
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Salzburg_Airport_from_the_air.jpg>.>>.
Consideration for other determining factors

25
Parallel Runways
Sydney Airport (YSSY) operates two parallel runways set at 1,037

metres apart.
Parallel Runways
A parallel runway system consists of two or more runways aligned in a
single direction, parallel to one another.
Every runway has a practical maximum annual capacity and a

maximum peak hourly, capacity which, if exceeded by demand, results
in aircraft delays being incurred.
Unacceptable aircraft delays may be overcome by providing a

parallel runway.
A parallel configuration can provide an efficient means of increasing

the capacity at an aerodrome
Because where a second runway is added parallel to an existing runway, it

can enable additional capacity on the second runway, without adversely
affecting the capacity of the existing runway

27
Parallel Runways
• Much greater separation is necessary when
parallel runways are provided for simultaneous
use by IFR operations. The separation required is
dependent on many factors including the type of
navigational aids and radar equipment provided, the
particular approach, take-off, ATC procedures, and
local conditions.
• Where parallel runways are to be provided, the
aerodrome operator should consult with CAAV and
VATM on airspace and air traffic control procedures
associated with the operation of the multiple runways.

28
Parallel Runways
Where parallel, non-
instrument runways are
provided for simultaneous
use, the minimum
separation distance
between the runway
centrelines is prescribed
Source: iStock

29
Parallel Runways
independent parallel approaches — 1,035 m

the aircraft can fly the approach without worrying about the traffic on the other
runway, as long as they stay on their assigned course and glidepath
dependent parallel approaches — 915 m;
the aircraft have to maintain a certain distance from each other, usually 3
NM (5.6 km) horizontally or 1 000 ft (305 m) vertically, while flying the
approach.
independent parallel departures — 760 m

aircraft can take off without worrying about the traffic on the other runway,
as long as they follow their assigned departure route and climb rate.
segregated parallel operations — 760 m

one runway is used exclusively for approaches and landings, and one runway is
used exclusively for departures

30
Open V-Runways
Source: iStock
Open V-Runways
Runways that diverge from different directions and do

not intersect
When there is little or no wind blowing, both

runways can be used for operations simultaneously
Operations increase substantially when aircraft take-

off and landings are made away from the V

32
Intersecting Runway
Intersecting Runway
Two or more runways that cross each
Used when there are relatively strong prevailing

winds from more than one direction during the year
When the winds are strong from one direction,

operations will be limited to a single runway
With relatively light winds, both runways can be used

simultaneously

34
Airport Taxiways
• A path on an airport that
connects runways
with the airport ramp
area, aircraft
maintenance hangars,
airport terminals and
other facilities
• Provide access to and
from the runways to
other areas of the airport
Source: iStock

35
Airport Taxiways
• Exit and entrance
taxiways are typically
located at the ends of
the runway and are
constructed at right
angles to the runway
• The number and
location of the exit
taxiways depends on
the type and mix of the
aircraft using the runway
Source: iStock

36
Airport Taxiways
• Provide adequate
separation
• Not endanger,
interfere with or delay
arrivals, departures or
other taxiway
operations;
• Provide the shortest
practicable route
Source: iStock

37
Airport Taxiways
• Offer a sufficient
number of runway entry/
exit points,
• Minimise or mitigate
any local
environmental or
social impacts.
Source: iStock

38
Types of Aircraft Parking Positions

• An aircraft will typically
maneuver into the nose-
in parking position
under its own power
• In order to leave the gate
position, it has to be
towed out a sufficient
distance to allow it to
proceed under its own
power
Source: iStock

40
10 Minute Break
5
Source: iStock
Topic 4.4
The Airport Terminal: Functions, Design
and Processing Systems
41
Centralised and Decentralised

Passenger Processing Systems
There are many different

configurations for airport
passenger terminal buildings:
• Nearly all of them can be
categorised on the basis of their
geometrical characteristics and
functionality
• Centralised or de centralised
Source: iStock

42
Centralised
Source: iStock

43
Centralised
• Processing of passengers
is performed at a single
location rather than
distributed through several
different points in the
terminal
• Building is interconnected
with a system of several
parallel satellite piers
Source: iStock

44
De - centralised

45
De - centralised
• Passenger handling
facilities and processing are
provided in smaller units
and repeated in one or
more buildings (Kazda &
Caves 2007).
Source: iStock

46
De - centralised
• Airport terminals handle

over 30 million passengers
a year, such as Chicago
O’Hare and Dallas Fort
Worth Airports, the
passenger walking
distances between gates
could be around 1,500
metres
Source: iStock

47
De - centralised
• To overcome problems such

as this, several
‘decentralised’ terminals
were developed, such as
those that are now in
operation at Dallas
Fort/Worth Airport
Source: iStock

48
Centralised Passenger Processing

Systems - Advantages
Due to centralisation there is reduced cost
Facilitates control of passenger transfers and security
Simplified pedestrian and vehicular information system
Centralised passenger service and amenities

49
Source: Wells (1996, p. 132).
Centralised Passenger Processing

Systems - Disadvantages
Generates vehicular congestion at curb-side
Creates pedestrian congestion at check-in processing area
Develops long walking distances from parking areas

to processing
Limits expansion

50
De-centralised Passenger
Processing Systems - Advantages
Optimise the level of service/ease for passengers
Minimise walking distance
Clarifies circulation providing direct passenger flow
Disperses vehicular circulation for curb-side drop-off and parking
Provides potential for growth through modular buildings
Accommodates diverse modes of transport for passenger access
De-centralised Passenger Processing

Systems - Disadvantages
Necessitates decentralisation of personnel for airline,

airport and government processing activities
Increases capital costs per gate
Increases operating and maintenance costs

52
Wing-tip vortices

52
In class activity
Each one of you will be assigned one of the following airports
Beijing Daxing International Airport (PKX)

Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL)
London Heathrow Airport (LHR)
Singapore Changi Airport (SIN)
Dubai International Airport (DXB)
Los Angeles International Airport (LAX)
Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (AMS)
Hong Kong International Airport (HKG)
Denver International Airport (DEN)
Madrid-Barajas Airport (MAD)
Sydney Airport (SYD)
Tokyo Haneda Airport (HND)
Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport (CDG)
Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW)
Flow split
By only searching on google images or google maps satellite, determine the characteristics of the airport assigned to you, including: shape
, number of terminals, number of runways, runway orientation, particular signs and others
Prepare a one-slide presentation on your findings to showyour classmates

52
Topic 4 – What did we cover

Topic 4.1 The Types and Categories of Airports
Topic 4.2 The Functions of an Airport
Topic 4.3 Types of Runways
Topic 4.4 The Airport Terminal: Functions, Design and Processing Systems

53
Any questions??
Please ask or email me if you
have any questions.
54
End of class survey

AERO2656_EndOfClassSurvey
9
End of Lecture 4
10

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RMIT Classification: Trusted

RMIT University © 2018 School of Engineering 6 6/42

Lecture Learning Outcomes

 Upon successful completion of this lecture you

Topic 4: Airports – Types,

AIRPORT : Key Definition

processed (Doganis 1992).

RMIT University©2015 School of Aerospace, Mechanical

State and (very

RMIT University©2015 School of Aerospace, Mechanical

RMIT University©2015 School of Aerospace, Mechanical

RMIT University©2015 School of Aerospace, Mechanical

The Airfield and its components

It must be designed to enable future expansion, should it be required.

The number, location and design of exit taxiways and rapid

The design and layout of taxiways.

The design and layout of apron areas.

The relative siting and interaction between these elements.

RMIT University©2015 School of Aerospace, Mechanical

The primary runway(s) should be aligned in the direction of the

Taxiways and adjoining apron areas have to be wide enough and

The configuration of the aprons and the landside interface must

The runway(s), taxiways and aprons should be designed and operated

RMIT University©2015 School of Aerospace, Mechanical

ICAO Airport Classification Codes

2 800-<1,200 B 15-<24 4.5-<6

3 1200-<1,800 C 24-<36 6-<9

4 >1,800 D 36-<52 9-<14

Source: based on International Civil Aviation Organization (1999, p. 16).

RMIT University©2015 School of Aerospace, Mechanical

Tan Son Nhat International Airport

Aerodrome reference code: SGN (IATA), VVTS (ICAO)

Source: based on International Civil Aviation Organization (1999, p. 16).

RMIT University©2015 School of Aerospace, Mechanical

ICAO Airport Codes

Nic's Tip - Each Country represents the first 2

RMIT University©2015 School of Aerospace, Mechanical

IATA Airport Codes

RMIT University©2015 School of Aerospace, Mechanical

Airside and Landside

Number and orientation of the runway

RMIT University©2015 School of Aerospace, Mechanical

Number and orientation of the runway

RMIT University©2015 School of Aerospace, Mechanical

RMIT University©2015 School of Aerospace, Mechanical

Yearly average on Mauna Loa, Hawaii (NOAA)

RMIT University©2015 School of Aerospace, Mechanical

RMIT University©2015 School of Aerospace, Mechanical

Designed for prevailing winds

Designed to reduce/share noise

Consideration for other determining factors

RMIT University©2015 School of Aerospace, Mechanical

Sydney Airport (YSSY) operates two parallel runways set at 1,037

Every runway has a practical maximum annual capacity and a

Unacceptable aircraft delays may be overcome by providing a

A parallel configuration can provide an efficient means of increasing

Because where a second runway is added parallel to an existing runway, it

RMIT University©2015 School of Aerospace, Mechanical

RMIT University©2015 School of Aerospace, Mechanical

RMIT University©2015 School of Aerospace, Mechanical

independent parallel approaches — 1,035 m

independent parallel departures — 760 m

segregated parallel operations — 760 m