CVG5311 – Bridge

Design
LECTURE 7: CONCRETE STRUCTURES (PART 2)

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8.8 Flexure and axial loads
Assumptions for serviceability and fatigue limit states
◦ Uncracked concrete may be assumed to resist tension
◦ Stress in concrete directly proportional to strain
◦ Strain varies linearly over depth of section, except for deep beams
◦ Changes in strain in bonded reinforcement are equal to changes in
strain of surrounding concrete
◦ Transformed area of bonded reinforcement included in the
calculation of section properties

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8.8 Flexure and axial loads
Assumptions for ultimate limit states
◦ Strain varies linearly over depth, except for deep beams
◦ Strain changes in bonded reinforcement equal to strain changes in
surrounding concrete
◦ Maximum usable strain of concrete in compression is 0.0035
◦ Stress in reinforcement may be determined using a strain
compatibility approach
◦ Tensile strength of concrete is neglected
◦ Use of a rectangular concrete stress block is permitted

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8.8.4.2 Tendon stress at ultimate limit
states
For prestressed concrete members with bonded tendons, a
simplified method may be used to calculate tendon stress at ultimate
if c/dp is less than or equal to 0.5:

𝑘𝑘𝑝𝑝 𝑐𝑐
𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 (1 − )
𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝

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Flexural resistance
𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 = 𝑇𝑇𝑝𝑝

𝛼𝛼1 𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝜑𝜑𝑝𝑝 𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝

𝑐𝑐
𝛼𝛼1 𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝛽𝛽1 𝑐𝑐𝑏𝑏 = 𝜑𝜑𝑝𝑝 𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢 (1 − 𝑘𝑘𝑝𝑝 )
𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝

𝜑𝜑𝑝𝑝 𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝

𝑐𝑐 =
𝛼𝛼1 𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝛽𝛽1 𝑏𝑏 + 𝜑𝜑𝑝𝑝 𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑘𝑘𝑝𝑝 /𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝

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Flexural resistance
If c/dp ≤ 0.5:

𝑐𝑐
𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 (1 − 𝑘𝑘𝑝𝑝 )
𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝

𝑎𝑎
𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟 = 𝜑𝜑𝑝𝑝 𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 (𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝 − )
2

Otherwise, use strain compatibility and iterate to find fpr (requires stress-strain
curve for prestressing steel)

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Example
Find the moment resistance for the beam shown using the CSA S6 approximate
method.
f‘c = 40 MPa
300 mm
fpe = 0.6fpu
Ap = 8x99 = 792 mm2
550 mm
dp = 550 mm

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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8.9 Shear and torsion
Procedure is similar to concrete building design according to CSA
A23.3
For prestressed members, the general method of shear design
should be followed

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Shear resistance
Prestressed concrete has main two advantages over non-prestressed reinforced
concrete in terms of shear resistance:
◦ Prestressed tendons are often draped or harped meaning that the prestressing force
has a vertical component which is opposite to the direction of the applied shear

◦ The axial force introduced by prestressing reduces the principal diagonal tension,
and “flattens” the angle of inclination of the principal tension, thus increasing the
shear capacity of the concrete and allows for increased stirrup spacing

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Shear resistance
The first advantage is accounted for by adding a term “Vp” in shear
resistance calculations, which is the vertical component of the
prestressing force at the critical section
The second advantage is accounted for by increasing the “β” term
and reducing the angle θ in Vc and Vs calculations

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8.9.3 General method for shear design
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 = 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 + 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 + 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝

𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 2.5𝛽𝛽𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣

𝜑𝜑𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃

𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 =
𝑠𝑠

𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 = 𝜑𝜑𝑝𝑝 𝐹𝐹𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 sin 𝛼𝛼𝑝𝑝

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8.9.3 General method for shear design
0.4 1300
𝛽𝛽 = [ ]
1 + 1500𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 1000 + 𝑠𝑠𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧

𝜃𝜃 = (29 + 7000𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 )

𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓
+ 𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓 − 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 + 0.5𝑁𝑁𝑓𝑓 − 𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣
𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 =
2(𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 + 𝐸𝐸𝑝𝑝 𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 )

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Example
Compare the shear resistance of the following beam using the general method
and the simplified method if εx = 0.00015

Fpe = 1500 kN
α = 15°
10M stirrups at 100 mm spacing
bw = 300 mm α

dv = 550 mm
f‘c = 40 MPa

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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8.9 Shear and Torsion
Torsion is also an important consideration for bridge components
Torsion should be considered in concrete members when the
factored torsional moment, Tf, is greater than 0.25Tcr

𝐴𝐴2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.80𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 [1 + ]0.5
𝑝𝑝𝑐𝑐 0.80𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

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Torsion due to curvature

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8.11 Durability
Should consider the following deterioration mechanisms (not
exclusive):
◦ Corrosion (due to either carbonation or chlorides)
◦ Freeze-thaw cycles
◦ Alkali aggregate reaction
◦ Chemical attack
◦ Abrasion

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8.12 Control of cracking

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8.12 Control of cracking
For non-prestressed beams with a depth greater than 750 mm,
longitudinal reinforcement must be evenly distributed over both
faces of the web at a spacing not more than 200 mm and a total area
not less than 0.01bwd

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8.13 Deformation
Simplified method permitted for calculation of deflections and
rotations using the concept of an effective moment of inertia, Ie

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𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒 = 𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔 − 𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ≤ 𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔
𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎
For prestressed concrete:

𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 )

=1−
𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑙
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8.13 Deformation
Long-term deflections may be obtained by multiplying instantaneous
deflections by the following factor:

𝑆𝑆
[1 + ]
1 + 50𝜌𝜌𝜌

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8.18 Special provisions for deck slabs
Deck slab thickness shall not be less than 175 mm (Cl. 8.18.2.3)
An additional thickness of 10 mm at the top surface of exposed
concrete decks shall be provided to allow for wear (Cl. 8.18.2.4)

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8.18.3 Empirical design method
Applies to slabs that are of nearly uniform thickness and bounded by
supporting beams, and:
◦ Deck slab is composite with supporting parallel beams, whose
supports are also parallel to each other
◦ Span-to-depth ratio is less than or equal to 18.0
◦ Spacing of supporting beams is not greater than 4.0 m, and slab
extends sufficiently beyond external beams to provide full
development length for bottom transverse reinforcement
◦ Diaphragms and edge stiffening are provided according to the
requirements of Clause 8.18

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 8.18.3 Empirical design method
In addition to the previous general requirements, a cast-in-place slab
must also meet the following requirements:
◦ Contains two orthogonal assemblies of reinforcement near the top and bottom of
the slab with a reinforcement ratio in each direction of at least 0.003 (may be
reduced to 0.002 in some cases)
◦ The reinforcing bars closest to the top and bottom of the slab are either
perpendicular to the axes of the supporting beams or parallel to the lines of beam
supports
◦ Reinforcement ratio for skewed reinforcement shall not be less than 0.003/cos2θ
◦ If the unsupported length of the edge stiffening beam is greater than 5 m, the
reinforcement ratio in exterior regions of the slab is increased to 0.006
◦ Spacing of reinforcement in each direction cannot exceed 300 mm
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8.18.3 Empirical design method

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8.18.3 Empirical design method
If all of the requirements are met, the deck slab does not need to be
analyzed except for negative transverse moments due to loads on
the deck slab overhang and the barrier walls, and for longitudinal
moments in continuous span bridges
If the requirements are not met, the slabs may be designed using
conventional flexural design methods

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Additional Resources
CSA S6.1 Commentary
Barker & Puckett 2013:
◦ Ch. 13: Reinforced Concrete Material Response & Properties
◦ Ch. 14: Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Members
◦ Ch. 16: Concrete Design Examples
CPCI Design Manual, 5th edition, 2017

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Assignment 5
1. Design the reinforcement for the bridge deck from Assignment 3.
Check if conditions for the Empirical Design Method are met.
2. Assuming the girders are CPCI 1600, estimate the number of
prestressing strands needed to meet allowable stress limits at
transfer for the central span. Sketch the strand layout at the beam
ends and at midspan.
3. Calculate the moment resistance of the beam at midspan, and the
shear resistance at the beam ends. State whether the girder capacity
is sufficient. Consider the contribution of the composite deck slab for
moment resistance.
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 Section 16 – Fibre-reinforced structures
As a result of the high costs associated with steel reinforcement corrosion,
the use of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement in bridges has
increased substantially in the last 30 years
◦ Particularly for top layer of reinforcement in deck slabs, and in barrier walls
FRP materials can be used either as internal reinforcement (bars) for new
construction, or in the form of sheets or plates for repair and rehabilitation
We will focus on the use of FRP bars as internal reinforcement

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 Why FRP?
Many reinforced concrete structures are
showing extensive signs of deterioration
due to corrosion of steel reinforcement
FRP reinforcement provides a corrosion-
resistant alternative to steel rebar that can
increase the service lives of concrete
structures and reduce maintenance costs

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 3, 2008

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 FRP materials
Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials
were originally developed for use in the
automotive and aerospace sectors
They have recently been increasing in use
in civil engineering projects due to
reductions in costs
FRP materials are available in a wide range
of types and shapes for various
applications

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FRP materials
FRP materials are a composite material made of high strength fibres
and a polymer matrix
Fibres provide strength and stiffness, while the polymer matrix binds
the fibres, protects them, and transfers forces between fibres

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FRP materials
Glass FRP
◦ Lowest cost
◦ Most widely used
◦ Lowest strength and stiffness
Carbon FRP
◦ Higher cost
◦ Higher strength and stiffness

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 FRP materials
Advantages
◦ High strength to weight ratio
◦ Excellent durability
◦ Excellent fatigue characteristics (carbon)
◦ Ease and speed of installation
◦ Electromagnetically neutral
◦ Ability to tailor mechanical properties
https://www.owenscorning.com/en-us/composites/applications/bridge-construction

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 FRP materials
Disadvantages
◦ High initial cost compared to steel
◦ Low compression and shear strength
◦ Lower elastic modulus
◦ Lower alkaline resistance (glass)
◦ Lower fire resistance
◦ Linear elastic to failure
◦ Prone to creep and creep rupture (glass)
◦ Must be formed and bent during manufacture
◦ Properties vary by manufacturer
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 FRP-reinforced concrete
Important considerations:
◦ Serviceability often governs design – EGFRP ≈ Esteel/3
◦ Tension-controlled failures are not ductile – they occur suddenly with
little or no warning
◦ Over-reinforced sections are generally more desirable (ρ > ρb)
◦ Under-reinforced sections are only permissible if Mr ≥ 1.5 Mf (CL.
16.8.2.2)
◦ Strength of bent stirrups can be significantly lower than straight bars
◦ Compression reinforcement is neglected

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Balanced failure
Simultaneous rupture of FRP (εFRP = εFRPu) and concrete crushing (εc =
0.0035)

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Balanced failure

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Compression failure
Concrete crushes before FRP rupture (ρ > ρb)

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Compression failure

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Tension failure
FRP ruptures before concrete crushes (ρ < ρb)

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Tension failure

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Cracking
Crack widths are limited to 0.5 mm in aggressive environments, and
0.7 mm in other environments (CL. 16.8.2.3)

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Allowable stress limits
GFRP in particular may be susceptible to creep rupture under
sustained loading, or fatigue failure under repeated loading
The stresses in GFRP reinforcement at service are limited to 0.25fFRPu
(CL. 16.8.3)
Stress limits in CFRP are higher  0.65fFRPu

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Deformability
The concept of “ductility” does not apply to FRP-reinforced concrete
members since the reinforcement is not able to develop inelastic
strains
However, FRP-reinforced concrete members can develop sufficiently
large curvatures before failure
The term “deformability” is used instead of “ductility” as a measure
of the ability of the member to provide sufficient visual warning
prior to failure

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Shear
Lower stiffness of FRP reinforcement results in deeper and wider
cracks (neutral axis is higher than a similar steel-reinforced beam)
◦ This reduces the depth of the uncracked concrete and the shear
transfer by aggregate interlock
FRP also has lower dowel strength (i.e. strength perpendicular to its
longitudinal axis)
Strength of FRP stirrups at bends is also significantly reduced
These factors result in a lower shear capacity of FRP-reinforced
concrete members

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Shear
Shear design follows the general method, accounting for the
material properties of the FRP reinforcement in the calculation of εx

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Shear
𝜑𝜑𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝜎𝜎𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣
𝑉𝑉𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑠𝑠

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Example
Determine the moment and shear resistance of the rectangular
beam shown below.

Four 12.5 mm GFRP bars

10 mm GFRP stirrups at 150 mm spacing 600 mm

fFRPu = 1000 MPa

EFRP = 60 GPa
f’c = 30 MPa 350 mm

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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