INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SCHOOL

BHOPAL

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT 2023-24:-

Chemistry
SUBMITTED
IN PARITIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT FOR
THE
ALL INDIA SENIOR SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
Class-XII F Session- 2023-2024

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATIGATORY PROJECT ON

STUDY OF DYEING OF FABRICS

Guided By :- Submitted By:- Devansh Shrivastava

Mrs. SARIKA GUPTA Board Roll Number :-
T

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that chemistry project titled

"To Study the Dyeing of Fabrics"

has been successfully completed by Devansh Shrivastava

of class XII F as prescribed by the CBSE course,
during the academic year 2023-24.

Principal’s Signature Teacher’s Signature

External Examiner’s Signature

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I owe a great many thanks to many people who helped and

supported me during the completion of this project. First of
all, I would like to thank Mrs. Sarika Gupta for her
guidance throughout this project. She has taken pain to go
through the project and made necessary corrections as and
when required. I express my thanks to Mrs. Deepti Singh,
Principal, International Public School, Bhopal for extending
her support. I would also thank our institution and our
faculty members, without whom this project would have
been a distant reality. I also extend my heartfelt gratitude to
my family and friends. Last but not the least, I would like to
thank God almighty, without whose invaluable support this
project would not have been materialized.

Devansh Shrivastava

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 CONTENTS

Sl. No. TOPIC Page No.

1 INTRODUCTION 5

2 TYPES OF DYES 6

3 THEORY 7

4 EXPERIMENT 8

5 PROCEDURE 9-10

6 RESULT 11

7 PRECAUTIONS 12

8 BIBILIOGRAPHY 13

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 INTRODUCTION
Dyeing is the application of dyes or pigments on the entire
textile materials such as fibres, yarns, and fabrics with the
goal of achieving colour with desired colour fastness. Dyeing
is normally done in a special solution containing dyes and
particular chemical material. Dye molecules are fixed to the
fibre by absorption, diffusion, or bonding with temperature
and time being key controlling factors.
The primary source of dye, historically, has been nature, with
the dyes being extracted from animals or plants. Since the
mid-19th century, however, artificial dyes have been
produced to achieve a broader range of colours and to
render the dyes more stable to washing and general use.

Chemistry Investigatory 5 | P a g e
 TYPES OF DYES
Textile dyes can be classified into different groups based on
their chemical compositions.
1. Acid dyes are used mainly for dyeing wool, silk, and
nylon.
2. Direct (substantive) dyes have strong affinity for
cellulose fibres.
3. Mordant dyes require the addition of chemical
substances, such as salts, to give them an affinity for the
material being dyed. They are used with cellulosic fibres,
wool, or silk after such materials have been treated with
metal salts.
4. Sulfur dyes are used to dye cellulose. They are
inexpensive but produce colours lacking brilliance.
5. Azoic dyes are insoluble pigments formed within the
fibre by padding, first with a soluble
coupling compound and then with a diazotized base.
6. Vat dyes being insoluble in water are converted into
soluble colourless compounds by means of alkaline
sodium hydrosulphite. Cellulose absorbs these
colourless compounds, which are subsequently oxidized
to an insoluble pigment. Such dyes are colourfast.
7. Disperse dyes are suspensions of finely divided
insoluble, organic pigments used to dye hydrophobic
fibres such as polyesters, nylon, and cellulose acetates.

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 THEORY
Cotton fibres show good durability and utility. It is a stable
material; it stays undamaged even in the conditions of high
exposure of weak acids and alkalis. It has high water
absorbing capacity. Cotton fabrics are easy to dye, they have
very low elasticity characters. They are easy washable and
can be ironed even at very high temperatures.

Woollen fibres are high moisture absorbers too. They take

up moisture in vapour form. It generates heat when it
absorbs moisture. Each wool fibre is a molecular coil-spring,
making the fibre remarkably elastic. They have highly
durability and resilience.

Malachite Green is an organic compound that is used as a

dyestuff and controversially as an antimicrobial in
aquaculture. Malachite green is traditionally used as a dye for
materials such as silk, leather, and paper. Although called
malachite green, this dye is not prepared from the mineral
malachite - the name just comes from the similarity of
colour.
CHEMICAL FORMULA: [C6H5C(C6H4N(CH3)2)2]Cl
COMMON NAME: Triarylmethane dye.
STRUCTURE:

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 EXPERIMENT

AIM:
To dye cotton and woollen clothes with malachite green.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
o 500 ml beakers
o Tripod stand
o Wire gauze
o Glass rod
o Spatula
o Wool cloth
o Cotton cloth.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
o Na2CO3
o Tannic Acid {C76H52O46}
o Tartaremetic acid
o malachite green dye

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 PROCEDURE
o Preparation of sodium carbonate solution:
Take about 0.5g of solid sodium carbonate.
Dissolve it in 250ml of water.

o Preparation of tartaremetic solution:

Take about 0.2g of tartaremetic solution.
Dissolve it in 100ml of water by stirring with the help of glass
rod.

o Preparation of tannic acid solution:

Take 100ml of water in a beaker
Add about 1.0g of tannic acid to it.
Heat the solution. On heating a clear solution of tannic acid is
obtained.

o Preparation of dye solution:

Take about 0.1g of malachite green dye.
Add to it 400ml of water.
Warming results in a clear solution of the dye.

I. Dyeing of wool:
1. Take about 200ml of dye solution and dip in it the
woollen cloth to be dyed.
2. Boil the solution for about 2 minutes.
3. After that remove the cloth and wash it with hot water
3-4 times, squeeze and keep it for dyeing.

Chemistry Investigatory 9 | P a g e
 II. Dyeing of cotton:
Cotton does not absorb malachite green readily, therefore
it requires the use of a mordant.
1. For dyeing a cotton cloth it must be dipped in sodium
carbonate solution for 10 minutes and then rinse with
water.
2. Then put the cloth in hot tannic solution for about 5
minutes.
3. Take out the cloth from tannic acid solution and keep
it in tartaremetic solution for about 5 minutes.
4. Remove the cloth and squeeze it with spatula to
remove most of the solution.
5. Place the cloth in boiling solution of the dye for about
5 minutes.
6. Remove and wash the dyed cloth thoroughly with
water, squeeze and keep it for drying.

III. Dyeing of cotton directly:

1. Take another piece of cotton cloth and put it directly
into boiling solution of the dye.
2. Keep it dipped for about 2 minutes.
3. Remove the cloth, wash it with water, squeeze and
keep it for drying.

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 RESULT

FABRIC RESULT
Wool The dye is adsorbed quickly
Cotton (directly) The dye is adsorbed slowly and
gives low intensity colouration
Cotton (NaHCO3 + The dye is adsorbed fast with a
Tannic acid) better intensity

Thus, from the above table, we can note that wool adsorbs
dye fastest whereas cotton adsorbs dye only on indirect
dyeing.

Observations

Sodium Carbonate Solution Preparation

Observation: The solid sodium carbonate dissolves completely in the water,
resulting in a clear and colorless solution.

Tartaremetic Solution Preparation

Observation: Upon stirring, the tartaremetic completely dissolves in the
water, forming a clear and colorless solution.
Tannic Acid Solution Preparation
Observation: As the tannic acid is heated in the water, it dissolves and
forms a clear solution, which might appear slightly brownish due
to the color of tannic acid.

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 IMAGES

Boiling of Malachite Green Dyeing of Cotton Cloth

Dyeing of Wollen Cloth Dyed Cotton Cloth

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 PRECAUTION
 Let the Malachite Green solution boil properly for
about 8-10 minutes to get better results.

 While dyeing cotton directly, let the cotton cloth be

present in the dye for more than or equal to 2
minutes but not less.

 Using of solutions such as tartaremetic solution,

tannic acid solution must be eminent.

 Usage of gloves is preferable to ensure tidiness.

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 BIBILIOGRAPHY
I collected the information for this project from the
following sources:
 www.wikipedia.org

 britannica.com

 www.seminarsomnly.com

 www.chemstudy.com

 NCERT CHEMISTRY CLASS 12 MANUAL

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