- ae on adhone prorpoun (& 4 (ole ; palate c= ee eS =. ee 4 aS ntroduction size of settlements has led inevitably fo the study of hierarchies i Many belleve that setilements have grown not randoinly but in 4 | logical’manner, ‘so that their sizes depict a specific patter | true for every country. “or example, India has four large « opolises | Delhi, Mumbai, Caleutta and Chennai. These four are not of the same size and in their respective regions, there are no ties at | comparable size, An attempt to find generalisation: concerning the size and distribution of cuies oi a Country is the primate city law \ y Definition and Concept EH eee Qeo9 ne ele. rounded by. Isei vation Mata onately Lar i_athers in the ‘example, London 1 i a Vitis The size of Liverpool, Copepage nine times Targer than Aathus and Mexico City five times. the size uf Guadalabara, Hased on these observations, the law stated tha: “A jeenunteyete cle < disproportionately ¢ la exceptionally express i capacity and feeling’! see STarger than any 1 rily The urba, i } The'study of settioment classificauion and especially Qf the different i The Law of the P, is Tas tispre . | TSO). This w. \ Sivas usualy A" Gert wall towns donated bs avers eae ne aL iliate centres, = ¥ becomes larger than any athe: of urban devélépment and thas”mec 4. oft : (Aer, apraaltdy Mevelops an impelus lor sell wuytaining growth, It ementés_as| the! Tatts 10 iL the most ener, Tolation to other sifite functions and becol This ultimately vesults in the cone ion of all superlatives Jof a ° nation’s, life towards it: the opportunities, services ind: personalities which enguce its sql-sustaining, growth, 1 Distribution ‘ ‘ [| Primate cities are [found aluust_in_all_the countries, developed or eveloping, in the] Norther Hemisphere as well as in the Southern Ae iy Hemisphere, GUT th 1 f SLU vary in oath one of th Factors affecting Prim4 ng Primacy Primacy is a product of small size of a country, short urbanisation, simble economic and political or economy and cxpdrt orientation af the economy. histofy. anisation, | ze of the country When the size of the counny is sanall the forces of economic - centralisation crefite a tendency vowards primacy; isuch ds in : Penmark, where ow city, the State Capital, Copenhagen domihates the economy ol te country. sunlar efleets of size are seen in many island States where the capital wily is the primate city Such as|Seva (Fiji). Counisies having Ja recent colonial history and a shart y. of banisation show) a tendency for prim, for-exampl or New Zealand. Th entre post ct development of [Australif: has been” Carried “tlrough within the era af global comnlerce, technological revplution and industrialisation, )Because the rpgion tacked even the| levels of urbanisation conimonly found it the sBrarian civilisatigns of the pre-industrial world, it follows logically that the present urban systom, with one. primate city, is absolutely the creation uf the expansive colonial mpechanisihs of mercantile and industrial Lucope, | n; Ny . \ fA country, which isl dependent on exports and extesnal Ut sh 1 _ Diendency for primacy.A siudy of New Zee Sad signifies he DON | ol New awards primacy st with the typical Hew Zealand demonstrates @ ‘Auckland hie | Mutional and regional levels which is associated The primacy of 48,0U0, it war OY plonial dependence on external trade. increased and in 1966, with, a population of 5, the size of Christchurch, the next largest city. In a similar manne citivs have also maintained their dominance over regional primate i their, hinterlands. This is largely Attributed to New Zealand has been economy and location. Economic development concentrated upon! ton gpiscementmaustes. Suche industres, Such 1nd require imported caw material So tha advantages of “port 13 are clear, In addition, access to local market und a location which Aciitates distribution to a wider market are also advantageous. In one such develaepmen : J country of less thai one million people only j case Auckland), which has emerged site is feasible {in this " ly the primate city, As a result, while the economically as increasing ‘SY ned their primate relationship over Vi” jus locations have jreciuded ther advanced economic status O° hinterlands, their less advantage economic development relative to Auckland. Lainie econgmic snd political organisati : 1 ical ovpanisa also leads 1¢ orm. Zountry in early stagés of economic developn having trlati _ Sinple economic anid spatial structure, a small_area ‘and papular fow per-capita incomes, ecunnimic—dependence on agricu!t Exports and 3 Colonial history shows_tendenc towards primacy Under these circumstances, thi Country can sustain and support only one big city (see chapter 12, Rank Size Rule). With population giowin other cities emerge as alternative and economic development, growth points and erode the position of the primate city. This type ot simple economic and spatial structure is exhibited by many Ainican sey Latin American| cities, such as Khartoum (Sudan), Addis Abais (Ethiopia), Mogadishu (Somalia), Kinshasha (Zaire), Nairobi (Kenya), Montevideo (Uruguay), Mexico Cily (Mexico), Bogota (Coiumbia). | regional centres have mai \ AL +” simple economic and pol: ayer Dual Economy * rig /Strongtoutside’forces may induce ptimacy. Dual economies in Kenya. Te nlonésin ad Thailand have been responsible Tor mpkins e Cilles, respectively Nairobi, Lagos, Jakarta and Bangkok prin econompis an aconpmy, which appears 10 consist of two purls 4 enemas SUTZ | : i having distinétive history and ‘aynamicsdsome significant features! Trom arier stages of industrial growth frequently co-exist with. modern developments. The dual urban economy has been_given many names, e.g. *{ormal” and-—tnformat” sectors and more recently, “upper economic circuit” and “lower economic circul able aaee Sse—Iwo sectors, having distinctly different characteristics, are, represented by different urban areas, i.e, different cities are, representative of the economy which they support and on which they} are dependent upon. i ’ 1 Towle 11.1; Upper and Lower Circuit Econamy ____ et | raat _ Upper Circunt {| Lower Circuit | | Capital Intensive 7 { | Labour intensive « ‘ 1 | Primitive Limited [ Abundant - Negotiable, bartering Personal depeadence | Great externally oriented { | Small or none nf this urban dual economy, ene predominantly Western: orented, being partly a product of investment, the other being mare! indigenous and of much lower economic order is a diagnostic feature + of developing countries. The higher economic order identifies itself) with the main city, the primate city. \ Porsioance ations” - T Although 3 are found in almost all the continents, nevertheless, re certain deviations from the primacy found in these counirias. These deviations are— 1 the degree of primacy varies from country to country, and some states may incorporate more than one primate city. ’ 4 Ocgree or the| at primacy or primacy ratio). ;The degree calculated dy index eff brimacy is the measure of relative importance of the largest tow 5 : the measure, 2 index of Primacy = 2h Level of Primacy Aargest town | i Meonpenase- Gua\o yor, Gee G yer |ona tls printacy os estiblishedd as a nation or a rey tlown Where; Py > Population of the Lar Pr, » Population of the second Largest town + When the second largest city has less than half the population ot the largest city, then the degree or level of primacy is said to be heat and vice versa. i i Primacy ratios thal increase aver time demonstrate that the primate | Sity is becoming mor onant in terms of population and proba. | Inthe performance, faf_key sacia TOnOMmiG an ! within a countr ligher ratios of minal To_urt | primate city than to Wie se Ss well as initially + | fertility rates in primate cies, are the reasons fer increasitt Ty | Tatios increasing over tine in developing Counties. 7 eases 1 When primacy ratios decrease aver time, the population ditfe narrow between the two dargest places. The ammes, successtully’ decentralising — poversment businesses and industries, may explain the smaller rsa ve is | second largest city and by individual migrants bein cities other than the primate city.. vn regarding primacy | The following peneralisations cau be der from 1950 to 2000-—- Sout innreaser! in 1 primacy rate eme countries) like Columbia, however, the primate city agglemer than in South Korea, Niger vans 1 to 1980 indicate that tie dominance of Banote, Co and Teheran vis-a-vis the secend fore ond gest cities M deliv Ibadan and tshfater mal Fah Aha daveen nate higher ratios at preven compared Jakarta, Seoul, Lac cities has increased. The | sc Alexandtia, Surabaja, Lahore, Pusa respectively are attracting nol gnly fewer rural migrants but wis probably fewer key economic, social and political functions. 2. In populous developing countries that_have_a_number of omeratians, the primacy rallo Te ee dere tireered : irban ans i | -dectine is quite discernible. in India, Mesic tina, WET i City, Calcutta and Shanghai are estimated 1a Pe: Ve’ i Oh cides in ihe) eepectiv counters, ine 6"! i Citize of Guadalahars, Mumbai and Beijing increases! 18 2 ON, ! fancy cate nnd in fart, Mumba has ‘outstripped Calewta BY oo estimated ta hay Calcutta, Mumbai and Dethi are all shanghai and Bene 20 million residents each, as are in |: : ie most developed. countries) have} ‘d constant, for example, in France, the! 1 S. Primacy ratios sinee 1950, in declined of have cemanie UK, the ULS.A and Russia Where there are two hinge urban anulomerations and wilere the! Halural mnercase rate is cero, primacy catio has remaine static.! This is evident tn Canada, Australia and New Zealand, 8 Pfimacy ratios have increased in countries. where there is dominating primate city suet is Tokyo- ohama tn Madi aim, Rome in Taly, In each of these count rate of primate city growth is much greater than in the largest agglomeration oof Osaka, Warceluna! and respectively, Vigh level of primacy is (ound both in developed countries! the U.K (London is tour times the size of Birmingham), in Denmark, and developing countries, like in Mexico, Columbia, €l Salvador: Malayasia, Kangladesh, Nepal and in most African countrigs. Here prisaacy is linked to economic development. A Economic take off and the resultant marked regional inequalities lead: to higher levels of primacy. | Low fevels of primacy ‘are also found in many countries, particularly, those which depict a tendency towards multiple primacy. : A cMiple Primacy 1 Sa i When a,state has more than one primate city it is d to|be in 2 state of multinie primacy. Multiple primacy is caused by many factors operating on nau landscape of Multiple Primacy i Cause: States have mer 1,_Som than_one national ‘identity, often coinciding, wilh Tepional concentrations of idenufiabld ethed minority yroups, bor example, in Spain, Madrid is the cpatre of Cestilian nationalism ‘and Barcelona’s comparable size and influence. This is because it is the centre of Catalan Groyps On a sinatler scale, Bilbao avis ay centre lor the Basques. Similarly! when formerly separate cogions, with their respective | primate cities, agglomenide they create multiple primacy. Ih: Italy| provincial nationalism, which predates the unification} of the Nolian State, reflected in the tendency towards: fmultiple primacy assuciated with Naples, Reme and Venice, while the industrial prowth of Milan has added the fourth city. 3 | 1 |there is more than on ne 5 of more than 0! Ec sents one such case. In Canada, te ree i aes English speakin. people while Cee cans Co speaking peopl¢. The third city, in the om vated pale western part of the country, has emerged development. 2. In.some States, similarly, may also lead te muitple “primacy-patremn- In the U.S.A, Tor example, New York Semin: the North Eastern Seaboard but there are several other resions clusters of settlement each with their dominant urban ceat such as Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore. 3. Effects of size and distanc 4. Historical and ‘cultural factors, such as very long peru “urbanisation have been Tesponsible tor more than orp. « leading to smaller households, and the inflexibility of occupancy policies in the Government subsidised housing. i iocativn is often more important for! them than quality of accommodation. A large family would choose to squeeze into one room in an inner cily tenement because it is within walking distance of thes main centres of employment, even when better accommodation is available on the outskirts of the city. Broadly speaking, each city has its. characteristic mix of housing alternatives for the lower income groups. Some are legal, e.g., rented rooms in tenements, and cheap boatding or | rooming houses, or accommodation in peripheral locations. Others are illegal, such as «yontaneous settlements on unoccupied sites, carefully planned and organised ‘invasion’, or the illegal sub-division of purchased or sented dwellings. Each category has its distinguishing problems and each calls for a different approach. : Many children irom poor families who do not find work end up on the streets. Some 100 million children live adrift on the streets of the world’s cities, today on the margins of the adult world, surviving by scavenging, stealing and finding transient jobs such as selling small items, shining shoes, guarding and washing cars or unlawful: and criminal activities. As street children have neither a voice nor a vote, their plight is often overlooked by politicians and city planners alike. The urban poor are not found only in developing countries. As wrentioned earlier, even in the richest, countries intra-urban differences are rising. In the U.S.A. about 38 million people are ‘near. poverty’ (UNDP, 1991). There are many cHaracteristics common to the lives of the dispossessed in poor areas of cities: substandard shelter, lack of or inadequate water and sanitary disposal services, inadequate health care facilities, schools, Overcrowding,, premature aduliiiood, and a high rate of crime. They ate sometimes referred to as ‘socially marginal’, ‘spatially marginal or ‘politically marginal’. The sharing of equal misery in squatier settlements and poor areas has transformed some of these areas into almost closed societies withinthe urban conglomeration, they often make fertile ground for crime. deug trafficking and other legal activities, Kedlining ‘and other neglectul policies bave resulted in a vicious cycle of deterioration in the poor areas of cities ia developing countries. The cos ch neglect are staggering. Not only dovs the quality of life of the poor sulfer trom such neglect, but the direct and indirect ¢ fo society of tolerating, an underclass of urban poor iscalse mounting, This cause long-term consequences ot depriving both the underprivileged and society of their économic potential- the chance to become better educated, better skilled and more self-reliant. and Underemployment Unemployment and underemplayment are worldwide problem but the nature and magnitude of the problem differs, In the developed cbuntries, the problem is primarily unemployment, In addition, large number of persons carn so little that they remain essentially in poverty, But in the developing countries where the competition for job is tremendous (because of overcrowding and immigration) people may get job but the one that is helow their capabilities, i.c., underemployment. This forces many people having- similar qualifications to resort to self employn such as hawking, opening welling, Roos and services on the streets; ucational qualification are such as theft, The streets ot ¢ filled with thousands sector, who seek up small toed stands and not to speak of these whe with litle « loft with. begging and petty street crim the major cities in the developing countric of such members of urban informal worki marginal existence with long, hours of work, ' The disparity in the income level has its fall out, especially when they are exposed to the glamorous city lifestyle and find themselves incapable enough to attain it, Unable to earn more, the, bounding frustration and inability to obtain it gives way to sheer frustration ef not living up the mark and prompts them to try everything possible to gel rich. Sometimes this hecomes a cause of high-tech crimes. This rdther unusual phenomenon has been experienced in’ Delhi when many young, people resorted to extracting ransoms. by. kidnapping Other people who have become rich but still long for more money adopt a very pseudo type of lifestyle just to depict that they alsa stand among equals (or rather unequal). This just adds fuel to the tire of the frustrating intelligent: it general, viemployment and underemployment has been the root chuse of the crime in urban areas. The slum and squatter settlements are especially infested by it, In the black Ghettos of New York, curfew after evening is a routine affaircial and Soc sues Underemployment and unemployment in conjunction with factors give rise to many subsidiary problens related toca social issues. However, these problems vary from region to tegion and country to country | : he relative prosperity of the United Star waves of illegal immigrants, particu! countries and Mexico, secking employinent and better life. These people commonly settle in cities and seaetimes can be a source of contlict. within the cities. The Cuban refugees dramatically transformed the population composition and economic base of Miami, Florida, These people have become competitors for jobs sought by legal and illegal immigrants and outright conflict with other low income yroups, such as blacks, as) well as population. | fur example, has led to ly fom Latin American A similar situation has develuped in turope where a number of'social problems are created by tensions between religious groups (Catholics and Protestants i Northern Ireland), Linguistic and nationalistic differences (I um) and long. lablished residents and recently arrived foreign immigrant yroups. Indonesians (Moluccans) in Wurch cities: Pakistanis, Saudis ancl Wi Indians in Lo ndon; Nalians do Turks in Mounieh and German cities and Aly ripns in Paris, Marseilles and other french citi have bee e the victims of social alienation nd focus of conflicts. Discrimination in housing and employment, racism and bloody violent protests and clashes are quite common, Terrorist attacks in Spain, Haly, Germany, France and in other large west Curopean cities have often targeted industries, airlines, banks and government offices. | In South East Asia, millions of immigrated Chinese and Indian iduring the colonial era left those countries, after independence with very distorted) socio-economic patterns concentrated in the former colonial cities that tend to divide the races and work againstlefforts at development of national unity ! One of the, results of the influx of forvigners into Middle & many of the benefits and services of the state not open to them. Native population has the easy lucrative jobs as in the government bureaucracy while aliens hald most ol the onerous bul necessary labour and service occupations, This i ceason enough fora poteatial crisis. stern]! cities is that a second class status has been placed upon them, with]! PCI9/Teaffic Congestion and Transportati An .obvious effect of overcrowding produced in part by the appearance of the automobile society in most large cities of the world today is traffic congestion. Traffic congestion is a serious problem that is choking many cities to a standsull in terms of the movement of people dnu goods within the cities. As the size of the |city increases, it acquires more and more functions. More people are likely to work and shop there. A greater size necessitates travelling by car or bus for the people living im the built-up area as welllas for people living outside it. Trading within the town also helps to add to traffic as it allows commercial vehi. le: such as pickup vans, trucks and lorries to ply within the town. An increase in the Commerciai function of the cities has increased the function of the icity centre and the CBD. This causes th: convergence of all transportation routes. Since CBD provides the maximum employment, it is thronged by people on all types vi vehicles when commuters flock for work in the morning and then return home in the evening. This puts a tremendous strain on traffic. The rush hour apart, roads leading to and awav from the CbD normally. experience ja greater strain of trafic. This is a general transportation problem found in“the developed countries. Inthe developing countries,|where a ‘Western style CBD’ Goes not exict and the city has assumed the commercial function, the basic lavout of the city itself becomes a cause ot traffic problems, 1 was not equipped to handle the recently acquired function whici is further-compounded by the narrow streets and sharp corners. same problem may belfound in the Western European countries, © ny cesire The cities and streets in Western Europe were not built for heavy automobile traffic, The origin of many Western, Southern and Centra, . European cities goes Wack to Greek and Roman times and these cities have grown since that time largely without benefit of Consistem Planning. The result] in intense traffic and housing congestion, especially in old central parts of the city. Urban renewal is difficult because of cost, lack of change and overlapping government jurisdictions all of which make for conflicting opinions and slaw and insignificant progress. The pressure for more housing and office and commercial space in downtown areas has resulted in cities growing vertically with increasing numbers of high rise buildings. Such vertical development increases the density of population and Pedestrian and vehicular traffic and it places greater stress on streets and in other downtown facilities. In Latin America, the strongly dynamic character of the CBD has heightened the problem of trafic congestion, Most employment TESTE ERSTE ATT ‘ SSD Pas eee eee a ae‘ | opportunities and commercial interactions fi or its attendant spine (see Chapter 5, {funnel more and more people into the sa ound on the downtown Internal Structure of Cit es) me amount of space. The Indian cities having a dual structure! (traditional ci dian u a nal city centre and CAD) invite both fast moving vehicles, and slow manepuliee and animal driven vehicles. This mixture causes uncontrollable chaos on the streets. Free moving cattle adds to the traffic problem. In the more developed: countries, the traffic and transportation problem has a different dimension. In the Unie States, the public transportation system is not that developed and ‘coupled with cheaper cars and low petrol prices, it;has encouraged the use of brivele automobiles. This emphasis on private vehicles causes kilometres of long line of cars during’ the rush hours. The traffic movement slows down and any breakdown causes delay up to hours. Moreover, this creates problen:s of parking. like Americans, the Japanese have flocked to ‘the ‘private automobiles. No country has experienced such a huge adoption of automobile culture as Japanese. The consequence on Japan's environment has been disastrous. While Tokyo and New York have the same number of vehicles; only about 13 perceni of Tokyo’s iand vs used for street’ to w York's 30. per cent. The number of vehicles; is so high akat before buying a’ vehicle one actually needs a ae licence. One of the most deleterious effects’ of overcrowding of cities throughout the world and particularly in developing countries is the reduced sense of social responsibility among the people. Competition for space and services has'bred an everyman-for-himself attitude. People resist queuing for services, disregard rules and regulations, spoil public and private propertyjand show an utter sieregard for the rights and feelings of fellow citizens. Many cultures in the world have been characterised by the showing of courtesy dnd respect to the people one is acquainted with or otherwise, but rapid urbanisation of the past thirty years have clearly changed this atuiude and made urban life much more miserable. | Responsi ronmental Degradation Environmental degradation, ‘such as air and water pollution, excessve noise levels, uglification of landscape (by tip heaps and derelict tand) through careless planning and urban poverty is a serious world wide phenomena found in the cities. While something is being done about it in the developed countries, the developingcountries regard such concerns as frivalous in the face of more immediate lite and death issue of employment, housing, contrat of infectious diseases, ele, Even if developing countries do not repard thdge issues as trivulous, they do not have enough funds to prioritise Vironmental upgradation By and large, the problem — of ‘dation is more severe in developing countries. environmental den tidwever the developed counties have not completely eradicated thé problenis, they have only ameliorated them, The photochemical smog, so characteristic of Lox Angeles and New York, do exist even now where the major cause is the fumes from automobiles and industrial exhausts. Bul they have been considerably reduced trom their peak pollution level a decade ago. | The large concentrations of heavy imdustry found in the Rhine. Ruhr and Midlands cause local, as well as regional pollution problems. Sewage disposal and an inadequate water supply are additional loc problems. The extreme of air pollution has led to acid cain over Black Foresd region denuding the trees of their leaves. Polluted air is often carried by prevailing winds over nearby countries; for instance the sulphur which comes tom burning coal and ait is se concentrated-in the water of certain lakes in Scandinavia that aquatic life forms have heen eliminated. The Latin American cities fa anoacute problem of environmental dégradation. Mexican City, Caracas, § Paulo, Rio de Jenerio, Huenos:Aires and Montevideo are the worst culprits. In Mexica City and Sao Paulo, so acute is air and water pollution level tat they. actually fead the whole world in terns of environmental degradation.” In the developing countries of S.b. Asia, S. Asia, $.W. Asia ani Africa, the problems are more or tess identical with inadequate infrastructural faciliti as the leading cause of environmental degradation. In most of the cities, poverty is the main: polluter. Garbage piles strewn here and there, in and out of glums and squatter settlements, open drains, stinking, conditions are a common occurrence. Calculta is an urban heat island with temperature degrees above the surrounding, countryside; Delhi has am enaciny level of air pollution; in Kuwait visibility has been decreasing day by day; smog has cut visibility in Tehran to such an extent that the sight of Mt Demavand is now a rare occurence. Mumbai f 80 per cent ofits population in unhypienic slum conditions. Pact of the process of enviwiuimental degradation is the deemendéus amount of land being grabbed up by sprawl of cities, This ig a nrave problem in those countries where land resources. in. relation te population jie scarce. This is the situation in Japan, which has to use an or industrial and ec fowth but at the cost of lasing rich fomirmselves. Food self sufficiency and a number of fapidly ayneullural land and ability to fe taos for Japan, Taiw. th he. urdanising industrialising States of Asia have been declining in real terms for several decades, Moreover, since the rich agricultural land was commonty the siti factor lor many of the cities it is}being voter away, Once lost, the: prime agcultual land is lost forever and not compensate in marginal being reclaimed for aysiculture de vity for the lost land moaduc Adminisuative Organisation stending health tapanding cities fac a re, Nvater, ton, transport * fit pole Wi BM tihabitants of fragmented suburbs: a Problems arise un how to ontanise new administrative structures sion, how to finane hhw to soatially, how to prevent uncontrolled exp public services’ and to allocate tinds ea priority bas otganisé transport. system, develop new master‘ plans-hdw te noplement it, When there is paucity of fends conflicts arise regarding spending priorities. In inany deveioping, countries, uncontrolled wrban expansion has taken place making it difficult to gauge the vtent of the city, ity population aud the services it ceauires. This mates the administration even more diftieutt. : » between which services to provide or which not, at only the choic tihe governments in the absence of tuuds have to make choices Ibetween cities also. Such a selection process means that sume ‘urban awreas‘and urban residents will expericnee little or ve reliel from the myriads of the problems they fac =| In thedéveloped. countries, the administiative probluns ave entirely diferent from those of developing countries. Declining comtral city lax bases, central city population dechne, adependent crime ridd suburbs are seme uf the current probl: ‘The planning sche mes for the metropolitan regions for lutue housing, enerny, sanitation water, health and other needs are, however, easy to decomplish in veloped countries than in developing countric stain mountable, ¢ youre nar inderd the problems are many, but Uh e peture is bleak but not without hepe. Many solutions have d tied and many can be tied. Ho the urban jreas are to rimain able, the future of the urban areas aust be planned. it ieat of such av techno-psycho-physical sconaria, the plan vers tion long time validity noe Irate « tee Wiest would be appropriate for the 2 ist Century! GR i NO es NN TE TERIJohn Turner's ‘Minimalistic approach’ or Megalopolistic concept’ of Doxiadis? Miller’s concept of ‘urban field’(/world city or fashionable idea of ‘global! village’? Peter Hall's ‘technopolis’ or bumanopolis? Which would come close lo the visualised scenario? How valid would remain our theories and norms for housing, neighbourhood sectors, inner cities,. suburb city ‘fegions linked cities, conurbations and so on? Technology is important to manage our cities but it ecology, environment is indispensable for it determines the sustainability of the very city system. Henceforth, we should design with nature and plan with technology. t A