Question: SUMMARY the text below in paragraph form in detailed way per CORE EMPHASES

AND SECONDARY EMPHASES

Core Emphases
The three core emphases within individualism involvea sense of independence, a desire to stand
out relative to others (a need for uniqueness), and the use of the self or the individual as the unit
of analysis in thinking about life. In individualistic societies such as the United States, social
patterns resemble a loosely interwoven fabric, and it is the norm for each person to see
themselves as independent of the surrounding group of people (Triandis, 1995). On this point,
research involving many studies supports the conclusion that individualism in the United
States reflects a sense of independence rather than dependence (see Oyserman, Coon, &
Kemmelmeier, 2002).

A second core emphasis within individualism is that the person wants to stand out relative to the
population as whole. Within individualistic societies, therefore, people follow their own motives
and preferences instead of adjusting their desires to accommodate those of the group (this
sometimes is called conforming). The individualistic person thus sets personal goals that may not
match those of the groups to which they belong (Schwartz, 1994; Triandis, 1988, 1990). Because
of the individualistic propensity to manifest one's specialness, coupled with societal support for
actions that show such individuality, it follows that the citizens of individualistic
societies such as the United States will have a high need for uniqueness. We explore this
fascinating motive in greater detail later in this section.

A third core emphasis of individualism is that the self or person is the unit of analysis in
understanding how people think and act in a society. That is, explanations of events are likely to
involve the person rather than the group.Therefore, the various definitions of individualism draw
upon worldviews in which personal factors are emphasized over social forces (Bellah, Madsen,
Sullivan, Swidler, & Tipton, 1985; Kagitcibasi, 1994; Triandis, 1995).

Secondary Emphases
Several secondary emphases flow from the individualistic focus upon the self rather than the
group. Goals set by citizens of an individualistic society typically are for the self; moreover,
success and related satisfactions also operate at the level of the self. Simply put, the payoffs are
at the personal level rather than the group level. The individualistic person pursues what is
enjoyable to him or her, in contrast to collectivistic people, who derive their pleasures from
things that promote the welfare of the group. Of course, the individualist at times may follow
group norms, but this usually happens when she or he has deduced that it is personally
advantageous to do so.

As may be obvious by now, individualists are focused upon pleasure and their own self-esteem
in interpersonal relationships and beyond. Individualists also weigh the disadvantages and
advantages of relationships before deciding whether to pursue them (Kim, Sharkey, & Singelis,
1994). Thus, individualistic persons engage in benefit analyses to determine what may profit
them, whereas collectivists are more likely to give their unconditional support to their group and
think first and foremost in terms of their duties to the group. Individualists tend to be rather short
term in their thinking, whereas collectivists are more long term in their thought patterns. Last,
peope in individualistic societies often are somewhat informal in their interactions with others,
whereas people incollectivistic societies are more formal in their interactions, as they attend to
the expected and important normsthat determine such behaviors. (For a thorough discussion of
all these secondary emphases, we recommend the review articles by Oyserman et al., 2002, and
Vargas & Kemmelmeier, 2013.)

Question: SUMMARY the text below in paragraph form in detailed way

Core Emphases

The three core emphases of collectivism are dependence; conformity, or the desire to fit in; and
perception of the group as the fundamental unit of analysis. First, the dependency within
collectivism reflects a genuine tendency to draw one's very meaning and existence from being
part of an important group of people. In colectivism, the person goes along with the expectations
of the group, is highly concerned about the welfare of the group, and is very dependent upon the
other members of the group to which they belong (Markus & Kitayama, 1991; Reykowski,
1994).

Secondary Emphases
The collectivist is defined in terms of the characteristics of the groups to which they belong.
Thus, collectivist oriented people pay close attention to the rules and goals of the group and often
may subjugate their personal needs to those of the group. Moreover, success and satisfaction
stem from the group's reaching its desired goals and from feeling that one has fulfilled the
socially prescribed duties as a member of that effective, goal-directed,group effort (Kim, 1994).

Collectivist people obviously become very involved in the ongoing activities and goals of their
group, and they think carefully about the obligations and duties of the groups to which they
belong (Davidson, Jaccard, Triandis, Morales, & Diaz-Guerrero, 1976; Miller, 1994).
Furthermore, the interchanges between people within the collectivist perspective are
characterized by mutual generosity and equity (Sayle, 1998). For such people, interpersonal
relationships may be pursued even when there are no obvious benefits to be attained (see
Triandis, 1995). fact, given the great emphasis that collectivists place on relationships, they may
pursue such relationships even when such interactions are counterproductive.

Because of their attentions to the guidelines as defined by the group, the individual members
with a collectivist perspective may be rather formal in their interactions. That is, there are
carefully followed, role-defined ways of behaving. Additionally, the person within the
collectivistic perspective monitors the social context carefully to form impressions of others and
to make decisions (Morris & Peng, 1994).

Recall our earlier discussion of the need for uniqueness as reflecting individualism. In this
regard, Kim and Markus (1999) have reasoned that advertisements in Korea should accentuate
collectivist themes related to conformity, whereas ads in the United States should be based more
on themes of uniqueness. Consistent with this proposal, Kim and Markus's research shows that
the need for uniqueness is lower in collectivistic societies than in individualistic ones
(Yamaguchi, Kuhiman, & Sugimori, 1995).
Collectivist societies appear to have core elements of dependency, conformity (low need for
uniqueness), and definition of existence in terms of the important group to which one belongs.
The research also corroborates the fact that collectivism rests on a core sense of dependency, as
well as an obligation or duty to the ingroup and a desire to maintain harmony between people
(Oyserman, 2017; Oyserman et al., 2002). Before leaving this section, we salute Daphna
Oyserman and her colleagues at the University of Michigan Institute for Social Research for their
seminal scholarly review of the characteristics of individualism and collectivism.

Summary of first text

Core Emphases

Individualism in societies such as the United States can be understood through three core
emphases. Firstly, it emphasizes independence, with individuals viewing themselves as separate
from the group. Research supports the idea that independence is a key feature of
individualism.The second core emphasis revolves around the desire to stand out. In
individualistic societies, people prioritize their own motives and preferences, setting personal
goals independently of the group. A high need for uniqueness is a consequence of this emphasis
on personal distinctiveness.The third core emphasis is the use of the self as the primary unit of
analysis. In understanding events and behaviors, individualism focuses on personal factors
rather than societal forces.

Secondary Emphases

Derived from the core principles, secondary emphases provide a deeper understanding of
individualism. Goals in individualistic societies are typically self-oriented, and success and
satisfaction are assessed at the individual level rather than for the group.Individualists place
great importance on personal pleasure and self-esteem in interpersonal relationships. They
engage in benefit analyses to determine personal gain before pursuing relationships. In contrast,
collectivists prioritize the group's welfare and their duties to the group.Individualists tend to
have a short-term perspective in their thinking, while collectivists take a more long-term view.
Additionally, people in individualistic societies engage in informal interactions, whereas those
in collectivistic societies follow formal norms and behaviors.

In summary, individualism's core emphases include independence, a need for uniqueness, and
a focus on the self as the primary unit of analysis. Secondary emphases encompass self-
oriented goal-setting, an emphasis on personal pleasure and self-esteem, a short-term
perspective, and informal interactions. These distinctions underscore the differences between
individualistic and collectivistic societies.

Summary of second text

Core Emphases

Collectivism is defined by three core emphases that shape the outlook of individuals in such
societies. First and foremost, there is a strong sense of dependence, where individuals derive
their purpose and identity from being a part of a significant group. This results in a willingness
to conform to the group's expectations and a deep concern for the group's well-being.
Collectivists are highly reliant on their fellow group members, and their success and satisfaction
are closely linked to the group's achievements and fulfilling socially prescribed duties.
Secondly, collectivism defines individuals based on the characteristics and goals of the groups to
which they belong. This leads collectivist-oriented people to pay meticulous attention to group
rules and objectives, often placing the needs of the group above their personal desires. Success
is seen as the realization of the group's objectives and the fulfillment of one's duties as a member
of the collective effort.

Secondary Emphases

In collectivist cultures, individuals are deeply engaged in their group's activities, thoughtfully
consider their obligations to the group, and emphasize mutual generosity and equity in
interpersonal relationships, even when immediate benefits may not be apparent. Their formal
interactions follow well-defined role expectations, and they meticulously observe the social
context when forming impressions and making decisions. Unlike individualistic societies,
where uniqueness is highly prized, collectivist cultures place a lower importance on the need for
individual distinctiveness. This research underscores that collectivism is characterized by a core
sense of dependence, a duty to the in-group, and a commitment to maintaining harmony among
individuals. Furthermore, it acknowledges the seminal scholarly contributions of Daphna
Oyserman and her colleagues in exploring the characteristics of individualism and collectivism,
providing valuable insights into these cultural paradigms.