GLQ-4 for Chapter 3: Introduction, Ch.3.1-3.

3
Words in bold in this reading assignment and GLQ should be considered vocabulary.
Please NOTE:

 Ch. 3.5-3.7 should be just a basic review of eukaryotic cell from Biol 101 or high school, please
review it on your own if you need a refresher.
 Ch. 3.8-3.9 will be covered in Lab!
 Anki cards for this week are designed to help you understand this material.
Read Chapter 3.1:
 Name two molecules that can diffuse through the plasma membrane, and two molecules that
must be transported in.
o Diffuse- CO2, O2, N2, small hydrophobic compounds, water(aquaporins)
o Transported- hydrophilic compounds, K+, Na+, proteins

 Bacterial growing in a stream would be in a hypotonic/hypertonic/isotonic environment.

o Hypotonic environment not enough bacteria there so more grow there

 Compare the effect of a hypertonic and a hypotonic environment on a bacterial cell

cytoplasmic membrane.
o Water will flow from the hypotonic side to the hypertonic side to balance the solute
molecule and water ratio.

 What is the name for the effect on normal bacteria in a hypertonic environment?
o Plasmolysis-shrivel and die

 Where is the electron transport chain located in bacteria? In humans?

o Prok--The plasma membrane, EUk--inner membrane of mitochondira

 To create the proton motive force: what molecules are in cytoplasm? Which are outside of the
cell membrane?
 o Ions are found in the cytoplasm on either side and so attract each other . The protons
are concentrated immediately outside of the membrane. Negatively charged
hydroxide ions remain inside the cell

 In active transport system:

o What molecule is used to bring in or expel molecules in transport systems using proton
motive force:
 Transporters, permeases, or carriers
o What requirements are usually necessary to bring in molecules in transport systems
using ATP:
 Specific proteins located immediately outside the cytoplasmic membrane to
deliver molecules to the transport complex. And going against concentration
gradient, and ATP
 What happens to glucose when it is brought into a cell using group translocation:
o A phosphate group is added onto the sugar this modification is called phosphorylation

 What type of molecule requires a signal sequence?

o Macromolecules like proteins and polysaccharides

Read Chapter 3.2 Prokaryotic cell walls

Class information: We will discuss Peptidoglycan synthesis in more detail that the book: This is an
overview of how peptidoglycan is incorporated into an existing cell wall:
When a cell undergoes binary fission, it needs to make more cell wall for new clones:

 Step ONE: One molecule of N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) that has a SIDECHAIN of FIVE amino
acids is added one molecule of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) to create a monomer of
peptidoglycan. Some amino acids that are only found in peptidoglycan side-chains are:
o Diaminopimlemic acid
o Two terminal D-alanines
 Step 2: The monomer is transported out of the cytoplasm, through the cytoplasmic
membrane by a transport protein called BACTOPRENOL.
 Step 3: Exoenzymes called AUTOLYSINS open the existing cell wall by cutting through the
existing cell wall sugar linkages, and the peptide linkages. This allows the cell wall to pull
apart, or expand.
 Step 4: Other exoenzymes called are used to link the new monomers into the existing cell wall
 o TRANSGLYCOSIDASES link the NAG-NAM sugar into the sugar backbone of
peptidoglycan.
o TRANSPEPTIDASES link the peptide side-chains together by removing a terminal amino
acid from the peptapeptide side-chain to create tetrapeptides in the cell wall:
 In Gram-negative cell walls, transpeptidases link the side-chains directly
together
 In Gram-positive cell walls, transpeptidases link the chains together by creating
a peptide interbridge.
 Draw a basic Gram-positive and a Gram-negative cell wall: label all parts.
Gram-positive Gram-negative

 What would be different in these two Gram negative organisms: the lipid A or the O side-
chain? Shigella sonnei, Shigella dysenteriae
o The O side chain

 Explain how the Gram-negative cell wall impacts susceptibility to penicillin and lysozyme.
o Lysozyme are not able to reach the peptidoglycan layer because of the outer membrane
o Penicillin is also unable to reach the peptidoglycan layer because of the outer
membrane; however certain derivatives of penicillin are able to pass through the outer
membrane
o Basically they act as a barrier

Read Chapter 3.3. Structures outside of the Cell Wall of prokaryotes:

  Compare and contrast how the glycocalyx is differently structured for capsules and slime
layers.
o Both are most commonly composed of polysaccharides and are called glycocalyx
“sugar shell”
o Some capsules consist of polypeptide made up of repeating subunit of only one or two
amino acids, the amino acids are generally of the D-form
o ???????

 Compare and contrast the energy sources for:

o Archaella- ATP
o flagella: proton motive force-- + and – on sides of plasma membrane
 When using chemotaxis to move toward something yummy (glucose/chocolate), are the
times between runs and tumbles: longer or shorter?
o shorter
 Name three differences between bacterial flagellum and a eukaryotic flagellum (p.68):
o Euk- use ATP as source of energy
o Euk- properl the cell with a whip-like motion or thrash back and forth to pull the cell
forward
o Euk- basal body and shaft and thicker and larger and more complex Pro- basal
body, hook, filament
 Name three different functions/actions that pili/fimbriae allow a bacterium do:
o Cells to attach to specific surfaces
o Help bacterial cells move on solid media(twitching motility and certain types of
gliding motility
o Joining of one bacterium to another for a specific type of DNA transfer (sex pilus)
Study ANKI and we will BEGIN to review the following organisms based this lecture material.
Based on the material covered in this lecture: how are these organisms similar and how are they
different?

 Table 21.7: Streptococcus pneumoniae p. 552-553

 Table 21.7: Klebsiella pneumoniae p. 553-554
 Table 21.7: Mycoplasma pneumoniae p. 554-555
 They differ in their morphology, transmission, incubation periods, signs and symptoms,
treatment and prevention
 They are similar in that they are all respiratory disease causing illnesses that stem from the
lungs.
 Update morphology information for your organism cards for:
S. aureus, R. rickettsii
o (Covid, Rabies, and G. lamblia will be updated in future lectures)