METU Date: 04/01/2023

CE 378 Water Resources Engineering

Fall 2022-2023
Group Name: God Dam It
Group Representative Name/ID: Yılmaz Çepni 2395986
Other Group Member Names/IDs:
Başar Kalagoğlu 2370336
Nizamettin Kılıç 2370492
Ferhat Gülsever 2370237
Yunus Arif Kesmez 2089738
Ahmet Akın Arusoğlu 2226470

Part a)
Year Population Kg
1980 149590
1985 160270 0.0138
1990 171450 0.0135
1995 181340 0.0112
2000 208850 0.0282
2005 220270 0.0106
2010 245660 0.0218
2015 279840 0.0261
2020 305600 0.017612
MEAN = 0.0179

• To calculate Kg coefficients,

• For example, for the calculations Kg of 2010;

ln(245660) − ln (220270)
𝐾𝑔 = = 0,0218
2010 − 2005

𝛴𝐾𝑔
𝐾𝑔 (𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛) =
8

0,0138 + 0,0135 + 0,0112 + 0,0282 + 0,0106 + 0,0218 + 0,0261 + 0,01761

= = 0,0179
8

Then, the population in 2057 is estimated by this equation:

𝑙𝑛𝑃2057 = 𝑙𝑛𝑃2022 + 𝐾𝑔𝛥𝑡 ⇒ 𝑃2057= exp (𝑙𝑛𝑃2022 + 𝐾𝑔𝛥𝑡)

Where Δt = 2057-2022 = 35 years and Kg = Kg mean

𝑃2057 = 𝑒𝑥𝑝(ln(305600) + 0.0179 ∗ 36) = 582120

Population vs Years
700000

600000

500000
Population

400000

300000

200000

100000

0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Years

Figure 1. Population vs Years - Linear Scale

Part b)
From the previous part, P2057 = 582120 is found. Then, from the table of average total demands
the daily average demand (Dad) is calculated approximately as 1643.7 lt/s; thus, 1.64 m3 /s, by
interpolation:

Dad = 1330 + (582120 – 500000)*((3240-1330)/(1000000-500000)) = 1643.7 lt/s = 1.64 m3/s

𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐷𝑎𝑑 ∗ 𝑃𝐹𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 1.64 ∗ 1.27 = 2.08 𝑚3/s

Part c)
 Figure 2. Schematic layout of the transmission line

LAB=5000 m, LBC=1000 m, LCD=1000 m, LDE=2000 m, and LEF=2000 m

ZA=485 m, ZB=430 m, ZC=445 m, ZD=428 m, ZE =430 m, and ZF =421 m

f=0.02 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.08 𝑚3/s

485 − (445 + 3)
𝑆𝐴𝐶 = = 0.006167
6000

485 − (430 + 3)
𝑆𝐴𝐸 = = 0.005778
9000

485 − 421
𝑆𝐴𝐹 = = 0.005818
11000

All the slopes are too close to each other. for these kinds of situations, we should design each part
separately (i.e., A-C, C-E and E-F).

for A-C;

• Hc = 445+3 = 448 m

HA = Hc + hl; where min. pressure head for C is considered

485 = 448 + hL ➔ hL = 37 m

8∗𝑓∗𝐿
ℎ𝐿 = ∗ 𝑄2
𝑔 ∗ 𝜋 2 ∗ 𝐷5
 8 ∗ 0.02 ∗ (5000 + 1000) ∗ 2.08 2
37 =
9,81 ∗ 𝜋 2 ∗ 𝐷 5

• From this equation;

DAC = 1.03 m

Thus, we can choose appropriate pipe diameter as D = 1.1 m

• Check velocity requirements and maximum pressure criteria;

𝑄 2,08 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝑢𝐴𝐶 = = = 2.19 (0.5 < 2.19 < 2.5 )
𝐴 𝜋 ∗ 0.552 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

0.02 ∗ (5000 + 1000) ∗ 2.192

𝐻𝑐 = 485 − = 458.33 𝑚
2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 1.1

0,02 ∗ 5000 ∗ 2.192

𝐻𝐵 = 485 − = 462.78 𝑚
2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 1.1

𝑃𝐵
= 462.78 − 430 = 32.78 𝑚 (3 𝑚 < 32.78 𝑚 < 80 𝑚)
ϒ

𝑃𝐶
= 458.33 − 445 = 13.33 𝑚 (3 𝑚 < 13.33 𝑚 < 80 𝑚)
ϒ

Velocity and pressure head requirements are satisfied.

for C-E;

• HE = 430+3 = 433 m

HC = HE + hl ; where min. pressure head for E is considered

458.33 = 433 + hL ➔ hL = 25.33 m

8∗𝑓∗𝐿
ℎ𝐿 = ∗ 𝑄2
𝑔 ∗ 𝜋 2 ∗ 𝐷5

8 ∗ 0.02 ∗ (1000 + 2000) ∗ 2.082

25.33 =
9.81 ∗ 𝜋 2 ∗ 𝐷 5

• From this equation;

D = 0.967 m

Thus, we can choose appropriate pipe diameter as DCE = 1 m

 • Check velocity requirements and maximum pressure criteria;

𝑄 2.08 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝑢𝐶𝐸 = 𝐴
= 𝜋∗0.52 = 2.64 𝑠
(2.5 𝑠
< 2.64 𝑠
) NOT O.K

𝑄 2.08 𝑚
𝑢𝐶𝐸 = 𝐴
= 𝜋∗(𝐷/2)2 = 2.5 𝑠
𝐷𝐶𝐸 =1.029m Let us take 𝐷𝐶𝐸 = 1.05 𝑚

2.08 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
When 𝐷𝐶𝐸 = 1.05, 𝑢𝐶𝐸 = 1.05 2 = 2.40 𝑠 (0.5 𝑠
< 2.40 𝑠
< 2.5 𝑠
)
𝜋∗( )
2

0.02 ∗ (1000 + 2000) ∗ 2.402

𝐻𝐸 = 458.33 − = 441.55 𝑚
2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 1.05

0.02 ∗ 1000 ∗ 2.402

𝐻𝐷 = 458.33 − = 452.73 𝑚
2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 1.05

𝑃𝐸
= 441.55 − 430 = 11.55 𝑚 (3 𝑚 < 11.55 𝑚 < 80 𝑚)
ϒ

𝑃𝐷
= 452.73 − 428 = 24.73 𝑚 (3 𝑚 < 24.73 𝑚 < 80 𝑚)
ϒ

Velocity and pressure head requirements are satisfied.

for E-F;

HE = HF + hl; where min. pressure head for F is considered

441.55 = 421 + hL ➔ hL = 20.55 m

8∗𝑓∗𝐿
ℎ𝐿 = ∗ 𝑄2
𝑔 ∗ 𝜋 2 ∗ 𝐷5

8 ∗ 0.02 ∗ (2000) ∗ 2.082

20.55 =
9.81 ∗ 𝜋 2 ∗ 𝐷 5

• From this equation;

D = 0.93 m, which is smaller than 1.01m. Same as in C-E part we take DEF=1.05 m for the velocity
requirement.

After determining the pipe diameter, we check velocity requirements

𝑄 2.08 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝑢𝐸𝐹 = = 2
= 2.40 (0.5 < 2.40 < 2.5 )
𝐴 𝜋 ∗ 0.525 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

0,02 ∗ (2000) ∗ 2,42

𝐻𝐹 = 441.55 − = 430.37 𝑚
2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 1.05
Hence, velocity and pressure head requirements are satisfied.

hvalve = HF – ZF = 430.37– 421 = 9.37 m

Part d)
By using formulas below table is obtained and all calculations are done in excel file. Here is the results
for Alternative 1.
Table 1. Cost analysis for different diameter pipes for alt 1.

D(m) Cpipe Pp Cpump Ce Ct

0.40 4240.00 100.480044 10650.88 37408.72037 52299.61

0.50 5618.00 58.8949214 6242.862 21926.57924 33787.44

0.60 6466.00 46.7721483 4957.848 17413.2708 28837.12

0.65 7420.00 44.0856492 4673.079 16413.08719 28506.17

0.70 9222.00 42.3954027 4493.913 15783.80842 29499.72

As we can see here, 0.65meter pipe should be selected since it has lowest total cost per year.
In the same manner, we can get the results for alternative 2.
Table 2. Cost analysis for different diameter pipes for alt 2.
D(m) Cpipe Pp Cpump Ce Ct

0.40 3392 110.515506 11714.64 44599.11315 59705.76

0.50 4494.4 75.1681519 7967.824 29116.97202 41579.2

0.60 5172.8 64.8637948 6875.562 24603.66359 36652.03

0.65 5936 62.5802706 6633.509 23603.47997 36172.99

0.70 7377.6 61.143561 6481.217 22974.20121 36833.02

Also, for this alternative, again we should select 65cm diameter pipe.
Here is the graph of them which shows costs separately.
 60000

50000

40000
COST ($ / YEAR)

30000

20000

10000

0
0,40 0,50 0,60 0,65 0,70
D(m)

Ce Cpump Cost total Cpipe

Figure 3. Cost graph for alternative 1.

70000

60000

50000
COST ($ / YEAR)

40000

30000

20000

10000

0
0,40 0,50 0,60 0,65 0,70
D(m)

Cost total Ce Cpump Cpipe

Figure 4. Cost graph for alternative 2.

Part e)

Figure 5. Flow Diagram of a Typical Water Treatment Plant.

1.Coagulation:

Coagulation is often the first step in water treatment. The coagulants cause very fine particles
to clump together into larger particles that can then be removed later in the treatment process.
During coagulation, chemicals are added to the water. the particles bind with the chemicals to
form slightly larger particles. Common chemicals used in this step include specific types of
salts, aluminum, or iron.
2. Flocculation:

Flocculation is the gentle mixing of the water to form larger, heavier particles called flocs.

Promotes contact between the floc particles and the particulates (sediment) in the water.

3. Settling/ sedimentation:

The purpose of the Settling (sedimentation) process is to remove suspended solid particles

that are denser than water and to reduce the particulate load on the filters.

4. Filtration:

Filtration is the process of passing water through the material. Once the flocs have settled to

the bottom of the water, the clear water on top is filtered to separate additional solids from the

water. During filtration, the clear water passes through filters that have different pore sizes

and are made of different materials (such as sand, gravel, etc.)

5. Disinfection:

The disinfection process is designed to kill or inactivate most microorganisms in water,

including bacteria, viruses or intestinal parasites.