Annotated Bibliography Potential Source List

How does pharmaceutical pollution affect wastewater management and what are some reasonable solutions to
maintain this?

Databa Search Article Citation (APA format) Main ideas or key points Likely relevance to RQ?
se terms (from abstract)
search used
ed
Science “Legal and Adams, C. A., Antón, A., * explains that companies This doesn’t directly relate to my
Direct Ethical Bhattacharyya, S. must take accountability for research question, I was honestly still
Accountabili C., the negative environmental trying to figure out my research
ty of fossil Buso, M., Janicke, M., circumstances they’ve question when I was finding the first
fuel Khaled, R., caused * An increase in half of my sources. However, this
corporations Kouloukoui, D., lawsuits, the Social Contract relates to my current research
”, Climate Theory of question because it goes in depth
Lacey, J., Maia, R. G.
change Thomas Hobbes and about how policy relates to pollution
T., Pan, L.,
litigation, ethical and legal and what future contributions can be
Simshauser, P., made.
social responsibilities will hold
Subramaniam, N.,
contract, companies accountable
Abate, R. S., Andrade,
legal and
J. C. S., Ansar, A.,
ethical
Attfield, R., Bache, I.,
responsibilities
Barthold, C., Berger, I.
E., … Goffman, E.
(2023, September 15).
Legal and ethical
accountability of
Fossil Fuel
Corporations: Need
for a new social
contract. Journal of
Cleaner Production.
https://
www.sciencedirect.co
m/science/article/pii/
S0959652623029888
Science “Smog and Fox, J. A., Zhang, L., * Examines China’s smog This doesn’t relate to my research
Direct Air Aunan, K., crisis, which are episodes of question whatsoever, this allowed me
Pollution”, extreme particulate air to open up to new ideas towards
Bennett, W. L., pollution
Environmen Benson, R., Carter, N., policy and accountability for my own
* Environmental journalists
tal Charmaz, K., Burgh, have brought a lot of
research question. Accountability is
Journalism, H. D., Dennis, E. E., attention towards promoting the biggest issue when it comes to
smog smog accountability pharmaceutical pollution and this also
Glaser, B. G.,
governance, * Economic applies to the smog in this article.
Hampton, M., Ho, P., development, political
Government
accountabili
Jacobs, R. N., Jiang, power, social
ty, China Z., Lawson, J. C. H., injustice, civic involvement,
Lei, Y.-W., Li, H. C., and China’s place in the
Li, H., & Mol, A. P. world are all linked to this
issue
(2019, October 15).
Smog and air
pollution: Journalistic
criticism and
environmental
accountability in
China. Journal of
Rural Studies. https://
www.sciencedirect.co
m/science/article/pii/
S0743016719300932
Science “The impact Liu, J. (2022, October 27). * data from 2008 to 2020 This relates to my research
Direct of the The impact of the on different polluters of question because it mentions
environmen Environmental A-List companies in regulations
tal Protection Law issued China regarding product demand and this
protection in 2015 on different * Command-based and one on of the many issues related to
law issued types of polluters. market based pharmaceutical pollution.
in 2015 on environmental
Energy Reports.
different regulations, public
https://
types of participation, along with
polluters”,
www.sciencedirect.com
both short-term and
Environmen /science/article/pii/
long-term
tal S2352484722021382
environmental regulation
protection tools can push for stronger
law, regulations
empirical
analysis
JSTOR “The Fossil Dahl, K., Phillips, C., Race, A., * Fossil fuel producers This doesn't relate to my current
Fuels Behind Udvardy, S., & Ortiz-Partida, J. and cement research question however, it did help
Forest Fires”, P. (2023). The Fossil Fuels manufactures are me determine what direction I wanted
Climate behind Forest Fires: found to be responsible to go in. Accountability is a huge deal
Change, Quantifying the Contribution for nearly 19.8 million when it comes to environmental
Fossil Fuels, of Major Carbon Producers acres of forest that has science and this also applies to my
Forest Fires to Increasing Wildfire Risk in been burned down in research question. Pharmaceutical
Western North America. western North pollution is largely growing due to the
Union of Concerned America and lack of accountability to both
Scientists. southwestern Canada manufacturing and patient misuse.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/ since 1986
resrep49377 * Fossil fuel companies have
been aware since 1965 of
the negative effects on the
environment
* Explores who takes
accountability for climate
change’s impacts - should
fossil fuel companies be
held accountable?
JSTOR “The pan Turcotte, I., Gorski, J., &
Canadian Riehl, B. (2019). The pan
price on Canadian price on pollution
pollution in in a new era of climate
a new era of policy in Canada. In Carbon
climate policy Emissions: Who makes big
in Canada”, polluters pay: A comparison
carbon of provincial and federal
taxing, industrial carbon pricing
emitters systems for industrial
emitters (pp. 3–5). Pembina
Institute.
http://www.jstor.org/
stable/resrep22103.4
* explains that carbon This doesn’t exactly relate to my
pricing has been research question by any means. This
implemented in just allowed me to filter through ideas
Canada and has been tried and figure out what direction I wanted
in multiple cities to go in.
* New systems have been
enforced and tried
depending on the size of
emitters
* This was first implemented
in 2008
JSTOR “Approaches Bazilian, M. D., Victor, D.
for Key G., Castro, C., Dowling, J.
Sectors”, A.,
Decarboniz Dehghanian, P., Gençer, E.,
atio n, Kammen, D., Logan, J., Mauter,
M., Tarroja, B., Wagner, G.,
Sperling, D., Fulton, L., Arroyo,
V., Aultman-Hall, L., Brown, A.,
Goetz, M., Noland, R. B., Rubin,
J., … Sachs, J. (2020).
APPROACHES FOR KEY
SECTORS. In E. Crete, F. Laird,
C. Maddox, C. Fox, L. Barredo,
G. Bruna, E. High, A. Lynch, L.
Fanaeian, & J. Bettles (Eds.),
America’s ZERO CARBON
ACTION PLAN: The Zero Carbon
Consortium (pp. 162–319).
Sustainable Development
Solutions Network. http://
www.jstor.org/stable/
resrep29197.8
* how decarbonization should This doesn’t relate to my research
start with the idea of question This just allowed me to
electrical emissions as they figure out what topic I wanted to
represent 27% of U.S. GHG pick for my research question.
emissions
* Political and organizational
factors that may interfere
with future goals
* Perspectives touched on;
demand for electricity,
supply of electricity, the
topology of the evolving
grid, policy
incentives and implementation
PubMe “Learning Boufides, C., Gable, L., & * comparing the occurrences This article helped me determine
d from the Jacobson, P. (2019). Learning of the Flint Water Crisis to if I wanted to research
Flint Water from the Flint Water Crisis: the importance of legal wastewater
Restoring and Improving
Crisis”, preparedness management or water quality
Public Health Practice,
Lead, water Accountability, and Trust. * Addresses the need for management. With this article It
contaminatio Journal of Law, alternative accountability mentions more on water
n, Flint Medicine & Ethics, 47(S2), measures contamination rather than waste
Water 23-26. * Reanalyzing legal disposal. This made me realize I
Crisis doi:10.1177/107311051985731 framework would have wanted to do more research on
0 wastewater management.
prevented this crisis
* This articles assesses
the importance of legal
preparedness in dealing
with “legal arrangements
and
multiple statutory
responsibilities along
with alternative
accountability
measures - also
mechanisms that can
restores a
communities trust
PubMe “Pharmaceuti Malmqvist, E., Fumagalli, D., * Human consumption of This article shows me the policy
d ca l Pollution Munthe, C., & Larsson, D. G. J. pharmaceutical products aspects towards making
!!!!!! from Human (2023). Pharmaceutical pharmaceutical
leads to the release of
Pollution from Human Use and
Use and the “residues” creating public pollution less of an issue. Usually I like
the Polluter Pays Principle.
Polluters Public health ethics, 16(2), risk to focus on the environmental and
Pay 152–164. https:// * Polluters Pays Principal science aspect of things but this
Principal”, doi.org/10.1093/phe/phad012 (PPP) do not identify shows me the governmental side of
Waste who’s this environmental issue.
water, responsible due to
water pollution difficulties in identifying the
polluter, they only put
large-scale polluters
accountable
* Improving wastewater
treatments and distributing
financial costs across
taxpayers or water
consumers can be a good
response to
pharmaceutical pollution
National Pharmaceutic Desai, M., Njoku, A., & Nimo This article addresses my research
Library al pollution, Sefah, L. (2022). Comparing • The inappropriate question because it reviews different
green Environmental Policies to disposal of policies on a global level that relate
of
Reduce Pharmaceutical pharmaceuticals has
Medici chemistry, to pharmaceutical pollution. Not
Pollution and Address posed to be a large issue
ne PPCP waste Disparities. International journal
only this but it also reviews
towards pharmaceutical solutions and
!!!!!!! of environmental research and pollution but little is limitations on multiple aspects.
public health, 19(14), 8292.
known on proper
https://doi.org/10.3390/
ijerph19148292 disposal.

• Some solutions
mentioned in the article
are upgrading
wastewater
management systems or
drug-take back
programs, “green
chemistry” to educate
and train healthcare
personnel, a set of
legislative guidelines to
limit PPCP waste,
making ERA data
publicly available, and
regulating
manufacturing to reduce
waste at the point of
production.
Web of APIs, Wilkinson, J., & Boxall, This article includes actual data and
Science pharmaceuti A. (2022). • Highest API numbers that shows there is a direct
concentrations were relationship between income and
!!!!!! cal Pharmaceutical found at sites with pharmaceutical usage. Including data
manufacturin pollution of the world’s sampling sites receiving from all over the country and all over
g, sewage, rivers. Web of science. inputs from the world, with or without the use of
wastewater https:// pharmaceutical modern medicines and of populations
www.webofscience.co manufacturing, sites of all kinds of densities. This article
m/wos/woscc/full receiving discharge of had an extremely widespread area of
record/ untreated sewage, site testing which will greatly support
WOS:0007669242000 locations in arid climates my idea that wastewater management
12 and sites receiving and
sewage exhaust truck pharmaceutical pollution go
emissions and waste hand-in hand with each other.
dumping.

• Affordability and
Accessibility of
medicines also has an
impact on API
concentrations
Web of Toxicology, Almeida Freitas, L. de A., This relates to my research question
Science Contaminant & Radis-Baptista, • Contaminates from because it goes over current issues
pharmaceuticals has and regulations in place and reviews
s, G. been detected in water what can be done in the future to
pharmaceuti (n.d.). Pharmaceutical and soil systems further prevent pharmaceutical
cal pollution, Pollution and Disposal
hazardous of Expired, Unused, • Areas all over the world pollution. This is something that I’d
waste, drug experience like to compare and will help me with
and Unwanted
disposal contaminants in my research.
Medicines in the
Brazilian Context. groundwater,
Web of science. wastewater and even
https:// drinking water including
www.webofscience.co Brazil
m/wos/woscc/full • Pharmaceuticals cause
record/ several effects such
WOS:0006685201000 as
01 antimicrobial resistance,
species survival,
reproduction and
increased cancer in
humans

• There's a demand for

proper legislation
to
prevent pharmaceutical
pollutants from entering
the environment

• Overview of current
pharmaceutical pollution
along with

PubMe Pharmaceuti Puckowski, A., Mioduszewska,
d cal residues, K., Łukaszewicz, P., Borecka,
Biota M., Caban, M., Maszkowska,
J., & Stepnowski, P. (2016).
samples,
Bioaccumulation and analytics
Bioaccumul of pharmaceutical residues in
atio n, Bio the environment: A review.
analysis, Journal of pharmaceutical and
Ecotoxicity biomedical analysis, 127,
232–255. https://
doi.org/10.1016/
j.jpba.2016.02.049
recommended
regulations
• Pharmaceuticals are This allows me to think about the gaps
found in both soil and in research regarding pharmaceutical
water samples which has pollution and this article will make it
been shown in plenty of easier for me to address the limitations
studies in research. And apply them to new
• There's not much data ideas for the future.
about API
concentrations in biota
samples
• The transfer of
pharmaceuticals in
regard to the
environment is
remained mostly
unexplored
• Focuses on antibiotics,
drugs, hormones
and
antidepressants within
the environment and
how they impact non
target organisms
• Overview of some of the
missing gaps in
knowledge of
pharmaceutical pollution
JSTOR Non-target MATHEW, G., & • This article uses India This article mentions the idea that
species, UNNIKRISHNAN, M. K. as an example for drugs aren’t completely soluble and
(2012). The Emerging the that they arrive from different point
manufacturin
Environmental Burden from
g, effect of sources. This
Pharmaceuticals. Economic
pharmaceuti and Political Weekly, 47(18),
pharmaceuticals on is relevant to my research question
cal pollution, 31–34. http:// non-target species because it relates to the different
drugs www.jstor.org/stable/23214827 from both human and effects that pharmaceuticals have,
veterinary some of the ideas in this article aren’t
pharmaceuticals similar to the other ones I’ve found.
• elaborates on the idea This makes it more reliable as it can
that pharmaceutical round out my research.
pollution is more than
just from the
manufacturing process
• drugs may be soluble
but they are not
completely washed
away as they leave
behind residues that
negatively affect the
organisms around
them
JSTOR Wastewater, PHARMACEUTICALS IN WATER - EPA, wastewater and This addresses my research
EPA, waste PROMPT TALK OF POLLUTION drinking water treatment question because it shows me
managemen PREVENTION PLANS. (2005). officials along with what action is currently being
t, water Inside EPA’s Water Policy non-profit waste taken to tackle
quality, Report, 14(16), 3–4. https:// management groups are pharmaceutical pollution in the
pharmaceuti www.jstor.org/stable/26827276 considering new ways to legislative aspect of things. Officials of
cal s tackle pharmaceuticals in multiple organizations are coming
the together to take preventative
environment measures.

- Wastewater and drinking

water treatment officials
are discussing prevention
programs designed to limit
the amount of
pharmaceuticals entering
bodies of water

- Discusses how to “green”

the pharmaceutical supply
chain
JSTOR Pharmaceut Küster, A., & Adler, N.
!!!!! ical s, (2014). Pharmaceuticals • There is a lack of data
guidelines, in the for pharmaceutical
legislative environment: scientific products that entered
evidence of risks and its the market before
regulation. guidelines came into
Philosophical Transactions: force, this makes it
Biological Sciences, 369(1656), difficult for any reliable
1–8. environmental changes
http://www.jstor.org/stable/ to be made.
24501918
• Another issue is that the
ERA databases aren’t
published so no one but
EU agencies have access
to the ERA data, this
means that
environmental risk may
be misleading and
contradict ERA results.
This article addresses my research
question because it mentions more of
the environmental aspect of things.
Including why not enough change is
made regarding pharmaceutical
pollution and what negative effects
pharmaceuticals have on
aquatic populations. Includes
plenty of
information on policy and what they
hold for the future in the manufacture,
recycling and marketing processes.
JSTOR Wastewater Raloff, J. (2019, August 8). • The author makes the This article, unlike most I’ve found,
!!! treatment, Antidepressants make for point that purely shows the side of
organisms, sad fish. Science News. pharmaceuticals don't pharmaceutical pollution. This is
pharmaceuti https:// only change the / great because it backs up the idea
cal s, www.sciencenews.org/articl behavioral effect of fish that pharmaceuticals are extremely
minnows e/ but also the physical negative and it continues to prove
antidepressants-make-sad-fi effect of fish. Making this through several studies that have
sh males less been performed in different
attractive towards locations.
females, decreasing
reproductive success.
• Specifically this was
shown in minnows
when
fluoxetine was applied
to a minnow
population,
diminishing facial bumps
and coloration that
attracts females.
• Most of the contamination
to blame falls on patients
inappropriately
discarding unused pills
and waters
located near wastewater
treatment sites.

• Wastewater
treatment plants aren’t
designed to remove
pharmaceuticals leaving
 drug residues behind.

Science Disposal, Alvarino, T., Balakrishna, • There isn’t proper This article touches on the
Direct Legislation, K., Chaturvedi, P., technology today that improper disposal of drugs which
Solutions, Glassmeyer, S. T., will filter goes hand in hand with how
Medicines Gonzalez-Alonso, S., pharmaceuticals out of pharmaceuticals
Hák, T., Kanakaraju, water and wastewater negatively affect wastewater
D., Klatte, S., treatment plants treatment sites. This directly supports
• Pharmaceutical idea of my research question and
Kasonga, T. K.,
pollution creates an gave me inside on what alternative
Larsson, D. J., Leder,
unbalance throughout solutions can be put in place in the
C., Liu, X., Park, J., ecosystems future.
Aguirre, N. G., • This article brings up
Anastas, P. T., Arnold, alternative along
K. E., Beek, T. aus der, with
Ayele, Y., Babanyara, solutions to the
Y. Y., … DeAngelis, pharmaceutical
K. (2021, April 27). pollution
Pharmaceutical
pollution and • The lack of drug
sustainable disposal regulations
development goals: have a global impact
Going the right way?.
Sustainable Chemistry
and Pharmacy. https://
www.sciencedirect.co
m/science/article/pii/
S2352554121000553
Science Antibiotics, Ziou, M., Gao, C. Z., • This article uses a variety This article didn’t really relate to my
Direct pollutants, Wheeler, A. J., Zosky, G., of sources to prove research question as it focuses more
pharmaceuti Stephens, N., Knibbs, what on how different factors affect birth.
cal pollution L., Williamson, G., & different pollutants This article focused most on fire
Melody, S. (2023, affect births and early related pollution compared to
April 24). Primary and life. pharmaceutical pollution. This
means it doesn’t really contribute to
pharmaceutical care
• Findings found that fire the research for my research
usage concurrent
related incidents and question.
associations with a
severe smoke episode exposure to antibiotic
and low ambient air dispensing had negative
effects on infant IRR =
pollution in early life.
1.10, 95%CI = 1.01–1.19
Science of The Total
per 1.4 μg/m3)
Environment. https://
www.sciencedirect.com
/science/article/pii/
S004896972302199X
Science Phytoremedi Ravikumar, Y., Yun, J., - NPS pollution that has led This article helps address my
Direct at on, Zhang, G., Zabed, to the excessive supply of research question because it
!!! absorbants, H., & Qi, inorganic compounds such includes
substates, X. (2022, March 28). A as phosphorus, nitrogen, environmentally friendly ways to
CWs, review on constructed and metals along with tackle pharmaceutical pollution.
wetlands wetlands-based organic Using
removal of compounds such as constructed wetlands and making
pharmaceutical pharmaceutical them more efficient for
compounds and pharmaceutical absorption in several
contaminants derived
pesticides methods like using plant tissues,
from non-point source
- pollutants damage food phytoremediation… etc. Most of the
pollution. other articles mention more of the
chains and food webs,
Environmental issues or policy aspects of the
cause male fish to be
Technology & feminized, situation rather than finding effective
Innovation. https:// impairment of fish gills, environmentally friendly solutions.
www.sciencedirect.com liver and renal organs and
/science/article/pii/ causes a drastic reaction to
S2352186422001201 planktonic communities.
- main source of PCs
flowing into water
systems is
wastewater treatment
effluent discharge,
domestic and
animal wastes, hospital
wastes, landfill leachate,
industrial wastes, etc.
- phytoremediation, using
plant roots and tissues to
absorb PCs, plant-microbial
relationships, and the use
of different soils and
substrates within CWs
Science Abahussain, E., Akici, A., - Human and veterinary This article helps me answer my
Direct Alho, H., Bertollo, pharmaceuticals pose research question as it provides
L. risks to both the studies and data towards drug use,
G., Brooks, B. W., environment and public such as where they end up and how
Couto, C. F., health. frequently they're used. This directly
Daughton, C. G., affects pharmaceutical pollution.
Deere, J. R., - Clarifies points of
Degenhardt, L., intervention for
Ehrhart, A. L., Fekadu, minimizing
environmental and public
S., Fram, M. S.,
health risks associated
Furlong, E. T.,
with pharmaceuticals
Fursdon, J. B., García
Santiago, X., Gray
- Among all respondents,
Winnett, M. D.,
take-back programs
Jaffrézic, A., Kosek, were the most common
K., Kotchen, M., … disposal method (22%),
Bhayana, K. (2021, followed by trash (19%),
February 14). and flushing (9%), while
Pharmaceutical 26% of
pollution sources and respondents reported
solutions: Survey of keeping unused drugs.
human and veterinary
medication
purchasing, use, and
disposal. Journal of
Environmental
Management. https://
www.sciencedirect.co
m/science/article/pii/
S0301479721001687