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Anarcho-syndicalism
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Anarcho-syndicalism is a political philosophy and anarchist school of thought that views revolutionary industrial unionism or syndicalism as a method
for workers in capitalist society to gain control of an economy and thus control influence in broader society. The goal of syndicalism is to abolish the wage
system, regarding it as wage slavery. Anarcho-syndicalist theory generally focuses on the labour movement.[1] Reflecting the anarchist philosophy from
which it draws its primary inspiration, anarcho-syndicalism is centred on the idea that power corrupts and that any hierarchy that cannot be ethically
justified must be dismantled.[2]

The basic principles of anarcho-syndicalism are solidarity, direct action (action undertaken without the intervention of third parties such as politicians,
bureaucrats and arbitrators), and workers' self-management. Anarcho-syndicalists believe their economic theories constitute a strategy for facilitating
proletarian self-activity and creating an alternative cooperative economic system with democratic values and production centred on meeting human needs.
Anarcho-syndicalists perceive the primary purpose of the state as the defence of private property in the forms of capital goods and thereby of economic,
social and political privilege. In maintaining this status quo, the state denies most of its citizens the ability to enjoy material independence and the social
autonomy that springs from it.[2]

History

Origins

The roots of anarcho-syndicalism lie in the anarchist faction of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA), which upheld the central role of trade
unions in the class struggle and called for a general strike to replace the state with a free association of producers. This was in opposition to the Marxist
faction, which proposed the seizure of state power by a political party.[3] Solidarity or solidarism is
an awareness of shared
The IWA's largest section was the Spanish Regional Federation (FRE), which adopted the anarchist platforminterests, objectives,
of revolutionary trade unionism and
organised itself according to a structure that anticipated syndicalism.[4] The FRE was driven underground following standards, and sympathies
the suppression of the FRE-led
creating
Petroleum Revolution in 1873, after which they were succeeded by a series of syndicalist unions such as the Federation of aWorkers
psychological sense Region
of the Spanish
(FTRE) and the Union and Solidarity Pact (PUS). The FRE's syndicalist model was also taken up by Cuban anarchists, of unitywhoof groups or classes.
established their own union
federations to organise Cuban workers and recently-emancipated slaves.[5] In the United States, the anarchistsSolidarity does not Working
of the International reject People's
individuals and sees
Association (IWPA) also adopted the syndicalist platform of Albert Parsons and established a large trade union federation in Chicago.[6] Despite its
suppression after the Haymarket affair, the IWPA was strongly influential on the development of syndicalism (described as "anarchism madeofpractical")
individuals as the basis
f h
and left behind a legacy commemorated in International Workers' Day.[7] Anarchists also participated in the trade union movement in Mexico, where they
established the Mexican Workers' General Congress (CGOM) and dedicated it towards using unions as their vehicle for social revolution.[8]

While the influence of the anarchists was strong in the Spanish and American labour movements, most of Europe's trade unions fell under the control of
social-democratic political parties.[9] During the 1880s, a period of economic growth had encouraged the development of reformist tendencies such as
social democracy, resulting in the sidelining of the anarchists, who had largely neglected labour organisation in favour of individual acts of "propaganda of
the deed".[10]

But the technological innovations achieved during the Second Industrial Revolution also preceded a simultaneous rise in profits and decline of wages,
while new management strategies resulted in the increase of both workload and working time.[11] Increasing levels of the division of labour brought with it
a rise in alienation among workers, which led to the development of calls for workers' self-management and workers' control over the means of
production.[12] Even as strike actions became more common around the world, social-democratic union leaders remained largely reluctant to engage in
strikes and limited the decision-making power of individual members through internal bureaucracy.[13] Despite protests by the membership, these
centralised trade unions often preferred to form compromised "wage agreements" with their employers rather than risk opening their accumulated strike
fund.[14] The moderate tendencies of the union leadership eventually provoked widespread dissillusionment among the rank-and-file union members,
with some such as Karl Roche coming to characterise paid union officials as a new upper class.[15]

Increasing tensions between the union leadership and membership led to the development of a current that had by now become known as syndicalism,
which called for workers themselves to take direct action in order to improve their own material conditions.[16] Anarchists also began to move away from
insurrectionism and back towards the labour movement, increasingly promoting syndicalism as a "practical form of organisation for the realisation of
anarchist-communism" and even beginning to capture some unions from the social-democrats.[17]

International Workers' Association

In 1910, the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) was founded in the middle of the restoration in Barcelona in a
congress of the Catalan trade union Solidaridad Obrera (Workers' Solidarity) to constitute an opposing force to the
then-majority trade union, the socialist Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT) and "to speed up the economic
emancipation of the working class through the revolutionary expropriation of the bourgeoisie". The CNT started small,
counting 26,571 members represented through several trade unions and other confederations.[18] In 1911, coinciding
with its first congress, the CNT initiated a general strike that provoked a Barcelona judge to declare the union illegal
until 1914. Also, in 1911, the trade union adopted its name formally.[18] From 1918 on, the CNT grew more substantial
and had an outstanding role in the events of the La Canadiense general strike, which paralyzed 70% of the industry in Founding congress of the
Catalonia in 1919, that year the CNT reached a membership of 700,000.[19] Around that time, panic spread among Confederación Nacional del Trabajo
employers, giving rise to the practice of pistolerismo (employing thugs to intimidate active unionists), causing a spiral (CNT)
of violence that significantly affected the trade union. These pistoleros are credited with killing 21 union leaders in 48
hours.[20]

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In 1922, the International Workers' Association (IWA) was founded in Berlin, and the CNT joined immediately, but
with the rise of Miguel Primo de Rivera's dictatorship, the labour union was outlawed again the following year.[21]
However, with the workers' movement resurgent following the Russian Revolution, what was to become the modern
IWA was formed, billing itself as the "true heir" of the original International.[22] The successful Bolshevik-led
revolution of 1917 in Russia was mirrored by a wave of syndicalist successes worldwide, including the struggle of the
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) in the United States alongside the creation of mass anarchist unions across
Latin America and massive syndicalist-led strikes in Germany, Portugal, Spain, Italy and France, where it was noted
that "neutral (economic, but not political) syndicalism had been swept away".[23] The final formation of this new
international, then known as the International Workingmen's Association, took place at an illegal conference in Berlin
in December 1922, marking an irrevocable break between the international syndicalist movement and the
Bolsheviks.[24] The IWA included the Italian Syndicalist Union (500,000 members), the Argentine Workers Regional
Organisation (200,000 members), the General Confederation of Workers in Portugal (150,000 members), the Free
Workers' Union of Germany (120,000 members), the Committee for the Defense of Revolutionary Syndicalism in
France (100,000 members), the Federation du Combattant from Paris (32,000 members), the Central Organisation of
the Workers of Sweden (32,000 members), the National Labor Secretariat of the Netherlands (22,500 members), the
Industrial Workers of the World in Chile (20,000 members) and the Union for Syndicalist Propaganda in Denmark
Émile Pouget
(600 members).[25]

The first secretaries of the International included the famed writer and activist Rudolph Rocker, along with Augustin
Souchy and Alexander Schapiro. Following the first congress, other groups from France, Austria, Denmark, Belgium,
Switzerland, Bulgaria, Poland, and Romania were affiliated. Later, a bloc of unions in the United States, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Guatemala, Cuba, Costa
Rica and El Salvador also shared the IWA's statutes. The IWW, biggest syndicalist union in the United States, considered joining but eventually ruled out
affiliation in 1936 based on the IWA's religious and political affiliation policies.[26] Although not anarcho-syndicalist, the IWW was informed by
developments in the broader revolutionary syndicalist milieu at the turn of the 20th century. At its founding congress in 1905, influential members with
strong anarchist or anarcho-syndicalist sympathies like Thomas J. Hagerty, William Trautmann and Lucy Parsons contributed to the union's overall
revolutionary syndicalist orientation.[27] Although the terms anarcho-syndicalism and revolutionary syndicalism are often used interchangeably, the
anarcho-syndicalist label was not widely used until the early 1920s: "The term 'anarcho-syndicalist' only came into wide use in 1921–1922 when it was
applied polemically as a pejorative term by communists to any syndicalists…who opposed increased control of syndicalism by the communist parties".[28]
Translations of the original statement of aims and principles of the IWA (drafted in 1922) refer not to anarcho-syndicalism but revolutionary syndicalism
or revolutionary unionism.[29][30]

The Biennio Rosso (English: "Red Biennium") was a two-year period between 1919 and 1920 of intense social conflict
in Italy following World War I.[31] The Biennio Rosso took place in a context of economic crisis at the war's end, with
high unemployment and political instability. It was characterized by mass strikes, worker manifestations, and self-
management experiments through land and factory occupations.[31] In Turin and Milan, workers' councils were
formed, and many factory occupations took place under the leadership of anarcho-syndicalists. The agitations also
extended to the agricultural areas of the Padan plain and were accompanied by peasant strikes, rural unrest, and
guerilla conflicts between left-wing and right-wing militias. According to libcom.org, the anarcho-syndicalist trade
union Unione Sindacale Italiana (USI) "grew to 800,000 members and the influence of the Italian Anarchist Union
Flag of the CNT-FAI
(20,000 members plus Umanita Nova, its daily paper) grew accordingly [...] Anarchists were the first to suggest
occupying workplaces".[32]

Many of the most prominent members of the IWA were broken, driven underground or wiped out in the 1920s–1930s as fascists came to power in states
across Europe, and workers switched away from anarchism towards the seeming success of the Bolshevik model of socialism. In Argentina, the FORA had
already begun to decline by the time it joined the IWA, having split in 1915 into pro and anti-Bolshevik factions. From 1922, the anarchist movement there
lost most of its membership, exacerbated by further splits, most notably around the Severino Di Giovanni affair. It was crushed by General Uriburu's
military coup in 1930.[33] Germany's FAUD struggled throughout the late 1920s and early 1930s as the Brownshirts took control of the streets. Its last
national congress in Erfurt in March 1932 saw the union attempt to form an underground bureau to combat Adolf Hitler's fascists; a measure never
implemented as mass arrests decimated the conspirators' ranks.[34] The editor of the FAUD organ Der Syndikalist, Gerhard Wartenberg, was killed in the
Sachsenhausen concentration camp. Karl Windhoff, delegate to the IWA Madrid congress of 1931, was driven out of his mind and also died in a Nazi death
camp. There were also mass trials of FAUD members held in Wuppertal and Rhenanie; many of these never survived the death camps.[25] Italian IWA
union USI, which had claimed a membership of up to 600,000 people in 1922, was waning due to murders and repression from Benito Mussolini's
fascists.[35] It had been driven underground by 1924, and although it could still lead significant strikes by miners, metalworkers and marble workers,
Mussolini's ascent to power in 1925 sealed its fate. By 1927, its leading activists had been arrested or exiled.[36]

Portugal's CGT was driven underground after an unsuccessful attempt to break the newly installed dictatorship of Gomes da Costa with a general strike in
1927 that led to nearly 100 deaths. It survived underground with 15–20,000 members until January 1934, when it called a general revolutionary strike
against plans to replace trade unions with fascist corporations, which failed. It continued in a much-reduced state until World War II but was effectively
finished as a fighting union.[37] Massive government repression repeated such defeats worldwide as anarcho-syndicalist unions were destroyed in Peru,
Brazil, Colombia, Japan, Cuba, Bulgaria, Paraguay and Bolivia. By the end of the 1930s, legal anarcho-syndicalist trade unions existed only in Chile,
Bolivia, Sweden and Uruguay.[38] However, perhaps the most tremendous blow was struck in the Spanish Civil War, which saw the CNT, then claiming a
membership of 1.58 million, driven underground with the defeat of the Spanish Republic by Francisco Franco. The sixth IWA congress took place in 1936,
shortly after the Spanish Revolution had begun, but was unable to provide serious material support for the section. The IWA held its last pre-war congress
in Paris in 1938; with months to go before the German invasion of Poland, it received an application from ZZZ,[39] a syndicalist union in the country
claiming up to 130,000 workers—ZZZ members went on to form a core part of the resistance against the Nazis and participated in the Warsaw uprising.
However, the International was not to meet again until 1951, six years after World War II had ended. During the war, only one member of the IWA could
continue to function as a revolutionary union, the SAC in Sweden.[25] In 1927, with the "moderate" positioning of some cenetistas (CNT members), the
Federación Anarquista Ibérica (FAI), an association of anarchist affinity groups, was created in Valencia. The FAI would play an essential role during the
following years through the so-called trabazón (connection) with the CNT; that is, the presence of FAI elements in the CNT, encouraging the labour union
not to move away from its anarchist principles, an influence that continues today.[40]

Post–World War II era

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After World War II, an appeal in the Fraye Arbeter Shtime, detailing the plight of German anarchists, called for
Americans to support them.[41] By February 1946, sending aid parcels to anarchists in Germany was a large-scale
operation. In 1947, Rudolf Rocker published Zur Betrachtung der Lage in Deutschland (Regarding the Portrayal of
the Situation in Germany) about the impossibility of another anarchist movement in Germany. It became the first
post-World War II anarchist writing to be distributed in Germany. Rocker thought young Germans were cynical or
inclined to fascism and awaited a new generation to grow up before anarchism could bloom again in the country.

Nevertheless, the Federation of Libertarian Socialists (FFS) was founded in 1947 by former FAUD members. Rocker
wrote for its organ, Die Freie Gesellschaft, which survived until 1953.[42] In 1949, Rocker published another well-
known work. On 10 September 1958, Rocker died in the Mohegan Colony. The Syndicalist Workers' Federation was a
syndicalist group active in post-war Britain and one of the Solidarity Federation's earliest predecessors. It was formed
in 1950 by members of the dissolved Anarchist Federation of Britain.[43] The Confédération nationale du travail (CNT,
or National Confederation of Labour) was founded in 1946 by Spanish anarcho-syndicalists in exile with former The black cat of the Industrial
members of the CGT-SR. The CNT later split into the CNT-Vignoles and the CNT-AIT, the French section of the IWA. Workers of the World is also
adopted as a symbol by anarcho-
At the seventh congress in Toulouse in 1951, a much smaller IWA was relaunched without the CNT, which would not be syndicalists.
strong enough to reclaim membership until 1958 as an exiled and underground organization. Delegates attended,
though primarily representing tiny groups, from Cuba, Argentina, Spain, Sweden, France, Italy, Germany, the
Netherlands, Austria, Denmark, Norway, Britain, Bulgaria and Portugal. A message of support was received from Uruguay. However, the situation
remained difficult for the International as it struggled to deal with the rise of state-sanctioned economic trade unionism in the West, heavy secret service
intervention as Cold War anti-communism reached its height and the banning of all strikes and free trade unions in the Soviet Union bloc of countries.[25]
In 1956, the SAC withdrew from the IWA, following a dispute over the distribution of state unemployment benefits, which the IWA had opposed. This led
to the SAC developing a more moderate orientation, as it began to advocate for participation in municipal elections.[44] For most of the next two decades,
the international struggled to rebuild itself. In 1976 at the 15th congress, the IWA had only five member groups, two of which (the Spanish and Bulgarian
members) were still operating in exile (though following Franco's death in 1975, the CNT was already approaching a membership of 200,000).[35]

The Direct Action Movement was formed in 1979 when the remaining SWF branch and other smaller anarchist groups decided to form a new organisation
of anarcho-syndicalists in Britain.[45] The DAM was highly involved in the Miners' Strike and a series of industrial disputes later in the 1980s, including
the Ardbride dispute in Ardrossan, Scotland, involving a supplier to Laura Ashley, for which the DAM received international support. From 1988 in
Scotland, then England and Wales, the DAM was active in opposing the Poll Tax.[46] In March 1994, DAM changed to its current name, the Solidarity
Federation, having been the Direct Action Movement since 1979 and the Syndicalist Workers' Federation since 1950. The Solidarity Federation publishes
the quarterly magazine Direct Action (presently on hiatus) and the newspaper Catalyst.[47] In 1979, a split over representative unionism, professional
unionism and state-funded schemes saw the CNT divided into two sections, the CNT as it is today and the Confederacion General del Trabajo. After
Franco's death in November 1975 and the beginning of Spain's transition to democracy, the CNT was the only social movement to refuse to sign the 1977
Moncloa Pact,[48] an agreement amongst politicians, political parties and trade unions to plan how to operate the economy during the transition. In 1979,
the CNT held its first congress since 1936 and several mass meetings, the most remarkable one in Montjuïc. Views put forward in this congress would set
the pattern for the CNT's line of action for the following decades: no participation in union elections, no acceptance of state subsidies,[49] no
acknowledgement of works councils and support of union sections.

In this first congress, held in Madrid,[50] a minority sector in favour of union elections split from the CNT, initially calling themselves CNT Valencia
Congress (referring to the alternative congress held in this city) and later Confederación General del Trabajo (CGT) after an April 1989 court decision
determined that they could not use the CNT initials.[51] In 1990, a group of CGT members left this union because they rejected the CGT's policy of
accepting government subsidies, founding Solidaridad Obrera. One year before, the 1978 Scala Case affected the CNT. An explosion killed three people in
a Barcelona nightclub.[52] The authorities alleged that striking workers "blew themselves up" and arrested surviving strikers, implicating them in the
crime.[53] CNT members declared that the prosecution sought to criminalize their organization.[54]

Contemporary times

After its legalization, the CNT began efforts to recover the expropriations of 1939. The basis for such recovery would be
established by Law 4/1986, which required the return of the seized properties and the unions' right to use or yield the
real estate. Since then, the CNT has been claiming the return of these properties from the State. In 1996, the Economic
and Social Council facilities in Madrid were squatted by 105 CNT militants.[55] This body is in charge of the
repatriation of the accumulated union wealth. In 2004, an agreement was reached between the CNT and the District
Attorney's Office, through which all charges were dropped against the hundred prosecuted for this occupation.

On 3 September 2009, six members of the Serbian IWA section (ASI-MUR), including then-IWA General Secretary
Members of the Spanish anarcho-
Ratibor Trivunac, were arrested[56] on suspicion of international terrorism, a charge that the international and other
syndicalist trade union CNT
anarchist groups heavily disputed. Shortly after their arrest, an open letter was circulated by Serbian academics
marching in Madrid in 2010
criticizing the charges and the attitude of the Serbian police.[57] The six were indicted on 7 December, and after a
lengthy trial procedure, Trivunac and the other five anarchists were freed on 17 February 2010. On 10 December 2009,
the FAU local in Berlin was effectively banned as a union following a public industrial dispute at the city's Babylon
cinema. At the 14th annual congress of the IWA, which was held in Brazil in December 2009, the first time the
congress had been held outside Europe, motions of support were passed for the "Belgrade Six" and FAU while
members of the Solidarity Federation temporarily took over duties as Secretariat. The International's Norwegian
section subsequently took on the Secretariat role in 2010. As part of the anti-austerity movement in Europe, various
IWA sections have been highly active in the 2008–2012 period, with the CNT taking a leading role in agitating for the
general strikes that have occurred in Spain, the USI in Milan taking on anti-austerity campaigns in the health service
and the ZSP organizing tenants against abuses in rented accommodation.[58]
Anarchists in Russia

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The most significant organised anarchist movement today is in Spain in the form of the Confederación General del Trabajo (CGT) and the CNT. CGT
membership was estimated at 100,000 in 2003.[59] The regions with the largest CNT membership are the Centre (Madrid and surrounding area), the
North (Basque country), Andalucía, Catalonia and the Balearic Islands.[60] The CNT opposes the union elections and workplace committees[61] model and
is critical of labour reforms and the UGT and the CCOO,[62] standing instead on a platform of reivindicación; that is, "return of what is due", or social
revolution.[63]

Green syndicalism

Green syndicalism is a synthesis of anarcho-syndicalism and environmentalism, arguing that protection of the environment depends on decentralization,
regionalism, direct action, autonomy, pluralism and federation. It primarily draws inspiration from the green bans in Australia, the efforts of workers at
Lucas Aerospace to convert their factories away from armaments production and Judi Bari's efforts in the IWW to organise timber workers and
environmentalists in Northern California. Green Syndicalism has been advocated for at various times by Confédération Nationale du Travail,
Confederación General de Trabajadores and the Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden.[64]

Theory and politics

Anarcho-syndicalists believe that direct action carried out by workers as opposed to indirect action, such as electing a
representative to a government position, would allow workers to liberate themselves.[65]

Anarcho-syndicalists believe that workers' organisations that oppose the wage system will eventually form the basis of
a new society and should be self-managing. They should not have bosses or "business agents"; instead, the workers
alone should decide on what affects them.[66] Rudolf Rocker is one of the most influential figures in the anarcho-
syndicalist movement.

Noam Chomsky, influenced by Rocker, wrote the introduction to a modern edition of Anarcho-syndicalism: Theory
and Practice. A member of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), Chomsky is a self-described anarcho-
syndicalist, a position that he sees as the appropriate application of classical liberal political theory to contemporary
industrial society:

Now a federated, decentralised system of free associations, incorporating economic as well as other social
institutions, would be what I refer to as anarcho-syndicalism; and it seems to me that this is the appropriate Basic outline of syndicalism as an
form of social organisation for an advanced technological society in which human beings do not have to be economic system
forced into the position of tools, of cogs in the machine. There is no longer any social necessity for human
beings to be treated as mechanical elements in the productive process; that can be overcome and we must
overcome it to be a society of freedom and free association, in which the creative urge that I consider
intrinsic to human nature will in fact be able to realize itself in whatever way it will.[67]

Criticism and response

Anarcho-syndicalism has been criticised as anachronistic by some contemporary anarchists.[68] In 1992, Murray
Bookchin spoke against its reliance on an outdated view of work:

As "practical" and "realistic" as anarcho-syndicalism may seem, it represents in my view an archaic ideology
rooted in a narrowly economistic notion of bourgeois interest, indeed of a sectorial interest as such. It relies
on the persistence of social forces like the factory system and the traditional class consciousness of the
industrial proletariat that are waning radically in the Euro-American world in an era of indefinable social
relations and ever-broadening social concerns. Broader movements and issues are now on the horizon of
modern society that, while they must necessarily involve workers, require a perspective that is larger than
the factory, trade union, and a proletarian orientation.[69]

Bookchin said that it prioritizes the interests of the working class instead of communal freedom for society as a whole;
this view ultimately prevents a true revolution. He argued that in instances like the Spanish Revolution of 1936, it was CNT's offices in Barcelona
despite the syndicalist-minded CNT leadership that the revolution occurred.[69]

Direct action, one of the main staples of anarcho-syndicalism, would extend into the political sphere, according to its
supporters. To them, the labour council is the federation of all workplace branches of all industries in a geographical
area "territorial basis of organisation linkage brought all the workers from one area together and fomented working-
class solidarity over and before corporate solidarity".[70] Rudolf Rocker argued:

The organisation of Anarcho-Syndicalism is based upon the principles of Federalism, on free combination
from below upwards, putting the right of self-determination of every member above everything else and
recognising only the organic agreement of all on the basis of like interests and common convictions.[71] Anarchists and anarcho-syndicalists
in Brazil on 15 May 2019

Anarcho-syndicalism, therefore, is not apolitical but instead sees political and economic activity as the same. Unlike
the propositions of some of its critics, anarcho-syndicalism is different from reformist union activity in that it aims to obliterate capitalism as "[anarcho-
syndicalism] has a double aim: with tireless persistence, it must pursue betterment of the working class's current conditions. But, without letting
themselves become obsessed with this passing concern, the workers should take care to make possible and imminent the essential act of comprehensive
emancipation: the expropriation of capital".[72]

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While collectivist and communist anarchists criticise syndicalism as having the potential to exclude the voices of
citizens and consumers outside of the union, anarcho-syndicalists argue that labour councils will work outside of
the workplace and within the community to encourage community and consumer participation in economic and
political activity (even workers and consumers outside of the union or nation) and will work to form and maintain
the institutions necessary in any society such as schools, libraries, homes and so on. Bookchin argues:

At the same time that syndicalism exerts this unrelenting pressure on capitalism, it tries to build the
new social order within the old. The unions and the 'labour councils' are not merely means of struggle
and instruments of social revolution; they are also the very structure around which to build a free
society. The workers are to be educated [by their own activity within the union] in the job of destroying
the old propertied order and in the task of reconstructing a stateless, libertarian society. The two go Confederacion General del Trabajo's
together.[73] October 2005 demonstration in
Barcelona

In popular culture
The 1975 comedy film Monty Python and the Holy Grail makes reference to anarcho-syndicalism. King Arthur becomes frustrated when a peasant
named Dennis explains the anarcho-syndicalist commune in which he lives. The situation is exacerbated when Dennis insults Arthur's claim to
Excalibur and the kingship of the Britons. Arthur, fed up, assaults Dennis and leaves, an incident that Dennis refers to as "the violence inherent in the
system".
Ursula K. Le Guin's novel The Dispossessed (1974) shows a fictional functioning anarcho-syndicalist society. The novel is subtitled "An Ambiguous
Utopia".
Yanis Varoufakis's novel Another Now (2021) features an alternate timeline, split off in the year 2008. The author describes the fictional economy as
"something like anarcho-syndicalism"

See also
Anti-capitalism Syndicalism
General strike Wildcat strike action
Kronstadt rebellion Workers' self-management
Left-libertarianism Politics portal
Libertarian socialism
List of federations of trade unions Socialism portal
Participatory economics Anarchism portal
Socialism
Unionism

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ISBN 031204027X 25. "1860-today: The International Workers Association" (http://libcom.org/hi
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chosyndicalism.net/faq/1c.htm). Anarcho-Syndicalism 101. Class 26. Thompson, Fred W.; Murfin, Patrick (1976). The I.W.W.: Its First
Struggle Online. April 2002. Archived from the original (http://www.anarc Seventy Years, 1905-1975 (https://archive.org/details/iwwitsfirstseven00
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and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870–1940.
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Further reading
Federation, Solidarity, Fighting for ourselves: Anarcho-syndicalism and the class struggle - Solidarity Federation (https://libcom.org/library/fighting-ours
elves-anarcho-syndicalism-class-struggle-solidarity-federation), Freedom Press, 2012 ISBN 978-1904491200
Flank, Lenny (ed), IWW: A Documentary History, Red and Black Publishers, St Petersburg, Florida, 2007. ISBN 978-0-9791813-5-1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism
Anarcho-syndicalism - Wikipedia
Roca Martínez, Beltrán (2006). "Anarchism, anthropology and
Andalucia: an analysis of the CNT and 'New Capitalism' " (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20110228212207/http://www.lwbooks.co.uk/journals/anar
chiststudies/articles/Mart%EDnez.pdf) (PDF). Anarchist Studies.
London: Lawrence & Wishart. 14 (2): 106–130. ISSN 0967-3393 (http
s://www.worldcat.org/issn/0967-3393). Archived from the original (http://
www.lwbooks.co.uk/journals/anarchiststudies/articles/Mart%EDnez.pdf)
(PDF) on 28 February 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
Rocker, Rudolf (1989) [1938]. Anarcho-Syndicalism. Pluto Press.
ISBN 0-7453-1392-2.
Simon, S. Fanny (1946). "Anarchism and Anarcho-Syndicalism in South
America". The Hispanic American Historical Review. Duke University
Press. 26 (1): 38–59. doi:10.2307/2507692 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F
2507692). ISSN 1527-1900 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1527-1900).
JSTOR 2507692 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2507692).
Thorpe, Wayne (1989). The Workers Themselves. Kluwer Academic
Publishers. ISBN 0-7923-0276-1. LCCN 89-8205 (https://lccn.loc.gov/89
-8205).
Vallance, Margaret (July 1973). "Rudolf Rocker – a biographical sketch".
Journal of Contemporary History. London/Beverly Hills: Sage
Publications. 8 (3): 75–95. doi:10.1177/002200947300800304 (https://d
oi.org/10.1177%2F002200947300800304). ISSN 0022-0094 (https://ww
w.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094). OCLC 49976309 (https://www.worldcat.
org/oclc/49976309). S2CID 159569041 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/
CorpusID:159569041).
van der Walt, Lucien; Schmidt, Michael (2009). Black Flame: The
Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism. Edinburgh:
AK Press. ISBN 978-1-904859-16-1. LCCN 2006933558 (https://lccn.lo
c.gov/2006933558). OCLC 1100238201 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/
1100238201).
van der Walt, Lucien (2018). "Syndicalism". In Adams, Matthew S.;
Levy, Carl (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. London:
Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 249–264. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_14
(https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-75620-2_14). ISBN 978-
3319756196. S2CID 242074567 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/Corpus
ID:242074567).
Weltman, Burton (2000). "Revisiting Paul Goodman: Anarcho-
Syndicalism as the American Way of Life". Educational Theory. 50 (2):
179–199. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5446.2000.00179.x (https://doi.org/10.111
1%2Fj.1741-5446.2000.00179.x). ISSN 1741-5446 (https://www.worldca
t.org/issn/1741-5446).
White, Robert; Sproule, Warren (2002). "Don't Mourn the Death of
Theory, Organize! Globalization and the rhizome of anarcho-
syndicalism". Continuum. 16 (3): 317–333.
doi:10.1080/1030431022000018681 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10304
31022000018681). ISSN 1469-3666 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/146
9-3666). S2CID 146834025 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1
46834025).
Williams, Dana M. (2018). "Tactics: Conceptions of Social Change,
Revolution, and Anarchist Organisation". In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy,
Carl (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. London: Palgrave
Macmillan. pp. 107–124. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_6 (https://doi.
org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-75620-2_6). ISBN 978-3319756196.
S2CID 158841066 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15884106
6).
Zimmer, Kenyon (2018). "Haymarket and the Rise of Syndicalism". In
Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of
Anarchism. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 353–370.
doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_21 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-3
19-75620-2_21). ISBN 978-3319756196. S2CID 242074567 (https://api.
semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242074567).
Zoffmann-Rodriguez, Arturo (2018). "Anarcho-syndicalism and the
Russian Revolution: Towards a political explanation of a fleeting
romance, 1917–22". Revolutionary Russia. 31 (2): 226–246.
doi:10.1080/09546545.2018.1535949 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0954
6545.2018.1535949). ISSN 1743-7873 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1
743-7873). S2CID 149863663 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusI
D:149863663).
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11/29/23, 7:31 PM Anarcho-syndicalism - Wikipedia
Rocker, Rudolf, Anarchism and Anarcho-Syndicalism (https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/rudolf-rocker-anarchism-and-anarcho-syndicalism)

External links
A comprehensive list of Anarcho-syndicalist organisations (https://web.archive.org/web/20110514062030/http://www.broadleft.org/anarchis.htm)
What is revolutionary syndicalism? (http://en.internationalism.org/series/271) An ongoing historical series on anarcho-syndicalism and revolutionary
syndicalism from a communist perspective
Anarcho-Syndicalism 101 (https://web.archive.org/web/20040926053004/http://www.anarchosyndicalism.net/)
Anarcho-Syndicalist Review (http://www.syndicalist.us/)
Syndicalism: Myth and Reality (https://web.archive.org/web/20060925044024/http://www.anarchosyndicalism.net/archive/display/181/index.php)
Revolutionary Unionism: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow (https://web.archive.org/web/20070712213946/http://www.wpunj.edu/newpol/issue43/Jakopovic
43.htm) by Dan Jakopovich
Anarcho-Syndicalism texts (http://www.katesharpleylibrary.net/ns1scd) from the Kate Sharpley Library
"Syndicalism" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/syndicalism). "Revolutionary syndicalism" (https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/22753/anarchi
sm/66524/Revolutionary-syndicalism). Encyclopædia Britannica.

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