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Επανάληψη Γυμνασίου-Ασκήσεις Α΄
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Μοσχόπουλος
Καθηγητ'ς Μαθηµατικ,ν
Πτυχιο2χος Αριστοτελε8ου Πανεπιστηµ8ου Θεσσαλον8κης
Η επανάληψη
του Γυμνασίου
200 λυμένες
ασκήσεις
ΜΕΡΟΣ&Α΄
1η&ΟΜΑΔΑ.!!Πράξεις!μεταξύ!αριθμών
(οι!τέσσερις!βασικές!πράξεις,!δυνάμεις).
2η&ΟΜΑΔΑ.!!Πράξεις!με!αλγεβρικές!παραστάσεις
(χωρίς!χρήση!ταυτοτήτων,!με!χρήση!ταυτοτήτων).
3η&ΟΜΑΔΑ.!!Παραγοντοποίηση!αλγεβρικών!
παραστάσεων.
4η&ΟΜΑΔΑ.!!Πράξεις!με!ρητές!αλγεβρικές!παραστάσεις!
(απλοποίηση!ρητών!παραστάσεων,!πολλαπλασιασμός!-!
διαίρεση!ρητών!παραστάσεων,!πρόσθεση!-!αφαίρεση!
ρητών!παραστάσεων).
5η&ΟΜΑΔΑ.!!Πράξεις!με!τετραγωνικές!ρίζες.
1η ΟΜΑΔΑ.
Ι. Πέτρος Τόγκας, «Άλγεβρα και συµπλήρωµα Άλγεβρας», τόµος Α΄, έκδοση 27η, εκδοτικός οίκος «Πέτρου Γ. Τόγκα
Ο.Ε», Αθήνα, 1959.
ΙΙ. 1 - 6: Πέτρος Τόγκας, «Άλγεβρα και συµπλήρωµα Άλγεβρας», τόµος Α΄, έκδοση 27η, εκδοτικός οίκος «Πέτρου
Γ. Τόγκα Ο.Ε», Αθήνα, 1959.
7 - 9: Άγνωστη πηγή.
10 - 20: Βασίλης Παπαδάκης, «Άλγεβρα Α΄ Λυκείου», Α΄ τεύχος, εκδόσεις Σαββάλας, Αθήνα, Σεπτέµβριος 2011.
2η ΟΜΑΔΑ.
Ι. 1 - 17: Πέτρος Τόγκας, «Άλγεβρα και συµπλήρωµα Άλγεβρας», τόµος Α΄, έκδοση 27η, εκδοτικός οίκος «Πέτρου
Γ. Τόγκα Ο.Ε», Αθήνα, 1959.
18 - 20: Άγνωστη πηγή.
ΙΙ. 1 - 4: Άγνωστη πηγή.
5 - 20: Πέτρος Τόγκας, «Άλγεβρα και συµπλήρωµα Άλγεβρας», τόµος Α΄, έκδοση 27η, εκδοτικός οίκος «Πέτρου Γ.
Τόγκα Ο.Ε», Αθήνα, 1959.
3η ΟΜΑΔΑ.
Πέτρος Τόγκας, «Άλγεβρα και συµπλήρωµα Άλγεβρας», τόµος Α΄, έκδοση 27η, εκδοτικός οίκος «Πέτρου Γ. Τόγκα
Ο.Ε», Αθήνα, 1959.
4η ΟΜΑΔΑ.
Ι. 1 - 14: Πέτρος Τόγκας, «Άλγεβρα και συµπλήρωµα Άλγεβρας», τόµος Α΄, έκδοση 27η, εκδοτικός οίκος «Πέτρου
Γ. Τόγκα Ο.Ε», Αθήνα, 1959.
15 - 20: Βασίλης Παπαδάκης, «Άλγεβρα Α΄ Λυκείου», Α΄ τεύχος, εκδόσεις Σαββάλας, Αθήνα, Σεπτέµβριος 2011.
ΙΙ. 1 - 10: Βασίλης Παπαδάκης, «Άλγεβρα Α΄ Λυκείου», Α΄ τεύχος, εκδόσεις Σαββάλας, Αθήνα, Σεπτέµβριος
2011.
11 - 15: Πέτρος Τόγκας, «Άλγεβρα και συµπλήρωµα Άλγεβρας», τόµος Α΄, έκδοση 27η, εκδοτικός οίκος «Πέτρου
Γ. Τόγκα Ο.Ε», Αθήνα, 1959.
16 - 20: Χαράλαµπος Στεργίου, Χρήστος Νάκης, Ιωάννα Στεργίου, «Μεθοδική Άλγεβρα Α΄ Λυκείου», εκδόσεις
Σαββάλας, Αθήνα, Σεπτέµβριος 2011.
ΙΙΙ. Πέτρος Τόγκας, «Άλγεβρα και συµπλήρωµα Άλγεβρας», τόµος Α΄, έκδοση 27η, εκδοτικός οίκος «Πέτρου Γ.
Τόγκα Ο.Ε», Αθήνα, 1959.
5η ΟΜΑΔΑ.
Πέτρος Τόγκας, «Άλγεβρα και συµπλήρωµα Άλγεβρας», τόµος Α΄, έκδοση 27η, εκδοτικός οίκος «Πέτρου Γ. Τόγκα
Ο.Ε», Αθήνα, 1959.
Π2 = (+5)⋅(−2) + (−9)⋅(−1)−(+8)⋅(−3)−(−7)⋅ 4 .
⎛ 1 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 2 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 3 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 5 ⎞⎟
Π3 = ⎜⎜⎜− ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜+ ⎟⎟ − ⎜− ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜− ⎟⎟ + ⎜− ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜+ ⎟⎟ .
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 6 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 8 ⎟⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 3 ⎞⎟
Π4 = (−3)⋅ ⎜⎜− ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜+ ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜− ⎟⎟ ⋅(−1) .
⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 5 ⎟⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 3 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 2 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 5 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 4 ⎞⎟
Π5 = ⎜⎜⎜− ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜+ ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜− ⎟⎟ + ⎜− ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜+ ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜− ⎟⎟ .
⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 6 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 5 ⎟⎠
⎛ 1 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 4 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞⎟
Π6 = ⎜⎜⎜− + 6 + − 8⎟⎟⎟ ⋅(−5) . ● Π7 = ⎜⎜⎜−5 + 8 − + − 7⎟⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜⎜⎜− ⎟⎟ .
⎝ 3 5 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 3 5 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎟⎠
⎛ 1 2⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 2 5 1⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎟
Π8 = ⎜⎜⎜− + ⎟⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜⎜⎜− ⎟⎟ + ⎜− + − ⎟⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜⎜− ⎟⎟ .
⎝ 4 3 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 8 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
⎛ 1 5 2 7 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟
Π10 = [(+5)⋅(−12)−(−20)⋅(+6)] : (−3) . ● Π11 = ⎜⎜⎜− + + −1 + ⎟⎟ : ⎜− ⎟⎟ .
⎝ 3 6 5 8 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎛ 1 5 3 ⎞ 1 ⎛1 7 1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎟ 2 3 5
Π12 = ⎜⎜− + − ⎟⎟⎟ : − ⎜⎜ − + ⎟⎟⎟ : ⎜⎜− ⎟⎟ . ● Π13 = − + .
⎜⎝ 3 6 4 ⎟⎠ 2 ⎜⎝ 5 10 4 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ 3 4 6
−4 2 −1 −6 −2 −3
Π14 = − + . ● Π15 = − − .
5 −3 10 8 5 +15
⎛ +3 −2 −1 2 ⎞⎟ −7 ⎛ 1 5 −3 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ −3 −1 ⎞⎟
Π16 = ⎜⎜⎜− + − + ⎟⎟ ⋅ . ● Π17 = ⎜⎜⎜− + + ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜ − ⎟⎟ .
⎝ 4 +3 −6 −5 ⎟⎠ +3 ⎝ −3 −4 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 4 5 ⎟⎠
(−2)⋅(+6)−10 5 − 9 + 11
Π20 = : .
(+24) : (−6) 5 − 4 ⋅(4 − 9)
ΙΙ. Δυνάµεις.
50 2 −2 −3 −1 2
⎛15 ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎛5⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎟ ⎛1⎞ ⎛1 ⎞
Π9 = 12 100
⋅ ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ ⋅ 6−149 . ● Π10 = ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ . ● Π11 = ⎜⎜⎜− ⎟⎟ + 2−3 + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ .
⎜⎝ 5 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎝10 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
3 2 −2 −1
⎛ 1 ⎞⎟ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎟ 14 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞⎟
Π12 = 2 ⋅ ⎜⎜⎜− ⎟⎟ − 3 ⋅ ⎜⎜−
⎜⎝
⎟⎟ −(−2)−1 + (−1)2012 . ● Π13 = ⎡⎢(−1)5 ⎤⎥ ⋅ ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ −(−2)−2 + ⎜⎜⎜− ⎟⎟ .
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎣ ⎦ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
−4 8
⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
Π14 = 2 ⋅ 8 ⋅ ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ . Π15 = 3 ⋅ ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ ⋅ 27 3 . ( )
6
12 −3
● 5
● Π16 = 216 ⋅ 8−4 ⋅(−0,5)20 .
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 9 ⎟⎠
1213 8 9 ⋅ 65 1210
Π17 = 415 ⋅ 914 ⋅ 6−27 . ● Π18 = . ● Π19 = . ● Π20 = .
224 ⋅ 312 229 ⋅ 34 185 ⋅ 83
Π12 = (5x 2 − 2xy − 3y 2 )(x 2 − 2xy) . ● Π13 = (8α3 − 4α2β + 2αβ 2 − β 3 )(2α − 3β) .
Π11 = (2x + 5y)(x − 3y)−(x + 2y)2 − 5x(x + y) . ● Π12 = (3αx + 5βy)(3αx − 5βy) .
⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞
Π13 = (αx 2 + 2α2y)(αx 2 − 2α2y) . ● Π14 = ⎜⎜1 + α⎟⎟⎟⎜⎜⎜1 − α⎟⎟⎟ .
⎜⎝ 5 ⎟⎠⎝ 5 ⎟⎠
⎛2 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞
Π15 = ⎜⎜⎜ αβ − 3γ ⎟⎟⎟⎜⎜⎜3γ + αβ ⎟⎟⎟ . ● Π16 = (3x − 5)3 + (x − 2)(x + 2)(3x + 1)− 2x(3x − 5)2 .
⎝7 ⎟⎠⎝ 7 ⎟⎠
µ2 3 9ν 2
Π12 = − + . ● Π13 = α2 − 4α + αγ − 4γ . ● Π14 = x 3 + 7x 2 + 3x + 21 .
16ν 2 2 µ2
3αx + 6α2 7α − 7β − 7γ 4x 2 − 25
Κ1 = . ● Κ2 = . ● Κ3 = .
5βx + 10αβ 35α − 35β − 35γ 2x + 5
α4 − x 4 16 − 25β 2 x2 −9
Κ4 = . ● Κ5 = . ● Κ6 = .
α3x − αx 3 8α −10αβ x 2 + 6x + 9
x 8 −1 αγ + βγ + αδ + βδ
Κ13 = 4 . ● Κ14 = .
(x + 1)(x 2 −1) α2 + αβ
x 2 − 4x + 4 x 4 + 2x 3 x 2 + y 2 + 2xy x 2 − 2xy + y 2
Π1 = ⋅ 2 . ● Π2 = ⋅ .
x2 − 4 x − 2x x 2 −y 2 αx − αy
α2 + 4α + 4 α2 + 2α x 2 − 8x + 16 x 3 −16x
Π5 = : 2 . ● Π6 = : .
αx − αy α x − α2y αx 2 + αxy x 2 + 2xy + y 2
xy + 2 x 2y 2 − 4 ⎛ α3 + 125 1 − 25α2 ⎞⎟ 3α + 15
Π7 = : . ● ⎜
Π8 = ⎜⎜ ⋅ 3 ⎟⎟ : .
12xy − 4x 2 x 2y − 3xy 2 ⎝⎜ 10α − 2 α − 5α + 25α ⎟⎠ 4
2
−3
⎡⎛ x ⎞⎟⎛⎜ y ⎞⎟ ⎤⎥ ⎛⎜ y2 ⎞ x2 −9 ⎛ x − 3 ⎞⎟
Π9 = ⎢⎢ ⎜⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟⎜1 + ⎟⎟ : ⎜x − ⎟⎟⎟ . ● Π10 = 2 : ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎢⎣ ⎝ y ⎟⎠⎜⎝ x ⎟⎠ ⎥⎥⎦ ⎜⎜⎝ x ⎟⎠ x − 6x + 9 ⎝ x + 3 ⎟⎠
α4 − β 4 α2 + β 2 α2x 2 − x 4 αx 2 + x 3
Π11 = : . ● Π12 = : .
x 3 + y 3 x 2 − xy + y 2 α3 − x 3 α2 + αx + x 2
µ 3 − ν 3 µ + ν µ 2 − µν + ν 2 2(α2 + β 2 ) (α + β)2 αβ
Π13 = ⋅ ⋅ . ● Π14 = ⋅ ⋅ 2 .
µ 3 + ν 3 µ − ν µ 2 + µν + ν 2 2
α −β 2
2αβ α + β2
2
α3 − αx 2 βγ + βx x3 + x2 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎟ x(x − 2) + 1
Π15 = ⋅ . ● Π16 = ⋅ ⎜⎜x − ⎟⎟ . ● Π17 = .
βγ 2 − βx 2 α2 − αx (x + 1)3 ⎜⎝ x ⎟⎠ x 2 − 3x + 2
x 3 −1 y 3 + 1 y −1 x 2 −1 x 2 − 4 x2
Π18 = ⋅ ⋅ 2 . ● Π19 = ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 .
y −y + 1 x −1 x + x + 1
2
x + 2 x −x x −x −2
x 2 − 3x + 2 x 2 + 2x
Π20 = ⋅ 2 .
x2 −x x +x −2
1 2x α α2 x + 1 x −1
Π1 = − . ● Π2 = − . ● Π3 = − .
1−x 1−x2 x − α x 2 − α2 x +2 x −2
α +1 α −1 2x 2 − 2x + 1 x x
Π4 = + . ● Π5 = − . ● Π6 = x − .
2
α −x 2
(x − α)2 2
x −x x −1 x −1
x2 α2 + β 2 2xy −y 2
Π7 = α − x + . ● Π8 = −(α − β) . ● Π9 = x + y − .
α+x α+β x +y
x 2 −y 2 α 3α 2αx
Π10 = x + y − . ● Π11 = + − 2 .
x + 2y α−x α+x α −x2
x x −1 1 30α 4 5
Π12 = + + . ● Π13 = + − .
x +1 x x(x + 1) 9α −1 3α −1 3α + 1
2
3 1 x + 10 2 1 2
Π14 = − − 2 . ● Π15 = − + 2 .
2x − 4 x + 2 2x − 8 2x + 1 2x −1 4x −1
10 4 12(1 −y) ⎛ αx α ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ α αx ⎞⎟
Π16 = − + 2 . ● Π17 = ⎜⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ − ⎜ + ⎟⎟ .
3+y 3 −y y −9 ⎝ x + 1 x −1 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ x + 1 x −1 ⎟⎠
2x ⎛ y + α α ⎞⎟ ⎛x + y x −y 4x 2 ⎞⎟⎟ x 2 − 2xy + y 2
Π18 = ⋅ ⎜⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ . ● Π19 = ⎜⎜⎜ − − 2 ⎟⋅ .
2y − α ⎝ 3 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ x −y x +y x −y 2 ⎟⎠ 4xy
⎛x + y ⎞⎛ x −y ⎞⎟ 9x 2 6 1
Π20 = ⎜⎜⎜ + 1⎟⎟⎟⎜⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟ . ● Π21 = 2 + 2 + 2 2 .
⎝ x −y ⎟⎠⎝ x + y ⎟⎠ y y xy
x2 β2 2βx ⎛ 1 2x ⎞⎟⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟
Π22 = + − . ● Π23 = ⎜⎜⎜ + ⎟
⎟ ⎜ −1 ⎟⎟ .
y 2
α 2
αy ⎝1 + x 1 − x 2 ⎟⎠⎜⎝ x ⎟⎠
α2 − 4x 2
⎛ α2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 α⎞ ⎛ x − α ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ x + α ⎞⎟
Π24 = ⎜⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟⎟ : ⎜⎜⎜ 2 + ⎟⎟⎟ .
2
● Π25 = ⎜⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟ : ⎜ −1 ⎟⎟ . ● Π26 = α 2 + 4αx .
⎜⎝ x ⎟⎠ ⎝ x x ⎟⎠ ⎝ x + α ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ x − α ⎟⎠ α − 2αx
αx + 4x 2
1 x α+β 2µ + ν
x2 + 1− −1 +1
x . y α−β µ+ν
Π27 = ● Π28 = . ● Π29 = . ● Π30 = .
1 x2 α−β ν
x + −1 −y +1 1+
x y α+β µ+ν
x y α2 + β 2 α+x 2x
+ − 2α −
y x β
Π31 = . ● Π32 = . ● Π33 = 2α α+x .
x y 1 1 α+x 2α
− − −
y x β α 2x α+x
α+β α−β x +y x −y α2 + β 2
− − − 2α
α−β α+β x −y x +y β
Π34 = . ● Π35 = . ● Π36 = .
α−β x +y x −y 1 1
1− + −
α+β x −y x +y β α
2x y 1 ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞
+1− ⎜⎜ −1⎟⎟⎟
y x 1−x x ⎝x ⎟⎠
Π37 = . ● Π38 = − .
2x y 1−x + x2 1
+ −3 +1
y x x3
⎛ 2x 2 ⎞⎟⎟ 2 ⎛ α α ⎞
Π39 = ⎜⎜⎜α2 − x + 2 ⎟(α + x) . ● Π40 = (α2 −1)⎜⎜⎜ + −1⎟⎟⎟ .
⎜⎝ α + x ⎟⎠ ⎝ α + 1 α −1 ⎟⎠
Π1 = ( 2 + 2 18 − 5 50 + 4 32 ) ⋅ 2 . ● (
Π2 = 3 8 + 5 − 2 2 )( 72 − 2 20 − 3 2 . )
Π3 = (8 14 − 6 63 + 4 28 −10 7 ) : 2 7. ● (
Π4 = 4 12 − 2 48 − 9 3 + 3 : 27 . )
6 1+ 2 3 3+ 2
Π5 = . ● Π6 = . ● Π7 = . ● Π8 = .
8 −2 2− 2 2 ( 5− 2 ) 3− 2
3 −1 1 1
( ) + (2 + 3 )
−2 −2
Π9 = . ● Π10 = + . ● Π11 = 2 − 3 .
3 +1 8+ 3 8− 3
( ). α+β−γ α + x + α−x
2
Π12 = 3x + 2 − 3x − 2 ● Π13 = . ● Π14 = .
α+β − γ α + x − α−x
α β +β α αβ x +y x −y
Π15 = . ● Π16 = αβ + . ● Π17 = + .
α+ β α − αβ x −y x +y
1
1−x +
1+x x −1 x −y
Π18 = . ● Π19 = . ● Π20 = .
1 1+ x x+ y
1+
1−x2
⎛ 1 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 2 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 3 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 5 ⎞⎟ 1 2 3 1 1 5 1 1 5
Π3 = ⎜⎜⎜− ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜+ ⎟⎟ − ⎜− ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜− ⎟⎟ + ⎜− ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜+ ⎟⎟ = − ⋅ − ⋅ − ⋅ = − − − =
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 6 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 8 ⎟⎠ 2 3 4 3 6 8 3 4 48
⎛1 1 5⎞ 16 + 12 + 5 33 3 ⋅11 11
= −⎜⎜⎜ + + ⎟⎟⎟ = − =− =− =− .
⎝3 4 48 ⎟⎠ 48 48 3 ⋅16 16
⎛ 1 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 3 ⎞⎟ 1 1 3 3
Π4 = (−3)⋅ ⎜⎜⎜− ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜+ ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜− ⎟⎟ ⋅(−1) = 3 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = .
⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 5⎠ ⎟ 3 4 5 20
⎛ 1 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 3 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 2 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 5 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 4 ⎞⎟ 1 1 3 2 5 4 1 4 9 + 32
Π5 = ⎜⎜⎜− ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜+ ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜− ⎟⎟ + ⎜− ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜+ ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜− ⎟⎟ = ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ = + = =
⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 6 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 5 ⎟⎠ 3 2 4 3 6 5 8 9 72
41
= .
72
⎛ 1 2 ⎞ ⎛2 1 ⎞ 6 − 5 − 30 6 − 35 −29
Π6 = ⎜⎜− + 6 + − 8⎟⎟⎟ ⋅(−5) = ⎜⎜⎜ − − 2⎟⎟⎟ ⋅(−5) = ⋅(−5) = − =− =
⎜⎝ 3 5 ⎟⎠ ⎝5 3 ⎟⎠ 15 3 3
29
= .
3
⎛ 2 4 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 4 2 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞⎟ 12 −10 − 60 −3
Π7 = ⎜⎜⎜−5 + 8 − + − 7⎟⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜⎜⎜− ⎟⎟ = ⎜ − − 4⎟⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜⎜− ⎟⎟ = ⋅ =
⎝ 3 5 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 5 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ 15 4
12 − 70 −1 −58 −1 29
= ⋅ = ⋅ = .
5 4 5 2 10
⎛ 1 2⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 2 5 1⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎟ −3 + 8 −1 −16 + 15 −12 −2
Π8 = ⎜⎜− + ⎟⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜⎜− ⎟⎟ + ⎜− + − ⎟⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜⎜− ⎟⎟ = ⋅ + ⋅ =
⎜⎝ 4 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 8 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ 12 2 24 3
5 −1 −13 −1 5 13 −15 + 26 11
= ⋅ + ⋅ =− + = = .
12 2 12 3 24 36 72 72
−24 −18 36
Π9 = [(−24) : (+3)]−[(−18) : (−6)]+[(+36) : (−9)] = − + = −8 − 2 − 4 = −14 .
3 −6 −9
60
Π10 = [(+5)⋅(−12)−(−20)⋅(+6)] : (−3) = (−60 + 120) : (−3) = 60 : (−3) = = −20 .
−3
⎛ 1 5 3 ⎞ 1 ⎛1 7 1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎟ −4 + 10 − 9 4 −14 + 5
Π12 = ⎜⎜⎜− + − ⎟⎟⎟ : − ⎜⎜⎜ − + ⎟⎟⎟ : ⎜⎜⎜− ⎟⎟ = ⋅2− ⋅(−3) =
⎝ 3 6 4 ⎟⎠ 2 ⎝ 5 10 4 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎟ 12 20
−3 −5 1 3 −2 + 3 1
= + ⋅3 = − + = = .
6 20 2 4 4 4
2 3 5 8 − 9 + 10 18 − 9 9 3⋅3 3
Π13 = − + = = = = = .
3 4 6 12 12 12 3⋅4 4
−4 2 −1 4 2 1 −24 + 20 − 3 20 − 27 7
Π14 = − + =− + − = = =− .
5 −3 10 5 3 10 30 30 30
−6 −2 −3 3 2 1 3 3 12 −15 3
Π15 = − − =− + + = − = =− .
8 5 +15 4 5 5 5 4 20 20
⎛ +3 −2 −1 2 ⎞⎟ −7 ⎛⎜ 3 2 1 2 ⎞⎟ −7 −45 − 40 −10 − 24 −7
Π16 = ⎜⎜⎜− + − + ⎟⎟ ⋅ = ⎜⎜− − − − ⎟⎟ ⋅ = ⋅ =
⎝ 4 +3 −6 −5 ⎟⎠ +3 ⎝ 4 3 6 5 ⎟⎠ 3 60 3
−119 −7 833
= ⋅ = .
60 3 180
⎛ 1 5 −3 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ −3 −1 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 1 5 3 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 3 1⎞
Π17 = ⎜⎜− + + ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜ − ⎟⎟ = ⎜ − − ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜− + ⎟⎟⎟ =
⎜⎝ −3 −4 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 4 5 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 4 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 4 5 ⎟⎠
4 −15 −18 −15 + 4 4 − 33 −11 −29 −11 319
= ⋅ = ⋅ = ⋅ = .
12 20 12 20 12 20 240
−4 + 7 − 2 9 − 3 + 8 −5 + 11 7 − 6 17 − 3 6 1 14 6
Π18 = ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ =
1 −12 + 5 −7 + 2 −1 −10 + 4 + 5 6 −12 2 − 8 9 −10 −6 −6 −1
14 ⋅ 6 14 2 ⋅7 7
=− =− =− =− .
6⋅6 6 2⋅3 3
ΙΙ. Δυνάµεις.
2
Π4 = (−2)3 ⋅ ⎡⎢(−3)2 ⎤⎥ ⋅(−10)2 = −23 ⋅ 92 ⋅102 = −8 ⋅ 81 ⋅100 = 64800 .
⎣ ⎦
2
Π5 = (−3)2 ⋅ ⎡⎢(−1)4 ⎤⎥ ⋅(23 )2 = 9 ⋅12 ⋅ 82 = 9 ⋅ 64 = 576 .
⎣ ⎦
(−3)5
Π6 = (−5)2 +[(−3)5 : (−3)2 ] = 25 + 2
= 25 + (−3)5−2 = 25 + (−3)3 = 25 + (−27) = −2 .
(−3)
17
⎛ 1 ⎞⎟ 1 (23 )11 23⋅11 233 1 1
Π7 = ⎜⎜− ⎟⎟ ⋅ 811 = − 17 ⋅ 811 = − 2 17 = − 2⋅17 = − 34 = − 1 = − .
⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ 4 (2 ) 2 2 2 2
40 40 40
⎛ −125 ⎞⎟ ⎛ 5 ⋅ 25 ⎞⎟ ⎛5⎞ 540 4 60 ⋅540
Π8 = (−4) ⋅ ⎜⎜⎜60
⎟⎟ = 4 60 ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 4 60 ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ = 4 60 ⋅ 40 = = 4 20 ⋅540 =
⎝ 100 ⎟⎠ ⎜
⎝ 4 ⋅ 25 ⎟⎠ ⎜
⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ 4 4 40
50 50 50
⎛15 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⋅ 3 ⎞⎟ ⎛ 3⎞ 350
Π9 = 12 100
⋅ ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ ⋅ 6−149 = (2 ⋅ 6)100 ⋅ ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⋅ 6−149 = 2100 ⋅ 6100 ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ ⋅ 6−149 = 2100 ⋅ 6−49 ⋅ 50 =
⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎝10 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 5 ⋅ 2 ⎟⎠ 2
= 250 ⋅ 6−49 ⋅ 350 = (2 ⋅ 3)50 ⋅ 6−49 = 650 ⋅ 6−49 = 61 = 6 .
2 −2 2
⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎛5⎞ 42 ⎛ 3 ⎞ 16 32 16 9 16 + 9 25
Π10 = ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ = 2 + ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ = + 2 = + = = =1.
⎝ 5 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ 5 ⎝ 5 ⎟⎠ 25 5 25 25 25 25
−3 −1 2 3 1
⎛ 2 ⎞⎟ ⎛1⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞⎟ 1 ⎛ 5 ⎞ 12 33 1 1
Π11 = ⎜⎜− ⎟⎟ + 2−3 + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜− ⎟⎟ + 3 + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ ⋅ 2 = − 3 + + 5 ⋅ =
⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 5 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ 2 ⎜⎝ 1 ⎟⎠ 2 2 8 4
27 1 5 5 1 − 27 5 −26 5 13 5 −13 −8
=− + + = + = + = − = = = −2 .
8 8 4 4 8 4 8 4 4 4 4
3 2
⎛ 1 ⎞⎟ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎟ −13 12 1
Π12 = 2 ⋅ ⎜⎜⎜− ⎟⎟ − 3 ⋅ ⎜⎜−
⎜⎝
⎟⎟ −(−2)−1 + (−1)2012 = 2 ⋅ 3 − 3 ⋅ 2 − +1 =
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ 2 ⎟⎠ 2 2 (−2)1
−1 1 1 1 3 1 −1 − 3 1 4 1
= 2⋅ −3⋅ − +1 = − − + +1 = + +1 = − + +1 =
8 4 −2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2
1 1
= −1 + +1 = .
2 2
−2 −1 2 1
14 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞⎟ ⎛ 2⎞ 1 ⎛ 3 ⎞⎟
Π13 = ⎡⎢(−1)5 ⎤⎥ ⋅ ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ −(−2)−2 + ⎜⎜⎜− ⎟⎟ = (−1)14 ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ −
⎜⎝ 1 ⎟⎠ + ⎜⎜− ⎟⎟ =
⎣ ⎦ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ (−2)2 ⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠
1 3 1+ 3 4
= 1 ⋅ 22 − − = 4− = 4 − = 4 −1 = 3 .
4 4 4 4
−4 4
⎛1⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
Π14 = 2 ⋅ 8 ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟
12 −3
= 2 ⋅(2 ) ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ = 212 ⋅ 2−9 ⋅ 24 = 212−9+4 = 27 = 128 .
12 3 −3
⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 ⎟⎠
8
⎛ ⎞
8 ⎡ ⎛ ⎞−1 ⎤
5 ⎜1⎟ 5 ⎢ ⎜9⎟ ⎥
Π15 = 3 ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⋅ 27 = 3 ⋅ ⎢ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥ ⋅(33 )3 = 35 ⋅(9−1 )8 ⋅ 39 = 35+9 ⋅ 9−8 = 314 ⋅(32 )−8 = 314 ⋅ 3−16 =
3
⎝ 9 ⎟⎠ ⎢ ⎝ 1 ⎟⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
1 1
= 3−2 = = .
32
9
20
⎛ 1 ⎞⎟ 1
( )
6 6
Π16 = 2 ⋅ 8 16 −4
⋅(−0,5) = ⎡⎢2 ⋅(2 ) ⎤⎥ ⋅ ⎜⎜⎜−
20 16 3 −4
⎟⎟ = (216 ⋅ 2−12 )6 ⋅ 20 = (24 )6 ⋅ 2−20 = 224 ⋅ 2−20 =
⎣ ⎦ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎟ 2
= 24 = 16 .
Π17 = 415 ⋅ 914 ⋅ 6−27 = (22 )15 ⋅(32 )14 ⋅(2 ⋅ 3)−27 = 230 ⋅ 328 ⋅ 2−27 ⋅ 3−27 = 23 ⋅ 31 = 8 ⋅ 3 = 24 .
☝︎ Όταν ένα µονώνυµο ☝︎ πολλαπλασιάζει ☝︎ µια παρένθεση, που µέσα της έχει άθροισµα/διαφορά, και το
µονώνυµο είναι δεξιά της παρένθεσης, τότε καλό είναι αυτό να γράφεται µπροστά από την παρένθεση (και όχι µετά
απ' αυτήν). Έτσι αποφεύγονται λάθη στις πράξεις.
Π3 = 4x(3x − 2y)−(2x + 3y)⋅5y − 2x(x + 3y) = 12x 2 − 8xy − 5y(2x + 3y)− 2x 2 − 6xy =
= 10x 2 −14xy −10xy −15y 2 = 10x 2 − 24xy −15y 2 .
Π16 = (x + 2)(x + 7)(x + 10) = (x + 2)(x 2 + 10x + 7x + 70) = (x + 2)(x 2 + 17x + 70) =
= x 3 + 17x 2 + 70x + 2x 2 + 34x + 140 = x 3 + 19x 2 + 104x + 140 .
2
Π1 = (x −1)2(x + 1)2 = ⎡⎢(x −1)(x + 1)⎤⎥ = (x 2 −1)2 = (x 2 )2 + 12 − 2x 2 = x 4 − 2x 2 + 1 .
⎣ ⎦
2 2 2
⎛4 2 ⎞ ⎛4 ⎞ ⎛2 ⎞ 4 2 16 4 2 4 2 16 2
Π5 = ⎜⎜⎜ α2β + γ ⎟⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜⎜ α2β ⎟⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜⎜ γ ⎟⎟⎟ + 2 ⋅ α2β ⋅ γ = αβ + γ + α βγ .
⎝5 3 ⎟⎠ ⎝5 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ 5 3 25 9 5
2 2 2
⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ 1 1 1 1 2 2 1
Π6 = ⎜⎜⎜ x 2 + xy ⎟⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜⎜ x 2 ⎟⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜⎜ xy ⎟⎟⎟ + 2 ⋅ x 2 ⋅ xy = x 4 + x y + x 3y .
⎝4 5 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎟⎠ 4 5 16 25 10
2 2 2
⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ 1 1 1 1 1
Π7 = ⎜⎜ xy − ω ⎟⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ xy ⎟⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ω ⎟⎟⎟ − 2 ⋅ xy ⋅ ω = x 2y 2 + ω 2 − xyω .
⎜⎝ 3 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ 3 2 9 4 3
= 2x 2 − 6xy + 5xy −15y 2 −(x 2 + 4y 2 + 4xy)− 5x 2 − 5xy = −3x 2 − 6xy −15y 2 − x 2 − 4y 2 − 4xy =
= −4x 2 −10xy −19y 2 .
2
⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛3 ⎞ 9 2 25 − 9α2
Π14 = ⎜⎜1 + α⎟⎟⎟⎜⎜⎜1 − α⎟⎟⎟ = 12 − ⎜⎜⎜ α⎟⎟⎟ = 1 − α = .
⎜⎝ 5 ⎟⎠⎝ 5 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎟⎠ 25 25
2
⎛2 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛2 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛2 ⎞ 4 2 2
Π15 = ⎜⎜⎜ αβ − 3γ ⎟⎟⎟⎜⎜⎜3γ + αβ ⎟⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜⎜ αβ − 3γ ⎟⎟⎟⎜⎜⎜ αβ + 3γ ⎟⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜⎜ αβ ⎟⎟⎟ −(3γ)2 = α β − 9γ 2 .
⎝7 ⎟⎠⎝ 7 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 7 ⎟⎠⎝ 7 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 7 ⎟⎠ 49
Π1 = (2α + β)2 −(2α − β)2 = ⎡⎢(2α + β) + (2α − β)⎤⎥ ⋅ ⎡⎢(2α + β)−(2α − β)⎤⎥ =
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
= (2α + β + 2α − β)(2α + β − 2α + β) = 4α ⋅ 2β = 8αβ .
Π2 = (3x + 5y)2 −(2x −y)2 = ⎡⎢(3x + 5y) + (2x −y)⎤⎥ ⋅ ⎡⎢(3x + 5y)−(2x −y)⎤⎥ =
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
= (3x + 5y + 2x −y)(3x + 5y − 2x + y) = (5x + 4y)(x + 6y) .
2 2
Π3 = 25(x + y)2 −16(x −y)2 = ⎡⎢5(x + y)⎤⎥ − ⎡⎢ 4(x −y)⎤⎥ =
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
= ⎡⎢5(x + y) + 4(x −y)⎤⎥ ⋅ ⎡⎢5(x + y)− 4(x −y)⎤⎥ = (5x + 5y + 4x − 4y)(5x + 5y − 4x + 4y) =
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
= (9x + y)(x + 9y) .
2 2
Π4 = 9(α + β)2 − 4(α − β)2 = ⎡⎢3(α + β)⎤⎥ − ⎡⎢2(α − β)⎤⎥ =
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
= ⎡⎢3(α + β) + 2(α − β)⎤⎥ ⋅ ⎡⎢3(α + β)− 2(α − β)⎤⎥ = (3α + 3β + 2α − 2β)(3α + 3β − 2α + 2β) =
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
= (5α + β)(α + 5β) .
Π6 = (2x −y)(α + β)−(2x −y)2 = (2x −y)⋅ ⎡⎢(α + β)−(2x −y)⎤⎥ = (2x −y)(α + β − 2x + y) .
⎣ ⎦
Π8 = 64α 4 β 2 −(α − 2β)2 = (8α2β)2 −(α − 2β)2 = ⎡⎢(8α2β) + (α − 2β)⎤⎥ ⋅ ⎡⎢(8α2β −(α − 2β)⎤⎥ =
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
= (8α2β + α − 2β)(8α2β − α + 2β) .
2 2 2
µ2 3 9ν 2 ⎛⎜ µ ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 3ν ⎞⎟ µ 3ν ⎛⎜ µ 3ν ⎞
Π12 = − + = ⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜ ⎟⎟ − 2 ⋅ ⋅ =⎜ − ⎟⎟⎟ .
16ν 2
2 µ 2 ⎜⎝ 4ν ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ µ ⎟⎠ 4ν µ ⎜⎝ 4ν µ ⎟⎠
2 2
Π20 = 81α 4 −16β 4 = (3α)4 −(2β)4 = ⎡⎢(3α)2 ⎤⎥ − ⎡⎢(2β)2 ⎤⎥ = ⎡⎢(3α)2 −(2β)2 ⎤⎥ ⋅ ⎡⎢(3α)2 + (2β)2 ⎤⎥ =
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
= (3α − 2β)(3α + 2β)(9α2 + 4β 2 ) .
7α − 7β − 7γ 7(α − β − γ) 1
Κ2 = = = .
35α − 35β − 35γ 35(α − β − γ) 5
x2 −9 x 2 − 32 (x + 3)(x − 3) x − 3
Κ6 = = = = .
2
x + 6x + 9 2
x + 2 ⋅x ⋅ 3 + 32
(x + 3)2 x +3
α3 + β 3 (α + β)(α2 − αβ + β 2 ) α2 − αβ + β 2
Κ9 = 2 = = .
α − β2 (α + β)(α − β) α−β
x 2 − 4x + 4 x 4 + 2x 3 (x − 2)2 x 3(x + 2)
Π1 = ⋅ = ⋅ = x2 .
2
x −4 2
x − 2x (x − 2)(x + 2) x(x − 2)
(x − 4)2 x +y (x − 4)(x + y)
= ⋅ = .
αx x(x − 4)(x + 4) αx 2(x + 4)
⎡⎛ x ⎞⎟⎛⎜ y ⎞⎟ ⎤⎥ ⎛⎜ y 2 ⎞ ⎛ y + x x + y ⎞⎟ x 2 −y 2 (x + y)2 x
Π9 = ⎢⎢ ⎜⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟⎜1 + ⎟⎟ : ⎜x − ⎟⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⋅ ⎟⎟ : = ⋅ =
y ⎟⎠⎜⎝ ⎥ ⎜
x ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎜⎝ x ⎟⎠ ⎝ y⎜ y ⎟⎠ x xy (x + y)(x −y)
⎢⎣ ⎝
x +y
= .
y(x −y)
−3 3
x2 −9 ⎛ x − 3 ⎞⎟ (x + 3)(x − 3) ⎛⎜ x + 3 ⎞⎟ x + 3 (x + 3)3
Π10 = 2 :⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎟ = : ⎜⎜ ⎟ = : =
x − 6x + 9 ⎜⎝ x + 3 ⎟⎠ (x − 3)2 ⎝ x − 3 ⎟⎠ x − 3 (x − 3)3
2
x + 3 (x − 3)3 (x − 3)2 ⎛⎜ x − 3 ⎞⎟
= ⋅ = =⎜ ⎟⎟ .
x − 3 (x + 3)3 (x + 3)2 ⎜⎝ x + 3 ⎟⎠
µ 3 − ν 3 µ + ν µ 2 − µν + ν 2 (µ − ν)(µ 2 + µν + ν 2 ) µ + ν µ 2 − µν + ν 2
Π13 = ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ =1.
µ 3 + ν 3 µ − ν µ 2 + µν + ν 2 (µ + ν)(µ 2 − µν + ν 2 ) µ − ν µ 2 + µν + ν 2
2 2 2 2 2
x3 + x2 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎟ x 2(x + 1) ⎛⎜ x 2 −1 ⎞⎟⎟ x2 ⎛ x 2 −1 ⎞⎟
⎜ ⎛ x ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ x 2 −1 ⎞⎟
Π16 = ⋅ ⎜⎜x − ⎟⎟ = ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎜
⎟⎟ = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ =
(x + 1)3 ⎜⎝ x ⎟⎠ (x + 1)3 ⎜⎜⎝ x ⎟⎠ (x + 1)2 ⎜⎝ x ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ x + 1 ⎟⎟⎠ ⎜⎜⎝ x ⎟⎟⎠
2 2
⎛ x x 2 −1 ⎞⎟⎟ ⎡ (x + 1)(x −1) ⎤
⎜
= ⎜⎜ ⋅ ⎢ ⎥ = (x −1)2 .
⎟⎟ = ⎢ ⎥
⎜⎝ x + 1 x ⎠ ⎣ x +1 ⎦
x(x − 2) + 1 x 2 − 2x + 1 (x −1)2
Π17 = 2 = 2 = .
x − 3x + 2 x − 3x + 2 x 2 − 3x + 2
Το τριώνυμο του παρονομαστή έχει διακρίνουσα Δ = (−3)2 − 4 ⋅1 ⋅ 2 = 9 − 8 = 1 , οπότε
⎪⎧⎪ 3+1 4 ⎪⎫
⎪⎪ x1 = = = 2 ⎪⎪⎪
3± 1 3±1 2 2
έχει δύο ρίζες, τις x1, 2 = = ⇒ ⎪⎨ ⎪⎬ .
2 ⋅1 2 ⎪⎪ 3 −1 2 ⎪
⎪⎪ x 2 = = = 1 ⎪⎪⎪
⎩⎪ 2 2 ⎭⎪
Άρα είναι x 2 − 3x + 2 = 1 ⋅(x − 2)(x −1) = (x − 2)(x −1) , οπότε τελικά
(x −1)2 x −1
Π17 = = .
(x −1)(x − 2) x − 2
x 3 −1 y 3 + 1 y −1 (x −1)(x 2 + x + 1) (y + 1)(y 2 −y + 1) y −1
Π18 = ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ 2 =
y −y + 1 x −1 x + x + 1
2 2 2
y −y + 1 x −1 x + x +1
= (y + 1)(y −1) = y 2 −1 .
x 2 −1 x 2 − 4 x2
Π19 = ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 .
x + 2 x −x x −x −2
Το τριώνυμο x 2 − x − 2 έχει διακρίνουσα Δ = (−1)2 − 4 ⋅1 ⋅(−2) = 1 + 8 = 9 , οπότε έχει
⎪⎧⎪ 1+ 3 4 ⎪⎫
⎪⎪ x1 = = = 2 ⎪⎪⎪
1± 9 1± 3 2 2
δύο ρίζες, τις x1, 2 = = ⇒ ⎪⎨ ⎪⎬ .
2 ⋅1 2 ⎪⎪ 1 − 3 −2 ⎪
⎪⎪ x 2 = = = −1 ⎪⎪⎪
⎩⎪ 2 2 ⎪⎭
Άρα είναι x 2 − x − 2 = 1 ⋅(x − 2)(x + 1) = (x − 2)(x + 1) , οπότε
(x + 1)(x −1) (x + 2)(x − 2) x2
Π19 = ⋅ ⋅ =x .
x +2 x(x −1) (x − 2)(x + 1)
x 2 − 3x + 2 x 2 + 2x
Π20 = ⋅ 2 .
x2 −x x +x −2
α) Το τριώνυμο x 2 − 3x + 2 έχει διακρίνουσα Δ = (−3)2 − 4 ⋅1 ⋅ 2 = 9 − 8 = 1 , οπότε έχει
⎧⎪ ⎫
⎪⎪ x = 3 + 1 = 4 = 2 ⎪⎪⎪
3± 1 3±1 ⎪ 1 2 2 ⎪⎪
δύο ρίζες, τις x1, 2 = = ⇒ ⎪⎨ ⎬ , οπότε είναι
2 ⋅1 2 ⎪⎪ 3 −1 2 ⎪
⎪⎪ x 2 = = = 1 ⎪⎪⎪
⎪⎩ 2 2 ⎪⎭
x 2 − 3x + 2 = 1 ⋅(x − 2)(x −1) = (x − 2)(x −1) .
1 2x 1 2x 1 + x − 2x 1−x 1
Π1 = − = − = = = .
1−x 1−x 2
1−x (1 − x)(1 + x) (1 − x)(1 + x) (1 − x)(1 + x) 1 + x
α α2 α α2 α(x + α)− α2 αx + α2 − α2
Π2 = − 2 = − = = =
x − α x − α2 x − α (x − α)(x + α) (x − α)(x + α) (x − α)(x + α)
αx
= .
x − α2
2
α +1 α −1 α +1 α −1 (α + 1)(α − x) + (α −1)(α + x)
Π4 = + = + = =
2
α −x 2
(x − α)2
(α + x)(α − x) (α − x)2
(α + x)(α − x)2
α2 − αx + α − x + α2 + αx − α − x 2α2 − 2x 2 2(α2 − x 2 )
= = = =
(α + x)(α − x)2 (α + x)(α − x)2 (α + x)(α − x)2
2(α − x)(α + x) 2
= = .
(α + x)(α − x)2
α−x
2x 2 − 2x + 1 x 2x 2 − 2x + 1 x 2x 2 − 2x + 1 − x 2 x 2 − 2x + 1
Π5 = − = − = = =
x2 −x x −1 x(x −1) x −1 x(x −1) x(x −1)
(x −1)2 x −1
= = .
x(x −1) x
x x(x −1)− x x2 −x −x x 2 − 2x
Π6 = x − = = = .
x −1 x −1 x −1 x −1
x2 (α − x)(α + x) + x 2 α2 − x 2 + x 2 α2
Π7 = α − x + = = = .
α+x α+x α+x α+x
α 3α 2αx α 3α 2αx
Π11 = + − 2 = + − =
α−x α+x α −x 2
α−x α+x (α − x)(α + x)
α(α + x) + 3α(α − x)− 2αx α2 + αx + 3α2 − 3αx − 2αx 4α2 − 4αx
= = = =
(α − x)(α + x) (α − x)(α + x) (α − x)(α + x)
4α(α − x) 4α
= = .
(α − x)(α + x) α + x
x x −1 1 x 2 + (x −1)(x + 1) + 1 x 2 + x 2 −1 + 1 2x 2 2x
Π12 = + + = = = =
x +1 x x(x + 1) x(x + 1) x(x + 1) x(x + 1) x + 1
30α 4 5 30α 4 5
Π13 = + − = + − =
9α −1 3α −1 3α + 1 (3α + 1)(3α −1) 3α −1 3α + 1
2
3 1 x + 10 3 1 x + 10
Π14 = − − 2 = − − =
2x − 4 x + 2 2x − 8 2(x − 2) x + 2 2(x 2 − 4)
3 1 x + 10 3(x + 2)− 2(x − 2)−(x + 10)
= − − = =
2(x − 2) x + 2 2(x − 2)(x + 2) 2(x − 2)(x + 2)
3x + 6 − 2x + 4 − x −10 0
= 2
= 2
=0.
2(x − 4) 2(x − 4)
2 1 2 2 1 2
Π15 = − + 2 = − + =
2x + 1 2x −1 4x −1 2x + 1 2x −1 (2x + 1)(2x −1)
2(2x −1)−(2x + 1) + 2 4x − 2 − 2x −1 + 2 2x −1 1
= = = = .
(2x + 1)(2x −1) (2x + 1)(2x −1) (2x + 1)(2x −1) 2x + 1
αx 2 − αx − αx − α αx − α + αx 2 + αx αx 2 − 2αx − α αx 2 + 2αx − α
= − = − =
(x + 1)(x −1) (x + 1)(x −1) (x + 1)(x −1) (x + 1)(x −1)
αx 2 − 2αx − α −(αx 2 + 2αx − α) αx 2 − 2αx − α − αx 2 − 2αx + α −4αx
= = = 2 .
(x + 1)(x −1) (x + 1)(x −1) x −1
2x ⎛ y + α α ⎞⎟ 2x 2(y + α)− 3α x 2y + 2α − 3α
Π18 = ⋅ ⎜⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ = ⋅ = ⋅ =
2y − α ⎝ 3 2 ⎟⎠ 2y − α 6 2y − α 3
2y − α 1
= = .
3(2y − α) 3
⎛x + y x −y 4x 2 ⎞⎟⎟ x 2 − 2xy + y 2
⎜
Π19 = ⎜⎜ − − 2 ⎟⋅ =
⎝⎜ x −y x +y x −y 2 ⎟⎠ 4xy
⎡ x +y x −y 4x 2 ⎤ (x −y)2 (x + y)(x + y)−(x −y)(x −y)− 4x 2 (x −y)2
⎢
=⎢ − − ⎥ ⋅ = ⋅ =
⎢⎣ x −y x + y (x + y)(x −y) ⎥⎥⎦ 4xy (x + y)(x −y) 4xy
⎛x + y ⎞⎛ x −y ⎞⎟ x + y + x −y x + y −(x −y) 2x x + y − x + y
Π20 = ⎜⎜ + 1⎟⎟⎟⎜⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟ = ⋅ = ⋅ =
⎜⎝ x −y ⎟⎠⎝ x + y ⎟⎠ x −y x +y x −y x +y
2x 2y 4xy 4xy
= ⋅ = = 2 .
x −y x + y (x −y)(x + y) x −y 2
9x 2 6 1 9x 2 ⋅x 2 + 6x 2 + 1 9x 4 + 6x 2 + 1 (3x 2 )2 + 2 ⋅ 3x 2 ⋅1 + 12
Π21 = 2 + 2 + 2 2 = = = =
y y xy x 2y 2 x 2y 2 x 2y 2
2
(3x 2 + 1)2 ⎛⎜ 3x 2 + 1 ⎞⎟⎟
= = ⎜⎜ ⎟ .
x 2y 2 ⎜⎝ xy ⎟⎠
⎛ 1 2x ⎞⎟⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ ⎡ 1 2x ⎤ 1−x 1 − x + 2x 1 − x
Π23 = ⎜⎜⎜ + 2⎟
⎟⎜
⎜ −1 ⎟
⎟ = ⎢ + ⎥⋅ = ⋅ =
⎝1 + x 1 − x ⎟⎠⎝ x ⎟⎠ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1+x (1 + x)(1 − x) ⎦ x (1 + x)(1 − x) x
1+x 1 1
= ⋅ = .
1+x x x
⎛ α2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 α ⎞ x 2 + α2 1 + αx x 2 + α2 x2 x 2 + α2
Π24 = ⎜⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟⎟ : ⎜⎜⎜ 2 + ⎟⎟⎟ = : = ⋅ = .
⎜⎝ x ⎟⎠ ⎝ x x ⎟⎠ x2 x2 x2 1 + αx 1 + αx
⎛ x − α ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ x + α ⎞⎟ x + α + x − α x + α −(x − α) 2x x + α−x + α
Π25 = ⎜⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟ : ⎜
⎜ −1 ⎟⎟ = : = : =
⎝ ⎟
x + α⎠ ⎝x − α ⎟
⎠ x +α x −α x +α x −α
2x 2α 2x x − α x(x − α)
= : = ⋅ = .
x +α x −α x + α 2α α(x + α)
α2 − 4x 2
2 (α2 − 4x 2 )(αx + 4x 2 ) (α − 2x)(α + 2x)⋅x(α + 4x) x(α + 2x)
Π26 = α 2 + 4αx = 2 = = .
α − 2αx 2
(α + 4αx)(α − 2αx) α(α + 4x)⋅ α(α − 2x) α2
αx + 4x 2
1x3 +1
x2 +
x x(x 3 + 1) x3 +1 (x + 1)(x 2 − x + 1)
Π27 = = 2 x = = = = x +1 .
1 x +1−x x(x 2 − x + 1) x 2 − x + 1 x2 −x +1
x + −1
x x
x y −x
1−
y y y −x −(x −y) 1
Π28 = 2 = 2 = 2 = =− .
x x −y 2
x −y 2
(x −y)(x + y) x +y
−y
y y
2µ + ν 2µ + ν + µ + ν
+1
µ+ν µ+ν 3µ + 2ν
Π30 = = = .
ν µ+ν +ν µ + 2ν
1+
µ+ν µ+ν
x y x2 + y2
+
y x xy x2 + y2
Π31 = = 2 = 2 .
x y x −y 2 x −y 2
−
y x xy
α2 + β 2 α2 + β 2 − 2αβ
− 2α
β β α2 + β 2 − 2αβ α(α − β)2
Π32 = = = = = α(α − β) .
1 1 α−β α−β α−β
−
β α αβ α
α+x 2x (α + x)2 − 4αx 1
−
2α α + x 2α(α + x) x
Π33 = = = α = .
α+x 2α 2
(α + x) − 4αx 1 α
−
2x α+x 2x(α + x) x
α2 + β 2 α2 + β 2 − 2αβ
− 2α
β β α2 + β 2 − 2αβ α(α − β)2
Π36 = = = = = α(α − β) .
1 1 α−β α−β α−β
−
β α αβ α
2x y 2x 2 + xy −y 2
+1−
y x xy 2x 2 + xy −y 2
Π37 = = = .
2x y 2x 2 + y 2 − 3xy 2x 2 + y 2 − 3xy
+ −3
y x xy
1 ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞
⎜⎜ −1⎟⎟⎟ 1 1−x
⋅
1−x x ⎝x ⎟⎠ 1−x x x = 1−x − 1−x =
Π38 = − = −
1−x + x 2
1 2
x −x +1 1+ x3 x2 −x +1 x3 +1
+ 1
x3 x3 x
1−x x(1 − x) (1 − x)(1 + x)− x(1 − x) (1 − x)(1 + x − x)
= 2
− 2
= 2
= =
x − x + 1 (x + 1)(x − x + 1) (x + 1)(x − x + 1) (x + 1)(x 2 − x + 1)
1−x
= .
x3 +1
α2 − α + α2 + α −(α2 −1)
= (α2 −1)⋅ 2
= 2α2 − α2 + 1 = α2 + 1 .
α −1
Π1 = ( 2 + 2 18 − 5 50 + 4 32 ⋅ 2 . )
• 18 = 9 ⋅ 2 = 32 ⋅ 2 = 3 2 .
• 50 = 25 ⋅ 2 = 52 ⋅ 2 = 5 2 .
• 32 = 16 ⋅ 2 = 4 2 ⋅ 2 = 4 2 .
Άρα είναι Π1 = ( 2 + 2 ⋅ 3 2 − 5 ⋅5 2 + 4 ⋅ 4 2 ) ⋅ 2 = ( 2 + 6 )
2 − 25 2 + 16 2 ⋅ 2 =
( 2 ) ⋅ 2 = −2 2 ⋅ 2 = −2 2 = −2 ⋅ 2 = −4
2
= 23 2 − 25
(
Π2 = 3 8 + 5 − 2 2 )( 72 − 2 20 − 3 2 . )
• 8 = 4 ⋅ 2 = 22 ⋅ 2 = 2 2 .
• 72 = 36 ⋅ 2 = 62 ⋅ 2 = 6 2 .
• 20 = 4 ⋅5 = 22 ⋅5 = 2 5 .
(
Άρα είναι Π2 = 3 ⋅ 2 2 + 5 − 2 2 )(6 2 − 2 ⋅ 2 5 − 3 2 ) =
(
= 6 2 + 5 −2 2 )(3 2−4 5 ) = (4 2 + 5 )(3 2 − 4 5 ) =
2 2
= 12 2 −16 2 ⋅ 5 + 3 2 ⋅ 5 − 4 5 = 12 ⋅ 2 −13 2 ⋅5 − 4 ⋅5 = 24 −13 10 − 20 = 4 −13 10
(
Π3 = 8 14 − 6 63 + 4 28 −10 7 : 2 7 . )
• 63 = 9 ⋅7 = 32 ⋅7 = 3 7 .
• 28 = 4 ⋅7 = 22 ⋅7 = 2 7 .
(
Άρα είναι Π3 = 8 14 − 6 ⋅ 3 7 + 4 ⋅ 2 7 −10 7 : 2 7 = )
( )
= 8 14 −18 7 + 8 7 −10 7 : 2 7 = 8 14 − 20 7 : 2 7 = ( ) 8 7 ⋅ 2 − 20 7
2 7
=
=
(
2 7 4 2 −10 7 )=4 2 −10 7 .
2 7
(
Π4 = 4 12 − 2 48 − 9 3 + 3 : 27 . )
• 12 = 4 ⋅ 3 = 22 ⋅ 3 = 2 3 .
• 48 = 16 ⋅ 3 = 4 2 ⋅ 3 = 4 3 .
• 27 = 9 ⋅ 3 = 32 ⋅ 3 = 3 3 .
(
3 1− 3 3 )=
(
Άρα είναι Π4 = 4 ⋅ 2 3 − 2 ⋅ 4 3 − 9 3 + 3 : 3 3 = ) 3−9 3
3 3
=
3 3
=
1− 3 3
=
(
3 1− 3 3 )= 3 −3 3
2
=
3 −9
.
3 3⋅ 3
2
3
3
6 6 6 6 6 3
Π5 = = = = = = =
8 −2 4 ⋅2 −2 22 ⋅ 2 − 2 2 2 −2 2 ( 2 −1 ) 2 −1
3 ( 2 +1 ) 3 ( 2 +1 ) = 3( 2 +1 )=3
= = ( 2 +1 . )
( 2 −1 )( 2 +1 ) 2
2 −1 2 2 −1
Π6 =
1+ 2
=
(1 + 2 )(2 + 2 )
=
2+ 2+2 2+ 2
2
=
2+3 2 +2
=
4+3 2
.
2− 2 (2 − 2 )(2 + 2 ) 22 − 2
2
4−2 2
Π7 =
3
=
3 ( 5+ 2 ) =
3 ( 5+ 2 ) =
3 ( 5+ 2 )=
2 ( 5− 2 ) 2 ( 5− 2 )( 5+ 2 ) ⎛ 2⎞
2 ⎜⎜ 5 − 2 ⎟⎟⎟
⎜⎝ ⎠
2
2 ⋅(5 − 2)
=
3 ( 5+ 2 )= 5+ 2
.
2⋅3 2
( )( )=( )
2
2 2
3+ 2 3+ 2 3+ 2 3+ 2 3 + 2 +2 3⋅ 2
Π8 = = = =
3− 2 ( 3− 2 )( 3+ 2)
2
3 − 2
2
3−2
= 3+2+2 6 = 5+2 6 .
4−2 3 2 (2 − 3 )
= = = 2− 3 .
2 2
1 1 8− 3+ 8+ 3 2 8 2 4 ⋅2
Π10 = + = = = =
8+ 3 8− 3 ( 8+ 3 )( 8− 3 ) 2
8 − 3
2
8−3
2 22 ⋅ 2 2⋅2 2 4 2
= = = .
5 5 5
( ) + (2 + 3 ) 1 1
−2 −2
Π11 = 2 − 3 = + =
(2 − 3 ) (2 + 3 )
2 2
1 1 1 1 7+4 3 +7−4 3
= + = + = =
22 + 3 − 4 3
2
22 + 3 + 4 3
2
7−4 3 7+4 3 (7 − 4 3 )(7 + 4 3 )
14 14 14
= = = = 14 .
( ) 49 −16 ⋅ 3 49 − 48
2
72 − 4 3
( )=
2 2 2
Π12 = 3x + 2 − 3x − 2 3x + 2 + 3x − 2 − 2 3x + 2 ⋅ 3x − 2 =
Π13 =
α+β−γ
=
(α + β − γ) ( α+β + γ ) =
(α + β − γ) ( α+β + γ )=
α+β − γ ( α+β − γ )( α+β + γ ) α+β − γ
2 2
=
(α + β − γ) ( α+β + γ )= α+β + γ .
α+β−γ
( )( ) =( )
2
2 2
α + x + α−x + 2 α + x ⋅ α−x α + x + α − x + 2 (α + x)(α − x)
= = =
α + x −(α − x) α+x −α+x
=
2α + 2 α2 − x 2
=
(
2 α + α2 − x 2 ) = α+ α2 − x 2
.
2x 2x x
Π15 =
α β +β α
=
(α β +β α )( α − β ) = α 2
α ⋅ β −α β + β α −β α ⋅ β
2
=
α+ β ( α+ β )( α − β )
2
α − β
2
α αβ − β αβ − αβ + αβ αβ ⋅(α − β)
= = = αβ .
α−β α−β
Π16 = αβ +
αβ
= αβ +
(
αβ α + αβ ) = αβ +
(
αβ α + αβ )=
α − αβ (α − )(α + αβ )
αβ α2 − αβ
2
= αβ +
(
αβ α + αβ )= αβ +
αβ (α + αβ )
= αβ +
β (α + αβ )=
α2 − αβ α(α − β) α−β
=
(
αβ ⋅(α − β) + β α + αβ )=α αβ − β αβ + αβ + β αβ
=
α αβ + αβ
.
α−β α−β α−β
x +y x −y x +y x −y
Π17 = + = + =
x −y x +y x −y x +y
1 1−x ⋅ 1+ x +1
Π18 =
1−x +
1+x
=
1+x
=
1−x2 ⋅ ( 1−x ⋅ 1+ x +1 )=
1+
1
2
1−x2 +1 1+x ⋅ ( 1−x 2
+1 )
1−x 1−x 2
=
(1 − x)(1 + x) ⋅ ⎡⎢ (1 − x)(1 + x) + 1 ⎤⎥
⎣ ⎦ =
1−x ⋅ 1+ x ⋅ 1−x2 +1
= 1−x .
( )
1+ x ⋅ 1−x +1( 2
) 2
1+ x ⋅ 1−x +1 ( )
( )( ) =( )
2
2
x −1 x −1 x −1 x −1 x −1 x +1− 2 x x +1− 2 x
Π19 = = = = = .
x +1 ( x + 1)( x −1) x −1 x −1
2
1+ x x −1 2
Π20 =
x −y
=
(x −y) ( x− y ) =
(x −y) ( x− y ) = (x −y)( x− y )=
x+ y ( x+ y )( x− y ) 2
x − y
2
x −y
= x− y.