Chapter- 6

Single phase AC motor

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 Single Phase Induction Motor
• Most of the induction type have cage rotors and a single phase distributed stator winding

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 Construction of Single Phase Induction Motor

The single phase induction motor construction have three

main parts rotor and stator.

Rotor
• The rotor is a rotating part of an induction motor. The
rotor connects the mechanical load through the shaft.
The rotor in the single-phase induction motor is similar
to the squirrel cage three phase induction motor.
• The rotor is cylindrical and has slots all over its
periphery. The slots are not made parallel to each other
but are a little bit skewed as the skewing prevents
magnetic locking of stator and rotor teeth and makes
the working of motor more smooth and quieter (i.e.
less noisy).
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• Stator
• Stator is a stationary part of induction motor.
• A single phase AC supply is given to the stator of single phase induction
motor.
• Stator has laminated stamping to reduce eddy current losses on its
periphery.

Yoke
• It is the outer body of the motor .its function are
1. To support stator core and winding
2. To protect the inner part of the machine.
3. Serve as ventilating housing.

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 Working Principle of Single Phase Induction Motor

• When a single phase AC supply is given to

the stator winding of single phase
induction motor, the alternating current
starts flowing through the stator or main
winding.
• This alternating current produces an
alternating flux called main flux. This main
flux links with the rotor conductors and
hence cut the rotor conductors.

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 Working Principle Contd..

• According to the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, emf gets induced in

the rotor. As the rotor circuit is closed one so, the current starts flowing in the
rotor. This current is called the rotor current.

• This rotor current produces its flux called rotor flux. Now there are two fluxes one
is main flux, and another is called rotor flux. These two fluxes produce the desired
torque which is required by the motor to rotate.

• The motor rotates at speed slightly less than the synchronous speed Ns.
Ns = 120f/P
where, f = supply voltage frequency
Ns = number of poles of the motor

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 Classification of Single Phase Induction Motor
Single phase induction motor types are:
• Split-Phase Motors
• Capacitor-Start Motors
• Capacitor- Run Motors
• Capacitor-Start Capacitor-Run Motors
• Shaded Pole Motors

• Uses
It is widely used in fans, air conditioners, mixture,
vacuum cleaners. Washing machine, etc.
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3- Phase Induction Motor
• The most widely used motor is a 3 phase induction motor, as this type of motor
does not require an additional starting device. These types of motors are known
as self-starting induction motors.
• It is also known as asynchronous motor.

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 Construction of 3-Phase Induction Motor
A 3-phase induction motor consists of three
major parts:
• A stator
• A rotor
• Yoke
Stator
• It is the stationary part of the motor. It is just like a cylinder having the
hollow space at the center.
• The inner part of the stator consists alternate number of slot and
teeth on which stator winding are placed.
• On the slot of stator a uniformly distributed 3 phase winding spaced
120 degree apart are provided.
• On these 3 phase winding 3 phase supply is given.
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Rotor
• It is the central rotating part of the motor.
• It is made up of laminated steel sheet.
• The laminated cylindrical core is mounted directly on the
shaft.
• These laminations are slotted on the outer side to receive
the conductors.
• There are two types of rotor:
i. Squirrel cage rotor
ii. Phase wound ( slip ring rotor)

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Yoke
• It is the outer body of the motor .its function are
1. To support stator core and winding
2. To protect the inner part of the machine.
3. Serve as ventilating housing.

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Squirrel Cage Rotor

• It is cylindrical in shape and have slots on its circumference.

• The rotor is cylindrical and has slots all over its periphery. The slots
are not made parallel to each other but are a little bit skewed as
the skewing prevents magnetic locking of stator and rotor teeth
and makes the working of motor more smooth and quieter (i.e.
less noisy).
• The slots carry the rotor conductor on the circumference of the
rotor and are permanently shorted by the copper or aluminum
rings called end rings.
• In order to provide mechanical strength these rotor conductor are
braced to the end ring and form a complete closed circuit
resembling like a cage.
• The absence of slipring and brushes make the construction of
squirrel cage three phase induction motor very simple and robust
.

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Phase wound ( slip ring rotor)
• It is made of cylindrical laminated core.
• The rotor consists number of slots and rotor winding
are placed inside these slots.
• The three end of the rotor winding are connected to
three separate slip ring and slip ring are short
circuited by the carbon brushes with or with out
external resistance.
• The slip rings are electrically insulated from the shaft.
• The brushes are connected to the variable resistor.
• The function of the slip rings and the brushes is to provide
a means of connecting external resistors in the rotor
circuit. As external resistance can be easily connected
through the brushes and slip rings and hence used for
speed control and improving the starting torque.

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Phase wound ( slip ring rotor) Contd…..

• The resistor enables the variation of each rotor phase resistance to serve
the following purposes given below.
• It increases the starting torque and decreases the starting current.
• It is used to control the speed of the motor.

• In this type also, the rotor is skewed. A mild steel shaft is passed through
the center of the rotor and is fixed to it.

• The purpose of the shaft is to transfer mechanical power.

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Working Principle of 3-Phase Induction Motor
• When 3 phase stator winding are supplied by 3 phase balanced
voltage source. 3-phase current will flow through stator windings.
• These 3-phase current flowing from 3-phases R, Y, B will produce their
own magnetic fluxes
ᲶR = Ჶm sinwt
ᲶY = Ჶm sin(wt-120ᵒ)
ᲶB = Ჶm sin(wt-240ᵒ)
The net magnetic flux at any time at the central space of the machine will be
equal to the vector sum of these fluxes and is rotating in nature.

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 Working Principle Contd..

At wt= 0ᵒ
ᲶR = Ჶm sin 0 ᵒ = 0
ᲶY = Ჶm sin (0-120ᵒ) = Ჶm sin (-120ᵒ) = -√3/2 Ჶm
ᲶB = Ჶm sin (0-240ᵒ) = Ჶm sin (-240ᵒ) = √3/2 Ჶm

Therefore,
At this instant, ᲶR is zero, ᲶY = -√3/2 Ჶm but
The direction is negative and ᲶB = √3/2 Ჶm & the
direction is positive. So,
The magnitude of net magnetic flux can be obtained by:
ᲶT = √(ᲶB)^2 + (ᲶY)^2 + 2 ᲶY ᲶB cosӨ
=√(-√3/2 Ჶm)^2 +(-√3/2 Ჶm)^2 + 2 √3/2 Ჶm
-√3/2 Ჶm cos 60)
= 1.5 Ჶm 20
 Working Principle Contd..

• Similarly, we can perform at,

1.At wt=60ᵒthe result of net magnitude of magnetic flux will be ᲶT= 1.5 Ჶm.
2.At wt=120ᵒthe result of net magnitude of magnetic flux will be ᲶT= 1.5 Ჶm.
• The rotating magnetic field produced by the stator cuts the rotor conductor
hence emf will induce on the rotor conductor.
• As the rotor conductor are short circuited, current will circulate within the rotor
conductors. Now these current carrying rotor conductors are lying in the
magnetic field produced by the stator.
• Hence force will develop on the rotor conductor. Therefore rotor starts rotating
under the action of force.

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Working Principle Contd..
• As the emf is induced due to relative speed between rotor and rotating
magnetic field, the rotor will rotate in the same direction as that of
rotating magnetic field.

• The rotor will rotate at speed close to synchronous speed but never rotate
at synchronous speed because if rotor catch up the speed of synchronous
speed, the relative motion between rotating magnetic field and rotor will
be zero so no emf will induced and no current will flow through
conductors and no force will developed.

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Working Principle Contd..
• Hence in continuous state rotor rotates with the speed which is less
than synchronous speed. Therefore an induction motor is also called
as asynchronous motor
• Let N= speed of rotor in RPM
then, Ns-N/Ns is a factor indicating the fraction by which the speed of
rotor is less than the synchronous speed Ns. This factor is known as slip
& is given by, S= Ns-N/Ns

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Advantages
• The construction of a motor is very simple and robust.
• The working of an induction motor is very simple.
• It can operate in any environmental condition.
• The efficiency of the motor is very high.
• The maintenance of an induction motor is less compared to other
motors.
• The cost of this motor is very less compared to other motors.
• The life span of this motor is very high.

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 Disadvantages
• During light load condition, the power factor is very less. And it draws
more current. So, the copper loss is more which reduce the efficiency
during light load condition.
• The starting torque of this motor (squirrel cage induction motor) is not
less.
• The induction motor is a constant speed motor. For the application
where variable speed requires, this motor is not used.
• Speed control of this motor is difficult.
• The induction motor has a high starting inrush current. This causes a
reduction in voltage at the time of starting.
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• Comparison between Single Phase and Three Phase Induction
Motors
1.Single phase induction motor are simple in construction, reliable and
economical for small power rating as compared to three phase
induction motors.
2.The electrical power factor of single phase induction motors is low
as compared to three phase induction motors.
3.For the same size, the single-phase induction motors develop about
50% of the output as that of three phase induction motors.
4.The starting torque is also low for asynchronous motors/single phase
induction motor.
5.The efficiency of single phase induction motors is less compared to
that of three phase induction motors.

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Application
• Pumps and submersible
• Pressing machine
• Lathe machine
• Grinding machine
• Conveyor
• Flour mills
• Compressor

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