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A Nine-phase Six-Terminal Fractional-Slot-Winding for Interior Permanent-

Magnet Machines with Low Space Harmonics

Conference Paper · September 2018

DOI: 10.1109/ICELMACH.2018.8506749

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 A Nine-phase Six-Terminal Fractional-Slot-
Winding for Interior Permanent-Magnet
Machines with Low Space Harmonics
Ayman S. Abdel-Khalik, Senior Member, IEEE, Shady Gadoue, Shehab Ahmed, Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract - This paper introduces a nine-phase six-
terminal fractional slot concentrated winding layout suitable
for Interior Permanent-Magnet (IPM) machine with a
number of stator slots equals a multiple of nine. The winding
layout when compared with a three-phase machine having
the same slot/pole combination can effectively eliminate all
air-gap flux sub harmonics. This highly reduces rotor core
and magnet losses. Moreover, it offers a torque gain of
approximately 2.5% over conventional three-phase winding
layout. The proposed layout is investigated based on some
well-known slot-pole combinations, namely, 9-slot/8-pole and
9-slot/10-pole, and a comparison is carried out with the
conventional three-phase case assuming same stator and
rotor dimensions. Being a multiphase winding, the proposed
layout also offers a higher reliability-oriented design over the
three-phase based systems. During a fault in one of the three-
phase converters, the machine can steadily run at
approximately half load with the faulty converter
disconnected. The proposed winding is also compared with
the well-known six-phase 12-slot/10-pole combination in
terms of torque production, torque ripple, and induced eddy
current losses.
Index Terms-- Six-phase, nine-phase, FSCW, permanent
magnet, fault-tolerant, eddy current loss.
I. INTRODUCTION
T HE recent and rapid development in Electric
Vehicle (EV) industry along with the notable changes
in the electricity industry landscape have paved the road
for EVs to become more mainstream. To that end, the
research community showed a distinct interest over the
course of time in developing innovative power-dense
highly efficient motor designs to comply with the rigorous
standards, limitations, and requirements of electric
transportation. Among different motor topologies, an ever-
growing interest is devoted in developing in-wheel
Permanent Magnet (PM) direct-drive motors to free up the
vehicle packaging space [1].
The Fractional Slot Concentrated Winding (FSCW) is
an ideal candidate for PM motors employed in EVs as it
A. S. Abdel-Khalik is with the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt
(e-mail: ayman.abdel-khalik@alexu.edu.eg)
S. Gadoue is with the Department of Engineering and Applied
science, Aston University, UK
S. Ahmed is with CEMSE Division, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
offers many superior merits, such as high torque density,
low torque ripple, high efficiency, high slot filling factor,
and short end turn windings.
Besides, it simplifies the motor manufacturing and
assembly [2]. On the other hand, the key disadvantage of
FSCW is the rich harmonic contents of the stator armature
reaction, which significantly increases the induced rotor
eddy-current losses especially under high-speed operation
[3]. The main source of the rotor eddy current loss is the
sub and slot harmonics. Although the reduction of sub
harmonics can effectively reduce the rotor eddy-current
losses, the significant contribution to this loss component
is due to slot harmonics [4].
The reduction of rotor eddy current loss is a
challenging practical problem and is adopted in literature
through different techniques. Although the magnets
segmentation represents the simplest practical solution so
far to reduce only the magnet losses due to induced eddy-
currents, the air-gap flux distribution is not improved;
hence, other rotor loss components will still be high.
Wherefore, a body of work has been conducted to
introduce innovative stator winding layouts with low
space harmonics [5], such as multilayer winding design
[6], [7], multiphase winding layouts [8], [9], winding
layouts having different number of turns per coil side [10],
or using stator shifting concept [11]-[15]. Although the
latter concept yields an overlapped winding layout with a
coil pitch of two, it can effectively suppress/eliminate the
effect of the unavoidable slot harmonics in all
nonoverlapped concentrated winding layouts [13].
Employing multiphase winding layouts not only reduces
the induced eddy current loss, but also lowers the torque
ripple magnitude and offers a high reliability-oriented
motor design [9], [16].
In this paper, a nine-phase winding topology with only six
terminals is proposed which offers low space harmonic
contents as well as an improved fault tolerant capability
when compared with the conventional three-phase
winding layouts having same slot/pole combinations. The
nine-phase six-terminal connection has been firstly
introduced in [17] for high-power medium-voltage
induction machines and has shown promise to not only
simplify the winding process but also to enhance the
machine torque density by approximately 11%. The same
connection is employed in this paper to a PM machine
with an FSCW layout to reduce the effect of low space
harmonics. The proposed winding topology requires a
number of slots equals at least nine or its multiples. The
multiples of the 9-slot/8-pole or 9-slot/10-pole
combinations have shown potentials in direct-drive motor
designs [1], [18], [19]. These two slot/pole combinations
are investigated with both conventional three-phase and
proposed winding layouts under healthy and fault
conditions. For the sake of comparison, these two
examples are also compared with the well-known 12-
slot/10-pole PM machine equipped with a dual three-phase
winding during healthy and fault conditions in terms of
torque production, torque ripple magnitude, and induced
rotor losses.
II. PROPOSED WINDING CONFIGURATION
The basic concept of the proposed layout is to employ a
nine-phase nonoverlapped FSCW [8] while different phases
are connected in such a way as to provide an equivalent six-
phase stator from the supply side. This way, a six-phase,
rather than a nine-phase, Voltage Source Converter (VSC)
can be employed, which simplifies the converter complexity
while exploiting the operational advantages of a higher phase
order [17].
For a nine-phase winding, the number of slots should be
a multiple of nine. When employing FSCW, a number of
aspects should be taken into account when selecting an
appropriate slot/pole combination, including, synchronous
winding factor, torque density, space harmonic content, rotor
losses, induced radial forces, torque quality, and fault tolerant
capabilities [20]. To show the superiority of the proposed
winding layout, some combinations, which can be also used
with conventional three-phase winding layouts, are
suggested, namely, 9-slot/8-pole and 9-slot/10-pole. In
practical in-wheel direct-drive motors with outer-rotor
design, multiples of these slot/pole combinations would be
selected to avoid undesirable radial forces [21]. As a practical
example, the Protean wheel motor has 72 slots and 64 poles,
which will be a possible example for the proposed winding
[1].
(a) (b)
Fig. 1. Nine-phase six-terminal winding. (a) Conventional asymmetrical nine-phase winding. (b) Proposed winding connection for six
terminals only. (c) Current phasor diagram for the proposed winding layout. (d) Ampere-turn phasor diagram for the proposed winding
layout.
A. Winding Layout
Fig. 1(a) shows a conventional asymmetrical nine-phase
winding, which can be considered as three three-phase
winding sets shifted in space by 20 electrical degrees [8]. The
time phase shift between the corresponding three three-phase
current sets should be also 200. If the nine phases are
connected as shown in Fig. 1(b), the stator winding can be
seen as an equivalent six-phase winding from the supply side.
For the connection shown in Fig. 1(b), the current of the
winding group (uvw) equals the summation of the other
three-phase winding groups (abc) and (xyz). If the current
phase shift between the current groups (abc) and (xyz) is set
to 400 as in a conventional asymmetrical nine-phase winding,
hence, one can write:
𝐼 = 𝐼 + 𝐼 = 𝐼 ∠0 + 𝐼 ∠ − 40 (1)
= 1.88𝐼 ∠ − 20
where, 𝐼 is the phase current magnitude.
From (1), the current phase shift of the current group (uvw)
will be 200, which is the same case as in conventional
asymmetrical nine-phase windings. However, the current
magnitude is increased by a factor of 1.88, as clear from Fig.
1(c). To ensure the same MMF production from all phases
(Fig. 1(d)), the number of turns of this winding set should by
0.532 times the number of turns of other winding groups,
which also allows for same copper volume for all phases.
The electric motors employed in EVs are normally
designed at low voltage/high current ratings, which yields a
stator winding design with a low number of turns per coil.
Hence, it will be more practical to approximate this optimum
turn ratio to 0.5, which means that the number of turns of the
winding group (uvw) will be half the other groups, while the
conductor cross sectional area will be the double.
With this winding connection, if the machine is fed from
two three-phase VSCs while the current phase shift between
their three-phase line currents are set to 400, the stator will
behave as an asymmetrical nine-phase machine while a
simpler six-phase converter will be employed. In this paper,
the proposed winding layout is employed to the two slot/pole
combinations shown in Fig. 2. The same figure also shows
the conventional three-phase case. For all winding layouts,
this study assumes the same total number of active
conductors for all machines.
(c) (d)
 (a) (b) (c) (d)

(e) (f)
Fig. 2. Different Winding Layouts (a) Conventional 9/8 three-phase machine. (b) Conventional 9/10 three-phase machine. (c) Proposed
9/8 nine-phase machine. (d) Proposed 9/10 nine-phase machine. (e) 12/10 three-phase machine. (f) 12/10 six-phase machine.

30 30 30

20 20 20
MMF distribution, AT

MMF distribution, AT

MMF distribution, AT
10 10 10

0 0 0

-10 -10 -10

-20 -20 -20

-30 -30 -30

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Peripheral angle, deg Peripheral angle, deg Peripheral angle, deg

(a) (c) €
15 15 th
4 8
4th 4th
2nd
Harmonic magnitude, AT

Harmonic magnitude, AT

Harmonic magnitude, AT

5th 5th 5th

6
10 10
1st
4

2nd
5 5
1st 2
2nd
1st
0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Harmonic order Harmonic order Harmonic order

(b) (d) (f)

Fig. 3. Stator MMF distributions for a 9-slot stator and their spectra. ((a) and (b)) Three-phase winding. ((c) and (d)) Proposed
nine-phase six-terminal winding. ((e) and (f)) Nine-phase six-terminal winding under single VSC mode.

rotor losses can be notably reduced by eliminating these

B. MMF Distribution
subharmonic components. Nevertheless, the main source of
For the winding layouts shown in Fig 2, the the induced eddy current rotor losses is the slot harmonics.
corresponding MMF distributions and their harmonic spectra Unfortunately, concentrated tooth winding layout cannot be
are shown in Fig. 3 assuming a unity line current magnitude. used to suppress the slot harmonics [13].
For this 9-slot stator, the main torque-producing components When the proposed nine-phase six-terminal windings
that maximize torque density are the 4th or the 5thfor the 8- shown in Figs. 2(c) or 2(d) are employed, the subharmonics
pole and 10-pole rotors respectively. These two components are significantly suppressed. Moreover, all space harmonics
are travelling in opposite directions. This is why the main due to armature reaction rather than slot harmonics are
difference in stator winding based on the selected rotor pole approximately eliminated. A complete elimination of all these
number, 8-pole or 10-pole, is the winding phase order, as harmonics can be done by employing the optimum winding
clear from Figs. 2(a) and 2(b), to ensure same direction for turns ratio of 0.532. In both slot/pole combinations, the
the torque producing flux component. There are also torque-producing component is increased by approximately
relatively high fundamental and second order harmonic 2% when the nine-phase winding is employed, which
components, which represent the main undesirable corresponds to an expected same gain in the machine torque
subharmonics. As it was proved in the literature, induced density.
 One of the main advantages of the proposed winding and nine phase configurations. However, for the approximated
layout is its higher fault tolerant capability. When one of the ratio of 0.5, the total equivalent per phase resistance will be
converters fails, the machine can still steadily run with a slightly less, which slightly reduces the total copper loss for the
deloaded output. Figs. 3(e) and 3(f) show the MMF nine-phase topology. Although this may be an advantage,
distribution and its spectrum under single VSC mode of
operation. The current of the winding group (uvw) is assumed however, this reduction is merely neglected when compared
zero. The magnitude of the torque producing MMF with the total machine loss. The winding layouts for the 12-
component (4th and 5th) is halved with respect to the healthy slot/10-pole machine with conventional three-phase and dual
case, which entails a load derating factor of 50% to avoid three-phase windings are given in [9]. The copper weight for
unacceptable winding overcurrent. This fault condition gives this slot/pole combination is less because the end turn winding
rise to subharmonics with notable magnitudes, which length will be shorter.
expectedly increases the induced rotor eddy current.
However, since the magnitude of the MMF torque producing IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
component is halved, the induced rotor losses will be within
the acceptable rated losses, as will be proved later in the The three designed machines with different winding
simulation results. topologies are simulated using 2D FEA in JMAG-Studio10.0.
Since the main concern is the improvement in the torque
III. MACHINE DESIGN density and the induced rotor losses due to space harmonics,
Starting from a basic three-phase 9-slot/8-pole combination, all machines are simulated under the rated speed (1350rpm)
a 10kW interior PM machine with V-shaped magnets is and rated current (50A peak) conditions. The rated frequency
designed using JMAG Express software. The design for the 8-pole and the 10-pole machines will be 90Hz and
specifications of this simple motor topology are listed in Table 112.5Hz respectively. First, the three-phase and the proposed
I. This 9-slot/8-pole base design is modified to obtain two nine-phase windings are compared under healthy case. Then,
equivalent designs, namely, 9-slot/10-pole and 12-slot/10-pole the achievable torque under fault conditions when the
machines assuming the same filling factor. As far as the proposed winding employed is investigated. Under fault
induced rotor losses due to different space harmonics are condition in one of the three-phase converter, the adopted
concerned in this study, the same stator core, rotor core, postfault scenario is to disconnect the faulted converter,
magnet, and copper volumes are assumed for both designs. The which is called “single VSC” mode. The main conclusions
dimensions and the calculated weights for the three machines behind the simulation results at rated conditions are given in
are given in Table II. Table III. The simulation results for the six-phase 12-slot/10-
pole alternative are also added to the same table.
TABLE I MACHINE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
Power (kW) 10 A. Average Torque and Torque Ripple
Line current peak value (A) 50 Fig. 4 shows the torque waveforms for the three
Rated base speed (rpm) 1350 machines under both healthy and single VSC modes of
Peak line-to-line voltage at 1350rpm (V) 300 operation. The average torque and the corresponding torque
ripple magnitudes are given in Table III. The simulation
TABLE II MACHINE DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHT.
results show a 2.5% enhancement in the average torque for
Slot/pole combination 9/8 9/10 12/10
both 9-slot/8-pole and 9-slot/10-pole machines equipped with
Stator outer diameter (mm) 300 300 300
Stack length (mm) 90 90 90
the proposed winding over the three-phase case. This is
Air gap length (mm) 1 1 1
mainly due to the enhancement in the torque producing flux
Rotor diameter (mm) 150 150 150 component, as explained in section II.B. In terms of torque
Teeth width (mm) 30 30 22.5 production, the 12-slot/10-pole machine mediates the 9-
Stator back iron height slot/8-pole and 9-slot/10-pole combinations. With the
20 20 20 conventional three-phase windings employed, the 9-slot/10-
(mm)
Magnet thickness (mm) 6 4.8 4.8 pole machine corresponds to the highest torque output with a
Magnet width (mm) 33 33 33 torque gain of 7% over the 12-slot/10-pole one. When the
No. of turns per coil 20 20 15 proposed winding is employed, the torque output of the 9-
Copper weight (kg) 18.36 18.36 15.85 slot/10-pole machine is approximately 6.4% higher than the
Stator core weight (kg) 23.07 23.07 23.06 12-slot/10-pole stator equipped with a dual three-phase
Rotor core weight (kg) 8.80 8.86 8.86 winding and both machines produce higher average torques
Magnet weight (kg) 1.065 1.065 1.065 than the three-phase case. Generally, employing a multiphase
Total weight (kg) 52.36 52.42 49.9 winding layout improves the synchronous winding factor,
which reflects on the output average torque.
To convert any of the 9-slot three-phase stators into an As far as the torque ripple magnitude is concerned, the
equivalent nine-phase alternative, the three adjacent coils 9-slot/8-pole machine corresponds to a notable reduction in
comprising each phase are split into separate phases, as shown the torque ripple magnitude from 8.9% to 4.7% when the
in Fig. 2. The number of turns of the middle coils, which proposed winding is used. However, the corresponding
represent the winding group (uvw), will be half the value given torque ripple reduction in the 9-slot/10-pole combination is
by Table II, while the conductor cross sectional area is minimal. Nevertheless, this combination corresponds to the
doubled. If the optimum ratio of 0.532 is used, same copper lowest torque ripple magnitude among the three
volume and copper losses are expected for both three-phase combinations. The torque ripple harmonic components of the
three machines are shown in Fig. 5. For the 9-slot stator, the
 reduction in the peak-to-peak torque ripple is mainly due to
the elimination of the 6th and 12th order harmonics. The 18th
order harmonic is a dominant component for this slot number
and is slightly affected when the proposed winding is
employed. For the 12-slot stator, the torque ripple component
has the highest magnitude at a lower frequency since the
dominant torque ripple component for this slot number is the
12th harmonic order.
Under single VSC mode, the 9-slot/10-pole machine
gives the highest output torque with an approximate gain of
9% over the other two combinations. Torque ripple
components with percentage magnitudes of 12.6%, 8.2%, and
17.3% appear in the 9-slot/8-pole, 9-slot/10-pole, and 12-
slot/10-pole machines respectively. Clearly, the latter
combination also corresponds to the highest torque ripple
magnitude under this operational mode.
In conclusion, the 9-slot/10-pole machine has the best
torque/ampere ratio while minimizes the induced torque
ripple magnitude.
B. Losses and Efficiency
For this study, the mechanical losses are discarded.
Therefore, the main loss components will be the copper, core,
and magnet losses. Since same copper volume is assumed, it
is expected that the copper loss in different machines shall be
close under healthy conditions. However, the 12-slot stator
has a lower copper loss due to the reduction in the end turn
length. The proposed winding with the 9-slot stator
corresponds to a slight reduction in the copper loss over the
three-phase case, as explained in section III.

TABLE III SIMULATION RESULTS FOR DIFFERENT SLOT/POLE COMBINATIONS

9-slot/8-pole 9-slot/10-pole 12-slot/10-pole
Mode 3 Healthy 9 Healthy 9 Fault 3 Healthy 9 Healthy 9 Fault 3 Healthy 6 Healthy 6 Fault
𝑇 (Nm) 67.5 69.2 34.2 74.6 76.6 37.7 69.6 72 34.6
𝑇 (Nm) 6 3.23 4.3 2.77 2.7 3.1 6.45 5.5 6
𝑇 ⁄𝑇 (%) 8.9 4.7 12.6 3.7 3.5 8.2 9.3 7.7 17.3
Copper loss (W) 67 64.8 28.1 67 64.8 28.1 58.5 58.5 29.3
Stator core loss
199.8 191.7 211.5 262.5 252.4 236.6 215.8 177.5 241.2
(W)
Rotor core loss
20.3 17.2 21 34.6 26.8 24.9 19.4 9.05 46.9
(W)
Magnet loss (W) 46.2 33.2 52.3 136.6 105.4 96.3 71.3 31.8 198.1
Total loss (W) 333.2 306.9 313 500.7 449.4 385.9 365.9 276.8 515.5
Output power
9.54 9.78 4.83 10.54 10.83 5.33 9.84 10.18 4.89
(kW)
Input power (kW) 9.88 10.09 5.14 11.05 11.28 5.72 10.20 10.46 5.41
Efficiency (%) 96.63 96.96 93.91 95.47 96.02 93.25 96.42 97.35 90.47

80 80
9-slot/8-pole 3-ph
75 9-ph 75
Torque, Nm
Torque, Nm

70 70
9-slot/10-pole 3-ph
65 65 9-ph

60 60
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0 2 4 6 8
Time, s Time, s -3
x 10
(a) (b)
80 3-ph 40
12-slot/10-pole 6-ph
75 9/8
Torque, Nm

Torque, Nm

9/10
70 35
12/10
65

60 30
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
Time, s -3 Time, s -3
x 10 x 10
(c) (d)
Fig. 4. Torque waveforms at speed 1350rpm (a) 9-slot/8-pole. (b) 9-slot/10-pole. (c) 12-slot/10-pole. (d) Single VSC mode for
all combinations
 For the 12-slot stator with a dual three-phase winding
and under healthy case, the reduction in the stator core loss is
notable than all other combinations. This combination also
minimizes the induced rotor losses under dual three-phase
operation, and thereby the overall machine efficiency is
maximized. Since the rated operating frequency is less, the 9-
slot/8-pole machine has lower core and magnet losses than
the 9-slot/10-pole machine and, hence, its rated efficiency is
the best among the three combinations when three-phase
winding layout is used.
Under single VSC mode, the 12-slot/10-pole
combination corresponds to the highest induced rotor losses.
This highly degrades the overall efficiency when compared
with the 9-slot stator. This significant increase in the magnet
loss of the 12-slot stator is mainly caused by the harmonic
component of order (v=1). This component becomes a
dominant subharmonic component since the machine can be
considered as a single layer stator when one of the three-
phase winding sets is disconnected [22]. When comparing
the 9-slot/8-pole with the 12-slot/10-pole, although both
combinations corresponds to approximate power outputs, the
former’s efficiency is higher by approximately 3.5%. On the
other hand, the 9-slot/10-pole machine output power is higher
by approximately 9% and the efficiency is higher by 2.8%.
In order to thoroughly investigate the effect of the
proposed winding layout on the induced eddy current loss,
the harmonic distributions of the induced rotor losses due to
eddy currents for different cases are shown in Fig. 6. For the
9-slot stator, it is clear that the proposed nine-phase winding
highly suppress the 6th and 12th order harmonics in the eddy
current loss component. However, the 18th order harmonic is
slightly reduced for the 8-pole rotor, while it is slightly
increased for the 10-pole rotor. For the 12-slot stator and
under dual three-phase operation, the 6th, 18th, 24th, …
harmonic orders are eliminated, which explains why this case
minimizes the induced eddy current losses. Under single VSC
mode, a significant 6th order harmonic excessively increases
the eddy current loss in the 12-slot stator.
In conclusion, although the 12-slot stator provides the
best efficiency under six-phase mode, the proposed winding
layout when equipped to a 9-slot stator generally offers a
torque ripple component with a lower magnitude at all
conditions, a higher torque density for the 9-slot/10-pole
combination, and a better performance under fault conditions
in general. This way, the relatively high rotor losses of this
slot/pole combination can be compromised with an effective
axial and circumferential magnet segmentation, which will
significantly reduce the induced eddy current loss under
healthy conditions.
V. CONCLUSIONS
This paper proposes a winding layout for a nine-phase
IPM machine with FSCW as to provide six terminals only,
which simplifies the required power converter. Hence, the
proposed machine combines the high performance of a nine-
phase winding, in terms of an improved torque density and
low space harmonics, with the terminal behavior of a six-
phase stator. The multiple three-phase winding structure of
the proposed winding also provides a higher fault tolerant
capability over conventional three-based based designs. This
may be competitive advantages of the proposed winding
layout in EVs, where hardware saving, therefore components
weight, is highly appreciated. Although the 12-slot/10-pole
machine equipped with a dual three-phase winding can offer
similar advantages, the simulation results based on FEA
proved that the proposed winding layout was superior,
especially under fault conditions, in terms of a lower torque
ripple, a higher output torque, lower induced magnet losses,
and a higher efficiency.

2.5 2.5 2.5

3-ph 3-ph 3-ph
2 9-ph 2 9-ph 2 6-ph
9-ph(Fault) 9-ph (Fault) 6-ph (Fault)
Torque, Nm

Torque, Nm

Torque, Nm

1.5 1.5 1.5

1 1 1

0.5 0.5 0.5

0 0 0
6 12 18 24 2 6 12 18 24 6 12 18 24
Harmonic order Harmonic order Harmonic order

a b c
Fig. 5. Torque ripple spectra without dc components at speed 1350rpm. (a) 9-slot/8-pole. (b) 9-slot/10-pole. (c) 12-slot/10-pole.
15 40 120
3-ph 3-ph 3-ph
100
9-ph 30 9-ph 6-ph
Magnet loss, W

Magnet loss, W

Magnet loss, W

10 9-ph (Fault) 9-ph (Fault) 80 6-ph (Fault)

20 60

5 40
10
20

0 0 0
6 12 18 24 30 6 12 18 24 30 6 12 18 24 30
Harmonic order Harmonic order Harmonic order

a b c
Fig. 6. Harmonic distribution of the magnet induced eddy current loss components without the dc components at speed 1350rpm.
(a) 9-slot/8-pole. (b) 9-slot/10-pole. (c) 12-slot/10-pole.
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VII. BIOGRAPHIES
Ayman S. Abdel-Khalik (SM’12) received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in
electrical engineering from Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt, in
2001 and 2004, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering
from Alexandria University, and Strathclyde University, Glasgow, U.K., in
2009, under a dual channel program. He is currently an Associate Professor
with the Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering,
Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. He serves as an Associate Editor
of IET Electric Power Applications Journal and an Associate Editor of
Alexandria Engineering Journal. His current research interests include
electrical machine design and modelling, electric drives, energy conversion,
and renewable energy.
Shady Gadoue received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from Alexandria
University, Alexandria, Egypt, in 2000 and 2003, respectively, and the Ph.D.
degree from Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K., in 2009, all
in Electrical Engineering. From 2009 to 2011, he was an Assistant Professor
with the Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Alexandria
University. In 2011, he joined the Electrical Power Research Group,
Newcastle University, as a Lecturer in Control Systems. Since March 2016,
Dr Gadoue has been a visiting member of academic staff with the Control
and Power Research Group at Imperial College London, U.K. In Aug 2017,
he joined the School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University,
Birmingham as a Senior Lecturer. His main research interests include
control, state and parameter identification, and optimization algorithms
applied to energy conversion and power electronic systems.
Shehab Ahmed (SM'12) received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering
from Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt, in 1999, and the M.Sc. and
Ph.D. degrees from the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, in 2000 and 2007,
respectively. He was with Schlumberger Technology Corporation, Houston,
TX, USA, from 2001 to 2007, developing downhole mechatronic systems
for oilfield service products. He is currently a Professor with CEMSE
Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi
Arabia. His research interests include mechatronics, solid-state power
conversion, electric machines, and drives