Practicum Report “Specific Heat Capacity of

Solid”
Module K2 – Specific Heat Capacity of Solid
Sufi / 23612020
Assistant: Rachmad Widyanto
Practicum Date: 12 October 2023
Chemistry – Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
Islamic University of Indonesia

Abstract- This surface tension practicum aims to make practitioners understand the basic
understanding of face tension and can also determine the value of face tension by means of maximum
pressure and capillary rise. The method used in this practicum is the maximum pressure method by
equalizing the pressure acting on the beaker and manometer in an equilibrium state and the capillary rise
method. Surface tension is an ability or tendency of a liquid to always go to a state of surface area. Surface
pressure occurs because the surface of the liquid tends to tighten, so that the surface looks like a thin
membrane. The amount of surface pressure is influenced by several factors, such as the type of liquid,
temperature, pressure, density, solute concentration and density.
Keywords- tension, particles, capillary rise

I. INTRODUCTION

The basic physics practicum "Specific Heat Capacity of Solid" generally aims to build concepts and
validate the specific heat value possessed by a material or material. Not only that, this practicum aims to
improve the competence, insight, experience, and knowledge of practitioners regarding the specific heat
that exists in substances / materials in the surrounding environment and understand the theory of
calculating the specific heat of these materials.

Skills will emerge from practice. In this case, conceptual thinkers will get used to being independent
thanks to the metacognitive skills that develop and continue to be refined. From this, students need to be
equipped with problem solving learning that can train metacognition. Metacognition is a person's ability
to think as an effort to find strategies to solve problems and master the field. In this case, students need to
understand and know the concept of specific heat, be able to solve problems and be able to apply the
concept in everyday life (Halimah. Nur, and Haryono. 2014)

Energy changes that occur can result in motion and heat. Heat is an energy transfer event that occurs
between the system and the environment due to temperature differences. Heat moves from a high
temperature object to a low temperature object. The transfer of energy continues until the two objects
reach temperature equilibrium. The amount of heat can be calculated using the formula:

𝑄 = 𝑚 × 𝑐 × ∆𝑇 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑢 𝑄 = 𝐶 × ∆𝑇

Description: Q = Caloric (J)

m = Mass of substance (gram)
c = Specific heat of solvent (J/g K)
C = Heat capacity
∆𝑇 = Temperature changes (T2 – T1 )

Specific Heat (c) is the amount of heat (q) required to increase the temperature (T) of one unit mass
(m) of an object by 1°. The specific heat of an object expresses the ability of an object to absorb heat or
release heat. The greater the specific heat of an object, the less ability it has to absorb or release heat. The
smaller the specific heat of an object, the greater the ability of the object to absorb or release heat. (Neutron
Yogyakarta. 2017)

Specific heat is usually mentioned for a certain temperature interval. Since specific heat is a form
of energy, its unit in SI is (J/g K). The specific heat of a substance is not fixed, depending on its
temperature. The change in temperature and form of water at a fixed pressure (1 atm) is expressed in the
following graph:

Graph source :
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fquizizz.com%2Fadmin%2Fpresentation%2F6414a71e38515e001e4ce7ee%2Fgrafik-
perubahan-wujud-zat-
cair&psig=AOvVaw0Qu0PJ0wk1UPX3biVY5g8w&ust=1700142838575000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCLi
O1PKTxoIDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

1. Process Q1 In this process the temperature changes from (-)° to 0° and is solid (ice).
2. Process Q2 In this process, the heat of BC (QBC) is not to increase the temperature but to change the
form and in this phase the ice melts.
3. Q3 process In this process there is a change in temperature from 0 ° to 100 ° and is liquid.
4. Process Q4 In this process, heat DE (QDE) is not to increase the temperature but to change the form
from water to vapor or water exactly evaporates.
5. Process Q5 At this time the water has the form of water vapor and the temperature will rise continuously
until the heat input stops.

The application of solid heat can be found in everyday life. Observable heat of substance events,
for example, when cooking water using a metal pot on a stove. From this activity, the heat flow from the
fire will propagate through the atoms in the metal. Then, the metal will pass on the heat it receives from
the fire to the water molecules. Therefore, metal is a good conductor of heat so that water will boil
faster.( Rizkianawati, Anis. 2015.)

An active attitude in carrying out scientific practicum must be possessed by all students in higher
education. Also, paying attention to references in scientific journals is important to avoid plagiarism in the
preparation of scientific practicum reports. Therefore, the practicum of solid heat is important to be made
into a scientific journal.( UII Integrated Basic Physics Laboratory Team. 2020 .)
 II. PRACTICUM METHOD

Experiment Steps

Turn on the heater of the boiling vessel containing water.

Insert a metal object into the boiling vessel.

Weigh the empty calorimeter and the metal stirrer.

Fill the calorimeter with 100 ml of water, then weigh it again.

cool the water-filled calorimeter into the cooler.

remove the calorimeter from the cooler and record the temperature.

Remove the metal object from the boiling vessel, place it in the calorimeter.

stir and observe the maximum temperature i.e. final temperature and record it.

Weigh the final mass of the calorimeter + water + metal object.

Repeat steps 4 to 6 with different amounts of water.

 Tools and Materials

Figure 1. Calorimeter
Source: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Fprofmikra.org%2F%3Fp%3D706&psig=AOvVaw26-
RqhH_zxkieF_fFqSjWH&ust=1700144887574000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCO
CNt7SbxoIDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

Figure 2. Balance or scales

Source:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bukalapak.com%2Fp%2Findustrial%2Fperalatan-medis-
laboratori%2F11wrw8x-jual-timbangan-manual-neraca-ohaus-tj-2611-triple-
beam&psig=AOvVaw0P1oJlbPVgv1eFQE0b3nEL&ust=1700145036967000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&
ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCMj95vqbxoIDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

Figure 3. Thermometer
Source:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monotaro.id%2Fp105061720.html&psig=AOvVaw2hXe
GaU2HRBus2PtJbI8im&ust=1700145279079000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCO
CN8fGcxoIDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

Figure 4. Electric stove

Source: https://www.bukalapak.com/p/rumah-tangga/dapur/kompor/90idq1-jual-kompor-listrik-
maspion-s300-s-300masak-elektrik-300w-600w
 Figure 5. Stopwatch
Source:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tokopedia.com%2Fjaknotbandung%2Fstopwatch-
profesional-lcd-dengan-
strap&psig=AOvVaw2OXaumJiteOG0389lQ8KR0&ust=1700145466056000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&
ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCNDJu8edxoIDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

Figure 6. Pipette
Source: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fe-
katalog.lkpp.go.id%2Fkatalog%2Fproduk%2Fdetail%2F64065732&psig=AOvVaw2ydxsGSXa-xD52i4-
bAvtx&ust=1700145760508000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCJiByNOexoIDFQAA
AAAdAAAAABAD

Figure7. Freezer
Source : https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Flottemart.co.id%2Fsmartalog%2Finspirasi%2Fkulkas-
2-pintu-terbaik&psig=AOvVaw2Kni98lxvxBrBeqPtaN-
_M&ust=1700145821688000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCNi9xfCexoIDFQAAAA
AdAAAAABAD

Figure 8. Water
Source :
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhellosehat.com%2Fnutrisi%2Ftips-makan-sehat%2Fmitos-fakta-air-
putih%2F&psig=AOvVaw27HOVB4KZ5MN8nZ5OSzceE&ust=1700145937799000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBA
QjRxqFwoTCJiviqifxoIDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

Figure 9. Metals
Source :
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdayacipta.co.id%2Fdnews%2F141%2Fpengertian-material-
logam-beserta-jenis-dan-
sifatnya.html&psig=AOvVaw3jwDmb7HusnzqP3PLEJlYg&ust=1700146018182000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=8997
8449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCOiw7c6fxoIDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
 III. EXPERIMENT DATA
No Mass Mass Mass Initial Initial Final water (t2 – t1)
metal water calorimeter temperature temperature temperature
(g) (g) + of solid (tb) of water (t1) (t2)
Stirrer (g)
1 62 100 31,004 85 23 28 5
2 62 100 31,004 75 23 27 4
3 62 100 31,004 80 23 27 4
4 23,03 100 31,004 70 23 25 2
5 23,03 100 31,004 82 22 25 3
6 23,03 100 31,004 77 21 25 4

Room temperature : 28℃

IV. DATA ANALYSIS

1. Calculating the specific heat value of a calorimeter made from aluminum (Al)
using the
interpolation method.
0,2297

Ck

0,2220
100% 28℃ 0℃

100° – 0° = 0,2297 – 0,2220

100 – 28° 0,2297 – Ck
Ck = 0,22393 kal/gr. °C

2. Calculate the average change in water temperature and calorimeter and its
uncertainty.

C𝑏 (kal/gr°C) δ C𝑏 (kal/gr°C) | δ C𝑏 |2
(kal/gr°C)
0,07551 0,01149 0,000132
0,08481 0,00219 0,000004
0,10069 0,01369 0,000187
cb̅̅̅ = 0,08700 ∑| δ cb |2 =
0,000323

cb̅̅̅ = 0,08700
Δ𝐶𝑏̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ = √ 0,000323 3−1
= 0,0127082
𝐶𝑏̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ± Δ̅̅̅𝐶𝑏̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ = 0,08700 ± 0,01270
accuracy = 100 % − ( 0,01270 0,08700 x 100 %) = 85,41%
3. Calculate the average change in temperature of an object and its uncertainty.

C𝑏 (kal/gr°C) δ C𝑏 (kal/gr°C) | δ C𝑏 |2
(kal/gr°C)
0,20877 0,03787 0,0014341
0,15197 -0,01893 0,0003583
0,15197 -0,01893 0,0003583
c̅ = 0,17090
b ∑| δ cb |2 = 0,002150

cb̅̅̅ = 0,08700
Δ𝐶𝑏̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ = √ 0,000323 3−1
= 0,0127082
𝐶𝑏̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ± Δ̅̅̅𝐶𝑏̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ = 0,08700 ± 0,01270
accuracy = 100 % − ( 0,01270 0,08700 x 100 %) = 85,41%

4. Menghitung nilai kalor jenis benda logam () dan ketidakpastiannya.

35 gr. cb. (90,6°C – 23,3°C) = (105 gr. 1 kal/gr.°C + 55 gr.0,22393 kal/gr.°C + 30 gr.0,10832 kal/gr.°C)
(3,3 °C)
35 gr. 67,3 cb = (105 kal/°C + 12,31615 kal/°C +3,2496 kal/°C) (3,3 °C)
35 gr. 67,3 cb = 397,866975 kal/°C
cb = 11,3676279 kal/gr.°Ccb = 0,168909 kal/gr.°C

35 gr. cb. (90°C – 21,3°C) = (150 gr. 1 kal/gr.°C + 55 gr.0,22393 kal/gr.°C + 30 gr.0,10832 kal/gr.°C)
(1,6 °C)
35 gr. 68,7 cb = (150 kal/°C + 12,31615 kal/°C +3,2496 kal/°C) (1,6 °C)
35 gr. 68,7 cb = 264,9052 kal/°C
cb = 7,56872 kal/gr.°C
cb = 0,110170 kal/gr.°C

5. Calculate the specific heat value of a metal object (Cb) and its uncertainty.
70,4 cb = 6,0638 kal/gr.°C
cb = 0,08613 kal/gr.°C

65 gr. cb. (94,3°C – 21,6°C) = (150 gr. 1 kal/gr.°C + 50 gr.

0,22393 kal/gr.°C + 30 gr.
0,10832 kal/gr.°C) (1,6 °C)
65 gr. 72,7 cb = (150 kal/°C + 11,1965 kal/°C +
3,2496 kal/°C) (1,6 °C)
65 gr. 72,7 cb = 263,11376 kal/°C
72,7 cb = 4,047904 kal/gr.°Ccb = 0,08613 kal/gr.°C
 V. Discussion
The basic principle in doing the practicum of the heat of solids, first determine the
weight of the calorimeter used, then also clean the dirt and dust contained in the
calorimeter. After the calorimeter is free from dust and dirt, the next step is to weigh the
calorimeter along with the stirrer. However, before weighing, clean the balance sheet
first so that the resulting data is accurate.
Weigh the empty calorimeter with the stirrer,
observe and record the weight. If the preparation has been completed, fill the calorimeter
with water as much as ± 100 ml so that the metal material can be fully immersed, then
weigh the calorimeter, observe and record the mass of water. Next, cool the calorimeter
filled with water into the cooler so that the temperature is below room temperature
(28°C). Meanwhile, put the metal object into the boiling vessel and heat it for ± 10
minutes.
After ± 10 minutes, remove the calorimeter from the cooler and clean the walls so
that no dew sticks around, observe and record the temperature of the calorimeter. The
temperature after the calorimeter is removed from the cooler will be the initial
temperature of the calorimeter. Also record the pressure read on the barometer. At the
same time, quickly remove the metal from the boiling vessel and place it into the
calorimeter.
Stir the two substances in the calorimeter using a stirrer.
using a stirrer. Observe and record the maximum/final temperature of the second
mixture. Then, weigh the calorimeter that has been filled with water and hot metal.
Observe and record the final weight of the calorimeter.
No Mass Mass Mass Initial Initial Final water (t2 – t1)
metal water calorimeter temperature temperature temperature
(g) (g) + of solid (tb) of water (t1) (t2)
Stirrer (g)
1 62 100 31,004 85 23 28 5
2 62 100 31,004 75 23 27 4
3 62 100 31,004 80 23 27 4
4 23,03 100 31,004 70 23 25 2
5 23,03 100 31,004 82 22 25 3
6 23,03 100 31,004 77 21 25 4

The table above shows some sample data obtained from the results of 6 trials using
different water mass and temperature variables in each trial.
 In this experiment, two (2) different metal samples were used, namely iron (Fe)
and aluminum (Al). In each metal experiment, two (2) different water masses were used,
namely, as much as 105 grams and 150 grams. And in the experiment for each mass of
water, 3 different types of temperature were used as attached in table 3.1 above.

This practicum has a focal point for data analysis studies, namely the
determination of the specific heat value of objects owned by each metal using the black
principle formula.
Before using the formula, first determine the value of the specific heat of water (Ca), the
specific heat of the calorimeter (Ck), and the specific heat of the stirrer (Cp) using the
interpolation formula and the analysis results are expressed as follows:
0,2297

Ck

0,2220
100% 28℃ 0℃

100° – 0° = 0,2297 – 0,2220

100 – 25° 0,2297 – Ck
Ck = 0,22393 kal/gr. °C

Some things that affect the value of specific heat that an object has, among others:
a.Mass of the object (m)
The amount of specific heat an object has is directly proportional to the mass of the
object. That is, the greater the mass of the object, the greater the specific heat that the
object has.
b.Temperature Change (ΔT)
The amount of specific heat an object has is directly proportional to the change in
temperature of the object. The greater the change in temperature, the greater the specific
heat an object has.
 VI. Conclusion
The conclusions that can be drawn in the practicum of solid heat are as follows:
1.Specific Heat (c) is the amount of heat (q) needed to increase the temperature (T) of a
unit mass (m) of an object by 1°.
needed to increase the temperature (T) in one unit mass (m) of the object by 1 °.
2.Black's principle states that if two types of substances A and B have different
temperatures, then after mixing the higher temperature substance (tA) will release heat.
Meanwhile, the lower temperature object (tB) will receive heat continuously until an
equilibrium temperature (tC) is reached which is constant.
3.A calorimeter is an instrument that can be used to calculate the amount of specific heat
of an object.
4.The heat absorbed or released during a change in the form of an object does not cause
a change in the temperature of the object.
5.The results of the experiment are quantitative data, namely the specific heat of Fe metal
is cb = 0.08613 cal/gr.°C for a mass of water of 105 grams and cb = 0.08613 cal/gr.°C
for a mass of water of 150 grams. Meanwhile, the specific heat of Al metal is cb =
0.168909
cal/gr.°C for a water mass of 105 grams and cb = 0.110170 cal/gr.°C for a water mass of
150 grams.

Bibliography
[1] Halimah. Nur, and Haryono. 2014. Chemistry Specialization
Mathematics and Natural Sciences for Grade 11 SMA/MA. Surakarta: Mediatama
Publisher
[2] Neutron Yogyakarta. 2017. Practical Learning Physics Grade 12 SMA/MA.
Yogyakarta: Neutron Yogyakarta Writing Team
[3] Rizkianawati, Anis. 2015. Implementation of Multimenditional Learning Model in
Physics Learning to Improve Students' Science Process Skills [thesis]. Semarang:
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, State University of Semarang
[4] UII Integrated Basic Physics Laboratory Team. 2020. Basic Physics Practicum
Module 1. Yogyakarta: Islamic University of Indonesia Basic Physics Laboratory