Multiple studies delve into the relationship between mental illness, substance

abuse and recidivism unveiling on gender differences and nuanced pattern. In one

study. One study shows that mental illness increases recidivism in men, particularly

when accompanied with substance abuse. However, substance abuse is not directly

linked to recidivism although it is prevalent in both genders (Dalbir, N., Wright, E. M., &

Steiner, B., 2022). Another study investigates the factors of mental illness, substance

abuse, and co-occurring disorders that influences reoffending. Classifying recidivism

into new offenses and violations reveals differences based on disorders types and other

variables. It enhances understanding of the relationships between disorder types, other

variables and reasons for reoffending in predicting recidivism (Houser, K. A., Saum, C.

A., & Hiller, M. L., 2019). Furthermore a separate investigation consist of more than

8,000 adults on probation emphasizes that offenders who uses illegal drugs and had

problem with alcohol consumption had the greatest likelihood of reoffending (Spruit, van

der Put, Gubbels, & Bindels, 2017).

In addition, a retrospective study evaluated high-risk offenders registered in

Regional Treatment Center, Sex Offender Treatment Program (RTCSOTP), evaluating

self disclosed history of alcohol and substance abuse, along with measures of

psychopathic characteristics in measuring the predictability of recidivism. The result of

the study emphasize of addressing drug use in sexual offenders who demonstrate

psychopathic traits, when assessing recidivism risks (Bazinet, A., Carniello, T. N.,

Abracen, J., Looman, J., & Valliant, P. M., 2022). Also, another study conducted in the

District of Swabi, aims to identify the predictor of recidivism. The result revealed that

social stigma, unemployment, lack of reinterpretation, personal distress, violent

prisoner, drug abuse, and lack of educational facilities are factors found to have effects

on criminal recidivism, it is also revealed that such predictor if experience, can lead to

further reoffending (Ahmad, 2022).

Bazinet, A., Carniello, T. N., Abracen, J., Looman, J., & Valliant, P. M. (2022). The

contribution of psychopathic traits and substance use in the prediction of

recidivism of sexual offenders. International journal of law and psychiatry, 81,

101779.

Ahmad, A. (2022). Sociodemographic Factors Contributing to Youth Recidivism. A Case

Study of.

Dalbir, N., Wright, E. M., & Steiner, B. (2022). Mental Illness, Substance Use, and Co-

Occurring Disorders among Jail Inmates: Prevalence, Recidivism, and Gender

Differences. Corrections, 1-23.

Houser, K. A., Saum, C. A., & Hiller, M. L. (2019). Mental health, substance abuse, co-

occurring disorders, and 3-year recidivism of felony parolees. Criminal Justice

and Behavior, 46(9), 1237-1254.

Spruit, A., van der Put, C., Gubbels, J., & Bindels, A. (2017). Age differences in the

severity, impact and relative importance of dynamic risk factors for recidivism.

Journal of Criminal Justice, 50, 69-77. Doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.04.006