UNI

VERSI
TYOFNI
GERI
A,NSUKKA

FACULTYOFBI
OLOGI
CALSCI
ENCES

DEPARTMENTOFMI
CROBI
OLOGY

ATECHNI
CALREPORTONSTUDENTSI
NDUSTRI
ALWORKEXPERI
ENCESCHEME
(
SIWES)(
MCB356)

SUBMI
TTEDI
NPARTI
ALFULFI
LLMENTOFTHEREQUI
REMENTOFTHEDEGREEOF
BACHELOROFSCI
ENCE(
B.Sc.
)INMI
CROBI
OLOGY

BY

NGAH,
ANASTASI
A

2019/
250395

PLACEOFATTACHMENT:NATI
ONALCENTREFORENERGYRESEARCHAND
DEVELOPMENT

PERI
ODOFATTACHMENT:MAY,
2023-AUGUST,
2023

COURSECOORDI
NATOR;MI
SSONYEKA,
PRECI
OUS

SEPTEMBER,
2023
 TI
TLEPAGE

ATECHNI
CALREPORTONTHESTUDENTSI
NDUSTRI
ALWORKEXPERI
ENCESCHEME
(
SIWES)ATTHEENERGYCENTER,
UNI
VERSI
TYOFNI
GERI
A,NSUKKA(
UNN)
.
 DEDI
CATI
ON

Iwoul
dlovet
odedi
cat
edt
hiswor
ktoGodf
ir
standal
sot
omypar
ent
swhohavebeen
ast
rongmot
ivat
ionf
ormet
owar
dst
hecompl
eti
onoft
hiscour
se.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Mypr
ofoundacknowl
edgementgoest
otheAl
might
yGodf
orHi
spr
otect
ion,
prov
isi
on,
andgui
dancedur
ingt
heper
iodofmyt
rai
ningexer
cise.Ial
sowantt
othankt
he
Resear
chcent
ref
orgr
ant
ingappl
icat
ionf
ormyat
tachment
.Mygr
ati
tudegoest
omy
par
ent
stoo f
ort
hei
rsuppor
tfi
nanci
all
yand ot
her
wise t
hroughoutmyper
iod of
at
tachment
.
 SUMMARY

Dur
ingt
hecour
seofmySI
WESpr
ogr
am,
Iwor
kedatNat
ionalCent
ref
orEner
gy
Resear
chandDevel
opment(
NCERD)
.Thedur
ati
onoft
heSI
WESpr
ogr
am was
t
hreemont
hs.Iwaspr
ivi
legedt
owor
kinvi
rt
ual
lyal
lthesect
ionst
hatwer
e
act
ivepr
iort
omyat
tachmentandt
hesesect
ionsi
ncl
ude:Pr
oduct
ionsect
ion,
Anal
ysi
s sect
ion,Separ
ati
on sect
ion,Tr
eat
mentsect
ion.I
nthe pr
oduct
ion
sect
ion,Il
ear
nthow t
ocar
ryoutdi
ver
seanal
ysi
s,pr
oducesomei
ndust
ri
al
needsl
ikebi
ogas.ThePr
oduct
ionsect
ionwhi
chwasmybestsect
ioni
ncr
eased
myscopeofknowl
edgeandt
echni
calknow-
how ofhow t
oconver
twast
est
o
usef
ulmat
eri
als.TheSt
udentI
ndust
ri
alTr
aini
ngpr
ogr
am wasver
yeducat
ive
and br
oughtgood exposur
eforme.I
tgave me i
nsi
ghtand pr
ovi
ded an
oppor
tuni
tyt
o putt
he t
heor
eti
calpar
tofmycour
se i
nto pr
act
ice.I
tal
so
enhancedmyknowl
edgeont
het
echni
cal
-know-
how oft
heequi
pmentusedi
n
t
hel
abor
ator
y.Themaj
orchal
lengeIf
acedi
srest
ri
cti
onf
rom oper
ati
ngsome
hi
ghpower
edequi
pmentbutI
'
m gl
adIcoul
dst
artandf
ini
sht
hepr
ogr
am cause
i
twasagr
eatoppor
tuni
tyf
ormeasanI
ndust
ri
alMi
crobi
ologi
sti
nvi
ew.
 TABLEOFCONTENTS

TI
TLEPAGE

DEDI
CATI
ON

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

SUMMARY

TABLEOFCONTENTS

CHAPTERONE

1.
0 I
NTRODUCTI
ON

1.
1 HI
STORI
CALOVERVI
EW OFSI
WES

1.
2 AI
MSANDOBJECTI
VESOFSI
WES

1.
3 BRI
EFHI
STORYOFNATI
ONALCENTREFORENERGYRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENT

CHAPTERTWO

2.
0 I
NSTRUMENTATI
ON

2.
1 SOMELABORATORYEQUI
PMENTUSED

2.
2 SAFETYPRECAUTI
ONSI
NTHERESEARCHCENTRE

CHAPTERTHREE

3.
0 VARI
OUSSECTI
ONSATTHERESEARCHCENTRE

3.
1 PRODUCTI
ONSECTI
ON

3.
1.1 Pr
oduct
ionofBi
odi
eself
rom Dogoyar
ooi
l

3.
1.2 Soni
cat
ion

3.
1.2.
1Wor
kingpr
inci
pleofasoni
cat
or
 3.
1.3 Pr
oduct
ionofBi
ogasusi
ngCassavapeelandCowdung

3.
1.4 Ext
ract
ionofHexanef
rom Jat
rophausi
ngSoxhl
etext
ract
ionmet
hod

3.
2 ANALYSI
SSECTI
ON

3.
2.1 Det
ermi
nat
ionofMet
alsi
ndi
ff
erentwat
ersampl
esusi
ngAt
omi
cAbsor
pti
on
Spect
rophot
omet
er

3.
2.1.
1Wor
kingpr
inci
pleoft
heat
omi
cabsor
pti
onspect
rophot
omet
er

3.
2.2 Det
ermi
nat
ionofMoi
stur
eandAshCont
entofdi
ff
erentsampl
es

3.
2.3 Det
ermi
nat
ionofTot
alDi
ssol
vedSol
ids(
TDS)

3.
2.4 Det
ermi
nat
ionofVi
scosi
tyofdi
ff
erentsampl
es

3.
2.5 Det
ermi
nat
ionofDensi
tyofCoal

3.
2.6 Det
ermi
nat
ionofpHofdi
ff
erentl
iqui
dsampl
es

3.
2.7 Det
ermi
nat
ionofFr
eeFat
tyAci
dbyTi
tr
imet
rymet
hod

3.
2.8 Det
ermi
nat
ionofPr
otei
nCont
entusi
ngKj
eldahlmet
hod

3.
3 TREATMENTSECTI
ON

3.
3.1 Di
gest
ionofFoodsampl
esusi
ngAquaRegi
a

3.
3.2 Dr
yingofSampl
es

4.
0 CONCLUSI
ON,
RELEVANCE,
ANDCHALLENGESDURI
NGSI
WESPROGRAM

4.
1 CONCLUSI
ON

4.
2 RELEVANCEOFSI
WESTOMI
CROBI
OLOGY

4.
3 CHALLENGESFACEDDURI
NGTHESI
WESPROGRAM

4.
4 RECOMMENDATI
ON
 CHAPTERONE

1.
0 I
NTRODUCTI
ON

SI
WES,anacr
onym f
ort
heSt
udent
sIndust
ri
alWor
kExper
ienceScheme,r
epr
esent
sa
col
labor
ati
veef
for
tini
ti
atedbyt
heFeder
alMi
nist
ryofEducat
ion,i
nvol
vingst
udent
s,
uni
ver
sit
ies,andi
ndust
ri
alent
erpr
ises.Thi
sschemeser
vesasacr
uci
alcomponentof
accr
edi
tedacademi
cst
andar
dswi
thi
nNi
ger
iant
ert
iar
yinst
it
uti
ons.SI
WES pl
aysa
pi
vot
alr
olei
nassessi
ngt
hepr
act
icalknowl
edgeacqui
redbyst
udent
sdur
ingt
hei
r
i
ndust
ri
alt
rai
ningper
iod.I
tspr
imar
ypur
posei
stobr
idget
hegapt
hatt
radi
ti
onal
ly
exi
stsbet
weent
het
heor
eti
calandpr
act
icalaspect
sofeducat
ionalpr
ogr
amsof
fer
ed
byNi
ger
iant
ert
iar
yinst
it
uti
ons(
Ekpenyoung,
2011)
.

Pr
iort
othei
ncept
ionoft
hispr
ogr
am,t
her
ewasagr
owi
ngconcer
namongi
ndust
ri
al
l
eader
sthatgr
aduat
es f
rom hi
ghereducat
ion i
nst
it
uti
ons l
acked t
he necessar
y
pr
act
icalski
ll
sandexper
iencer
equi
redf
orempl
oymenti
nvar
iousi
ndust
ri
es.SI
WES
addr
essest
hisi
ssuebypr
ovi
dingst
udent
swi
thoppor
tuni
ti
est
ogai
nexposur
eto
pr
act
icalexper
ience,
incl
udi
ngt
heoper
ati
onofequi
pmentandmachi
ner
ythatmaynot
ber
eadi
lyavai
labl
ewi
thi
nthei
racademi
cinst
it
uti
ons.

I
nconj
unct
ionwi
tht
heobj
ect
ivesoft
hescheme,
Ipar
ti
cipat
edi
nani
ndust
ri
alt
rai
ning
pr
ogr
am att
heNat
ionalCent
ref
orEner
gyResear
chandDevel
opment
,ar
esear
ch-
or
ient
edi
nst
it
uti
onl
ocat
edatt
heUni
ver
sit
yofNi
ger
ia,Nsukka.Thi
scent
eroper
ates
undert
heauspi
cesoft
heFeder
alMi
nist
ryofSci
enceandTechnol
ogy.

1.
1 HI
STORI
CALOVERVI
EW OFSI
WES

Thei
ncept
ionoft
heSt
udent
sIndust
ri
alWor
kExper
ienceScheme(
SIWES)t
racesback
t
o1973wheni
twasest
abl
ishedbyt
heI
ndust
ri
alTr
ustFund(
ITF)
.Thi
sini
ti
ati
veai
med
t
oaddr
essapr
essi
ngconcer
n–t
hei
nadequacyofski
ll
spossessedbygr
aduat
esf
rom
t
ert
iar
yinst
it
uti
onsf
orgai
nfulempl
oymentwi
thi
nNi
ger
iani
ndust
ri
es(
Tunde,2016)
.
SI
WESwasconcei
vedasaski
llt
rai
ningpr
ogr
am wi
tht
hespeci
fi
cgoalofexposi
ngand
pr
epar
ingst
udent
sfr
om uni
ver
sit
ies,pol
ytechni
cs,andcol
legesofeducat
ionf
ort
he
r
eal
-wor
ldi
ndust
ri
alchal
lengest
heywoul
dencount
erpost
-gr
aduat
ion(
Ekpeny
oung,
2011)
.

The dr
ive behi
nd SI
WES st
emmed f
rom t
he bel
iefhel
d by empl
oyer
sthatt
he
t
heor
eti
caleducat
ionpr
ovi
dedbyhi
ghereducat
ioni
nst
it
uti
onsdi
dnotadequat
ely
al
ignwi
tht
hepr
act
icalr
equi
rement
soft
hel
abormar
ket
.Pr
iort
o1973,t
housandsof
Ni
ger
ians gr
appl
ed wi
tht
hisi
ssue.I
nresponse,t
he I
ndust
ri
alTr
ustFund (
ITF)
under
tookt
her
esponsi
bil
it
yofest
abl
ishi
ngandconcept
ual
izi
ngt
heSI
WESpr
ogr
am
dur
ingt
he1973/
74per
iod,
dir
ect
lyaddr
essi
ngt
hispr
essi
ngneed.

TheI
TFt
ookt
hepr
oact
ivest
epofassi
sti
ngNi
ger
ianst
udent
sandconcei
vedt
he
SI
WESpr
ogr
am,whi
chwassubsequent
lyof
fi
cial
lyappr
ovedandi
ntr
oducedbyt
he
f
eder
algover
nmenti
n 1974.Dur
ing i
tsi
nit
ialyear
s,I
TF was t
he sol
efi
nanci
al
suppor
teroft
hepr
ogr
am.However
,duet
othei
ncr
easi
ngf
inanci
albur
deni
tposed,
the
I
TFwi
thdr
ewi
tssuppor
tin1978.

I
nresponse,
thef
eder
algover
nmentr
eassi
gnedt
heover
sightoft
heschemet
otwokey
ent
it
ies:t
he Nat
ionalUni
ver
sit
ies Commi
ssi
on (
NUC)and t
he Nat
ionalBoar
dfor
Techni
calEducat
ion (
NBTE) i
n 1979.The f
eder
algover
nment mai
ntai
ned i
ts
commi
tmentt
o SI
WES,wi
tht
he I
ndust
ri
alTr
aini
ng Fund (
ITF) assumi
ng f
ull
r
esponsi
bil
it
yforf
undi
ng t
he pr
ogr
am i
n Jul
y 1985,f
oll
owi
ng i
tst
akeov
erof
super
visi
onandi
mpl
ement
ati
oni
nNovember1984.

1.
2 AI
MSANDOBJECTI
VESOFSI
WES

TheI
ndust
ri
alTr
aini
ngFund'
sPol
icyDocumentNo.1of1973,whi
chest
abl
i
shed
SI
WES,
del
ineat
edt
heobj
ect
ivesoft
heschemeasf
oll
ows(
ITF,
2002)
:

 Faci
li
tat
ingEducat
ionalExposur
e:Pr
ovi
dingst
udent
senr
oll
edi
ninst
it
uti
onsof
hi
gherl
ear
ningwi
tht
heoppor
tuni
tyt
ogai
npr
act
icali
ndust
ri
alt
rai
ningand
exper
iencet
hatal
ignswi
tht
hei
rrespect
iveacademi
cdi
sci
pli
nes.

 Pr
epar
ati
on f
or Real
-Wor
ld Wor
k Envi
ronment
s: Pr
epar
ing st
udent
s t
o
ef
fect
ivel
ytr
ansi
ti
oni
ntot
hepr
act
icalwor
kenvi
ronment
stheyar
eli
kel
yto
encount
eruponcompl
eti
ngt
hei
racademi
cpr
ogr
ams.
  Exposur
etoAdvancedResour
ces:I
ntr
oduci
ngst
udent
stospeci
ali
zedwor
k
met
hods,equi
pment
,andmachi
ner
ythatmaynotber
eadi
lyavai
labl
ewi
thi
n
t
hei
reducat
ionali
nst
it
uti
ons.

 Appl
icat
ionofCl
assr
oom Knowl
edge:Cr
eat
ingapl
atf
ormf
orst
udent
stoappl
y
t
he t
heor
eti
calknowl
edge acqui
red i
n cl
assr
ooms t
oreal
-wor
ldi
ndust
ri
al
set
ti
ngs,
thuscl
osi
ngt
hegapbet
weent
heor
yandpr
act
ice.

 Rel
evanceofAcademi
cPur
sui
ts:Demonst
rat
ingt
opar
ti
cipat
ingst
udent
sthe
pr
act
icalr
elevanceandappl
icabi
li
tyoft
hei
rchosencour
seofst
udywi
thi
n
i
ndust
ri
alcont
ext
s.

 I
ncr
eased I
ndust
ry Engagement
: Encour
agi
ng gr
eat
er i
nvol
vement of
empl
oyer
sint
heeducat
ionalpr
ocess,
par
ti
cul
arl
yatt
heent
ryl
evel
.

 Br
idgi
ng t
he Theor
y-Pr
act
ice Gap:Pr
ovi
ding st
udent
s wi
th an i
nval
uabl
e
oppor
tuni
tyt
otr
ansl
atet
hei
racademi
cknowl
edgei
ntot
angi
blecont
ri
but
ions
wi
thi
nthef
ramewor
koft
hei
rexper
ti
se.

 Academi
cRequi
rement
:Incor
por
ati
ngSI
WESasani
ntegr
alcomponentoft
he
mi
nimum academi
cpr
erequi
sit
esf
ort
heconf
ermentofdegr
eesordi
plomasi
n
t
hemaj
ori
tyofNi
ger
ianuni
ver
sit
ies,
pol
ytechni
cs,
andcol
legesofeducat
ion.

I
nessence,t
heseout
li
nedobj
ect
ivest
alksaboutt
hemul
ti
facet
edr
oleofSI
WESi
n
enr
ichi
ngst
udent
s'educat
ionalexper
iences,al
i
gni
ngacademi
cpur
sui
tswi
thpr
act
ical
appl
icat
ions,and f
ost
eri
ng col
l
abor
ati
on bet
ween educat
ionali
nst
it
uti
ons and
i
ndust
ri
es,
allwi
thi
nthef
ramewor
kofr
ecogni
zedacademi
cst
andar
ds.

1.
3 BRI
EF HI
STORY OF NATI
ONAL CENTRE FOR ENERGY RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT

TheNat
ionalCent
ref
orEner
gyResear
chandDevel
opmentatt
heUni
ver
sit
yofNi
ger
ia,
Nsukka,
wasest
abl
ishedi
n1980t
hroughl
egi
slat
ionpassedbyt
heNat
ionalAssembl
y,
al
ongsi
de t
hree ot
herr
esear
ch cent
ers.I
tcommenced f
ulloper
ati
ons i
n 1982.
Subsequent
ly,t
heFeder
alGover
nmentest
abl
ishedt
heEner
gyCommi
ssi
onofNi
ger
ia,
empower
edbydecr
eesnumber12of1988andnumber19of1989,ent
rust
ingi
twi
th
t
hel
egalr
esponsi
bil
it
yofover
seei
ngt
hesef
ourcent
ers.

Thepr
imar
ymi
ssi
onoft
heNat
ionalCent
ref
orEner
gyResear
chandDevel
opment
,
Uni
ver
sit
yofNi
ger
ia,Nsukka,i
stoconductr
esear
ch,f
ost
erdevel
opment
,faci
li
tat
e
di
ssemi
nat
ion,andpr
ovi
demanpowert
rai
ningacr
ossawi
despect
rum ofener
gy
r
esour
ces.Theseencompassbot
hrenewabl
eandnon-
renewabl
esour
ces,i
ncl
udi
ng
Sol
ar,Bi
omass,Wi
nd,Hydr
o,Geot
her
mal
,Coal
,Pet
rol
eum,Ener
gyManagement
,and
Envi
ronment
alaspect
s.Fur
ther
mor
e,t
heCent
eri
saut
hor
izedt
oof
fershor
tcour
ses,
di
plomas,
anddegr
eepr
ogr
amsi
nrenewabl
eener
gyt
echnol
ogi
esi
ncol
labor
ati
onwi
th
r
elevantacademi
cdepar
tment
satt
heUni
ver
sit
yofNi
ger
ia.
Fi
gur
e1:Or
gani
zat
ionalchar
t/Or
ganogr
am ofNCERD,
Sour
ce(
Aut
hor
)

CHAPTERTWO

2.
0 I
NSTRUMENTATI
ON

2.
1 SOMELABORATORYEQUI
PMENTUSEDATTHECENTER

1.Soni
cat
or:Usedf
ort
hedi
srupt
ionofcel
ls,
mixi
ng,
anddi
sper
sionofpar
ti
clesi
n
l
iqui
dst
hrought
heappl
icat
ionofhi
gh-
fr
equencysoundwaves.

Fi
gur
e1:Soni
cat
or,
Sour
ce(
Aut
hor
)

2.At
omi
cAbsor
banceSpect
rophot
omet
er:Usedt
oanal
yzet
heconcent
rat
ionof
speci
fi
c el
ement
sin a sampl
e by measur
ing t
he absor
pti
on ofl
ightat
char
act
eri
sti
cwavel
engt
hs.

Fi
gur
e 2: At
omi
c Absor
pti
on
Spect
rophot
omet
er,
Sour
ce(
Aut
hor
)

3.Wat
erDei
oni
zer
:Removesi
onsf
rom wat
ert
opr
oducehi
gh-
pur
it
y,dei
oni
zed
wat
erof
tenusedi
nlabor
ator
yexper
iment
sandanal
yti
calt
echni
ques.
 Fi
gur
e3:Wat
erDei
oni
zer
,Sour
ce(
Aut
hor
)

4.pHMet
er:Measur
est
heaci
dit
yoral
kal
ini
tyofasol
uti
on,
provi
dingt
hepHval
ue,
whi
chi
scr
uci
ali
nvar
iouschemi
calandbi
ologi
calpr
ocesses.

Fi
gur
e 4:pH met
eri
n a buf
fersol
uti
on,Sour
ce
(
Aut
hor
)

5.Sol
arDr
yer
:Ut
il
izessol
arener
gyt
odr
yordehydr
atemat
eri
als,suchasf
ood,
agr
icul
tur
alpr
oduct
s,orl
abor
ator
ysampl
es.

Fi
gur
e5:Sol
arDr
yer
,Sour
ce(
Aut
hor
)

6.Vi
scomet
er:Measur
est
hevi
scosi
tyoff
lui
ds,hel
pingi
nqual
it
ycont
roland
r
esear
chf
orsubst
ancesl
ikeoi
ls,
pai
nts,
andpol
ymer
s.
 Fi
gur
e6:Vi
scomet
er,
Sour
ce(
Aut
hor
)

7.Ther
momet
er:Measur
es t
emper
atur
e,a f
undament
alpar
amet
eri
n var
ious
sci
ent
if
icandi
ndust
ri
alappl
icat
ions.

Fi
gur
e7:Ther
momet
er,
Sour
ce(
Aut
hor
)

8.Cr
uci
ble:Asmal
l,heat
-r
esi
stantcont
ainerusedf
orheat
ingsubst
ancesathi
gh
t
emper
atur
es,
typi
cal
lyi
nal
abor
ator
yfur
nace.

Fi
gur
e8:Cr
uci
ble,
Sour
ce(
Aut
hor
)

9.Ther
most
atHeat
er:Mai
ntai
nsaspeci
fi
ctemper
atur
einanencl
osedspaceor
equi
pment
,ensur
ingconsi
stentcondi
ti
onsf
orexper
iment
sorpr
ocesses.

Fi
gur
e9:Roundbot
tom f
laskonTher
most
atheat
er,
Sour
ce(
Aut
hor
)

10.
Muf
fl
e Fur
nace:Used f
orhi
gh-
temper
atur
e appl
icat
ions,such as ashi
ng,
cal
cinat
ion,andheatt
reat
mentofmat
eri
alsi
ncont
rol
ledenvi
ronment
s,of
ten
wi
thoutdi
rectexposur
etof
lames.
 Fi
gur
e10:Muf
fl
efur
nace,
Sour
ce(
Aut
hor
)

11.
Incubat
or:Pr
ovi
desacont
rol
ledenvi
ronmentwi
thaconst
antt
emper
atur
eand
humi
dit
yfort
hecul
ti
vat
ionandgr
owt
hofmi
croor
gani
sms,cel
ls,oror
gani
sms
i
nal
abor
ator
yset
ti
ng.

Fi
gur
e11:I
ncubat
or,
Sour
ce(
Aut
hor
)

12.
Thi
mbl
e:Typi
cal
lyusedi
nfi
lt
rat
ionpr
ocesses,t
himbl
eshol
dsol
idsubst
ances
whi
leal
lowi
ngl
iqui
dst
opasst
hrough,ai
dingi
nthesepar
ati
onofsol
idsf
rom
l
iqui
ds.

Fi
gur
e12:Thi
mbl
e,Sour
ce(
Aut
hor
)

13.
Ext
ract
ion Jacket
:Used i
nthe ext
ract
ion pr
ocess t
o ef
fi
cient
ly ex
tract
compoundsorsubst
ancesf
rom sol
idsampl
esusi
ngsol
vent
s,of
teni
nSoxhl
et
ext
ract
ors.

Fi
gur
e 13:Ext
ract
ion Jacket
,Sour
ce
(
Aut
hor
)

14.
Cent
ri
fuge:Rapi
dlyspi
nssampl
est
o separ
atecomponent
sbased on t
hei
r
 densi
ty,suchassepar
ati
ngsol
idsf
rom l
iqui
dsori
sol
ati
ngspeci
fi
cpar
ti
cles
f
rom ami
xtur
e.

Fi
gur
e14:Cent
ri
fuge,
Sour
ce(
Aut
hor
)

15.
Wat
erDi
sti
ll
er:Pur
if
ies wat
erby heat
ing i
tto pr
oduce st
eam and t
hen
condensi
ng t
he st
eam back i
nto l
iqui
d f
orm,r
emovi
ng i
mpur
it
ies and
cont
ami
nant
s.

Fi
gur
e15:Wat
erDi
sti
ll
er,
Sour
ce(
Aut
hor
)

16.
Heat
ingmant
le:Aheat
ingmant
lei
susedt
oappl
ycont
rol
ledandevenheatt
o
gl
asswar
e,suchasr
ound-
bot
tom f
lasksandbeaker
s.I
t'
sof
tenempl
oyedi
n
pr
ocessesl
ikedi
sti
ll
ati
on,
ref
lux,
andheat
ingofr
eact
ionmi
xtur
es.

Fi
gur
e16:Heat
ingmant
le,Sour
ce
(
Aut
hor
)

17.
Condenser
:Condenser
sar
epr
imar
il
yusedt
ocondensevapourorgasbacki
nto
al
iqui
dst
ate.Theyar
ecommonl
yempl
oyedi
ndi
sti
ll
ati
onset
upst
ocol
lectand
separ
atel
iqui
dsf
rom vapour
.
 Fi
gur
e17:Condenser
,Sour
ce(
Aut
hor
)

18.
Anal
yti
calWei
ghi
ngBal
ance:Anal
yti
calwei
ghi
ngbal
ancesar
edesi
gnedf
or
hi
ghpr
eci
sionandaccur
acyi
nwei
ghi
ngsmal
lquant
it
iesofsubst
ances.They
ar
e used when even t
iny var
iat
ions i
n mass can si
gni
fi
cant
lyi
mpactt
he
out
comeofexper
iment
s.

Fi
gur
e18:Anal
yti
calwei
ghi
ngbal
ance,
Sour
ce(
Aut
hor
)

19.
Ult
ravi
olet(
UV)Spect
rophot
omet
er:UV spect
rophot
omet
ers ar
e used f
or
quant
it
ati
ve anal
ysi
s of subst
ances by measur
ing t
he absor
pti
on or
t
ransmi
ssi
on ofUV l
ightatspeci
fi
c wavel
engt
hs.Thi
sis of
ten appl
ied i
n
det
ermi
ningt
heconcent
rat
ionofanal
ytesi
nsol
uti
ons.UVspect
rophot
omet
ers
ar
eal
sousedf
orqual
it
ati
veanal
ysi
s,i
dent
if
yingsubst
ancesbasedont
hei
r
uni
queUVabsor
pti
onspect
ra.

Fi
gur
e19:UVSpect
rophot
omet
er,
Sour
ce(
Aut
hor
)

2.
2 SAFETYPRECAUTI
ONSI
NTHERESEARCHCENTER

1.Al
wayswearappr
opr
iat
epr
otect
ivecl
othi
ngl
ikel
abor
ator
ycoat
,gl
ovesand
 nosemaskwhenwor
kingi
nthel
abor
ator
y.

2.Donotputedi
blesi
nther
efr
iger
atorwher
esampl
esar
epr
eser
ved.

3.Donotdr
inkoreati
nthel
abor
ator
y.

4.Al
waysdi
sinf
ectwor
ktabl
esbef
oreandaf
teruse.

5.Donotpl
acear
msonwor
ktabl
es.

6.Avoi
dtal
kingdur
ingi
nocul
ati
ont
oavoi
dcont
ami
nat
ion.

7.Al
waysl
abelt
ubes,
glasswar
esbef
oreuset
oavoi
dmi
spl
acement
.

8.Al
wayswashhandswi
thant
isept
icsoapandr
unni
ngwat
eraf
tercar
ryi
ng
outat
est
.

9.Donotopent
hecent
ri
fugewhi
lei
tisst
il
lspi
nni
ngt
oavoi
dspi
ll
ageof
sampl
es.

10.
Disposeever
yoft
hewast
essaf
ely.

11.
Wor
kneat
lyandkeepwor
ktabl
efr
eef
rom unnecessar
ymat
eri
als.
.Hands
mustbet
hor
oughl
ywashedbef
orehandl
ingpr
oduct
ionmat
eri
als.

12.
Donotoper
atet
hemachi
newhenf
aul
ty;cal
ltheat
tent
ionoft
hesuper
visor
.

13.
Cleanandcovert
hemachi
nepr
oper
lyaf
teruse.

14.
Allt
hehosesar
etobewashedwi
thdet
ergentsol
uti
on,HTH sol
uti
onand
spongeever
yweek.

15.
Haveknowl
edgeoft
hepr
oper
ti
es,
hazar
ds,
andsaf
ehandl
ingpr
ocedur
esof
al
lchemi
cal
susedi
nthel
abor
ator
y.

16.
Wor
kinapr
oper
lyvent
il
atedar
ea.

17.
Adher
etoest
abl
ishedst
andar
doper
ati
ngpr
ocedur
est
oensur
econsi
stency
andsaf
ety.
 18.
Inspectgl
asswar
efordef
ect
s,suchascr
acksorchi
ps.

CHAPTERTHREE

3.
0 VARI
OUSSECTI
ONSATTHECENTRE

3.
1 PRODUCTI
ONSECTI
ON

3.
1.1 Pr
oduct
ionofBi
odi
eself
rom Dogoyar
oOi
l

Ai
m:Topr
oducebi
odi
eself
rom dogoyar
o(neem)oi
l

Mat
eri
als:

1.Dogoyar
ooi
l

2.Met
hanol

3.Fi
lt
er

4.Sodi
um hydr
oxi
deorPot
assi
um hydr
oxi
de

5.React
ionvessel

6.Heat
ingmant
le

7.St
ir
ri
ngr
od

8.Separ
ati
ngFunnel

9.Wat
erandwashbot
tl
es

10.
Sul
phur
icaci
d
Pr
ocedur
es:

1.Ensur
etheoi
lisf
reef
rom i
mpur
it
iesbyf
il
ter
ingi
t

2.Pr
epar
ethemet
hanolandcat
alystsol
uti
on(
met
hoxi
dei
sfor
med)

3.Mi
xthedogoyar
ooi
landt
hemet
hoxi
deaf
terheat
ingt
heoi
ltoabout130°
C.
I
nit
iat
ionoft
ransest
eri
fi
cat
ionbegi
ns

4.Cont
inuet
oheatandst
irt
hemi
xtur
eforabout2hour
s

5.Bi
odi
eselandgl
ycer
inar
epr
oducedasbypr
oduct
s

6.Al
low t
hemi
xtur
eto set
tl
eforsever
alhour
sorover
night
.Thegl
ycer
in
set
tl
esnat
byhebot
tom duet
oit
shi
gherdensi
tyl
eavi
ngt
hebi
odi
eselatt
he
upperl
ayer

7.Car
eful
lypouroutt
heupperl
ayeri
ntoasepar
atecont
ainer

8.Washt
hebi
odi
eselwi
thcl
eanwat
eri
nasepar
ati
ngf
unnelt
oremov
eany
i
mpur
it
ies

9.St
oret
hebi
odi
eseli
nacl
ean,
air
ti
ghtcont
ainer
,awayf
rom di
rectsunl
i
ghtr
o
pr
eventdegr
adat
ion

3.
1.2Soni
cat
ion

Ai
m:Togett
hev
ari
ousconst
it
uent
sofasampl
eorsubst
anceusi
ngami
xtur
e
ofdi
ff
erentsol
vent
stoai
dsepar
ati
on

Mat
eri
als:Soni
cat
or,
Dif
fer
entsol
vent
s,Testsampl
es

Pr
ocedur
es:
1.Putt
hedi
ff
erentsampl
esol
vent
sint
hesoni
cat
or

2.Putont
hemachi
ne

3.Thesampl
eget
smi
xedataver
yhi
ghspeed

4.Sedi
ment
ati
onoccur
s

5.Decantt
hemi
xtur
e

6.Thencent
ri
fugebef
orecar
ryi
ngoutsol
ventevapor
ati
on

3.
1.2.
1 Wor
kingpr
inci
pleofasoni
cat
or

ASoni
cat
or,whi
chi
sal
soknownasanul
tr
asoni
cbat
h,i
sadevi
cet
hat
makesuseofhi
ghf
requencysoundwavest
ocl
ean,
dissol
ve,
ordi
sper
se
par
ti
clesi
nal
iqui
d.Thi
sdevi
cewor
ksbasedont
hephenomenoncal
led
ul
tr
asoni
ccavi
tat
ion.Her
e,t
her
eisgener
ati
onoful
tr
asoni
cwavest
hat
l
eadt
othef
ormat
ionandcol
lapseoft
inycavi
tat
ionbubbl
esi
nal
iqui
d.
Thecol
lapseoft
hesebubbl
espr
oducei
ntensemechani
calf
orcesand
agi
tat
ion,whi
chi
shar
nessedf
orcl
eani
ng,par
ti
cledi
sper
sion,andot
her
appl
icat
ions.

3.
1.3 Pr
oduct
ionofBi
ogasusi
ngCassavapeelandCowdung

Theengi
neer
ingbehi
ndt
hebi
ogaspr
oduct
ionpr
ocessi
sanaer
obi
cdi
gest
ion,
andi
tsl
esshar
mfulnat
uret
otheenvi
ronmentt
hant
hepr
ocessest
hatuse
f
ossi
lfuel
.Bact
eri
abr
eakbr
eakdownor
gani
cmat
teri
ntheabsenceofoxygen,
aphenomenonwesomet
imesr
efert
oasdecomposi
ti
onorf
erment
ati
on.

Bi
ogas compr
ises ofmet
hane (
bet
ween 55 and 80%)and car
bon di
oxi
de
(
bet
ween20and 40%)
.Dependi
ngont
hebi
omassused dur
ingt
hebi
ogas
pr
oduct
ion pr
ocess,bi
ogas can al
so i
ncl
ude t
races ofmoi
stur
e,hydr
ogen
sul
fi
de.Oncecar
bondi
oxi
deandi
mpur
it
iesi
sel
imi
nat
edf
rom t
hebi
ogas,we
obt
ainbi
omet
hanesi
mil
art
ofossi
lgaswhi
chcanbeusedf
orcooki
ngand
heat
ing.CassavaMi
llEf
fl
uenti
sthel
iqui
dwast
egot
tendur
ingt
hepr
ocessi
ngof
cassava.

Ai
m:To eval
uat
etheabi
li
tyoft
heani
mal
’
smi
crof
lor
a[mi
cro or
gani
sms]t
o
degr
adet
heconst
it
uent
sofcassavami
llef
fl
uenti
nor
dert
opr
oducebi
ogasand
bi
oremedi
atet
hepol
lut
edenvi
ronment
.

Mat
eri
al:

1.Cl
eanempt
ycont
ainer
s

2.Thi
ncopperwi
re

3.Pl
ast
icbot
tl
es

4.Ther
momet
er

5.Mul
ti
met
er

6.El
ect
rodes

7.Bi
odi
gest
ers

8.CowdungandCassavami
llef
fl
uent
.

Pr
ocedur
es:

1.St
eri
li
zet
heequi
pment
sandst
artt
hebi
odi
gest
ersetup

2.Pr
epar
econt
ainer
sthatconsi
stsofcal
cul
atedcassavami
llef
fl
uentandcow
dung

3.Toeachdi
gest
er,connectwat
eri
nacont
ainerconnect
edbyat
ube,at
hin
wi
reandanel
ect
rode.

4.Af
tert
hesetup,It
ook20mlofeachsampl
etot
heener
gycent
ref
orsome
t
est
s(BOD,
COD,
TDSandcyani
de)

5.Wet
ookourf
ir
str
eadi
ngoncur
rent
,vol
tage,andt
emper
atur
e(t
her
eadi
ng
shoul
dbecol
lect
edf
orf
ivedays
6.Wel
atert
ookourf
inalr
eadi
ngoncur
rentet
candt
ookout20mlf
rom eachof
t
hedi
gest
ert
oener
gycent
re.

7. Wecompar
edt
her
esul
toft
hef
ir
stt
estandt
hef
inalt
estt
oknow whi
ch
pr
oducedCH4(
met
hane)mor
ewhi
chi
sthebi
ogas.

3.
1.4 Ext
ract
ionofHexanef
rom Jat
rophausi
ngSoxhl
etext
ract
ionmet
hod

Ai
m:Tosepar
ateat
argetcompoundf
rom asol
idsampl
eusi
ngasol
vent

Mat
eri
als:

1.Jat
rophaoi
l

2.Hexane(
sol
vent
)

3.Soxhl
etappar
atus

4.Heat
ingmant
le

5.Cool
ingwat
ersour
ce

6.Vacuum pump

7.Gl
asswar
e

8.Anal
yti
cwei
ghi
ngbal
ance

Pr
ocedur
es:

1.Wei
ghaknownamountofJat
rophaoi
lusi
ngt
heanal
yti
cwei
ghi
ngbal
ance

2.Pl
acet
hej
atr
ophaoi
lsampl
eint
heSoxhl
etext
ract
iont
himbl
e

3.At
tacht
het
himbl
etot
heSoxhl
etext
ract
orandat
tachacondensert
othet
op
oft
heext
ract
orandar
oundbot
tom f
laskt
othebot
tom oft
heext
ract
ort
o
col
lectandext
ractt
hehexane
 4.Pl
acet
heext
ract
ionf
laskbeneat
hther
oundbot
tom f
laskt
ocol
lectany
r
esi
dualsol
ventt
hatdr
ipsf
rom t
hecondenser

5.Addhexanet
othesoxhl
etext
ract
orf
lask,
thehexanewoul
dbecont
inuousl
y
r
ecycl
edt
hrought
hesampl
e

6.Heatt
heext
ract
ionf
laskcont
aini
ngt
hehexaneandt
hej
atr
ophaoi
lsampl
e
ont
heheat
ingmant
le.Ast
hehexaneboi
ls,
itvapor
izesandr
isest
hrought
he
t
himbl
econt
aini
ngt
hesampl
e.

7.Thehexanevapourext
ract
sthet
argetcompound(
int
hiscase,
hexane)f
rom
t
hesampl
e.I
tthent
rav
elsupt
hrought
hecondenserwher
eitcondenses
backt
oli
qui
dwhi
chdr
ipsdownbackt
othesol
idsampl
eint
het
himbl
e

8.TheSoxhl
etappar
atuscont
inual
lycycl
est
hehexanet
hrought
hesampl
e
unt
ilt
heext
ract
ioni
scompl
ete

9.Col
lectt
hehexaneext
racti
nther
oundbot
tom f
laskt
henst
orepr
oper
ly.

3.
2ANALYSI
SSECTI
ON

3.
2.1 Det
ermi
nat
ion ofMet
alsi
n di
ff
erentWat
ersampl
es usi
ng At
omi
c
Absor
pti
onSpect
rophot
omet
er.

Ai
m:Tocheckf
ort
hepr
esenceofheavymet
alsi
nsampl
ese.
g.wat
er

Mat
eri
als:

1.At
omi
cAbsor
pti
onSpect
rophot
omet
er(
AAS)

2.Comput
ersyst
em

3.Acet
ylenegas

Pr
ocedur
es:

1.Putont
hesyst
em f
ir
stbef
oret
heAASsot
hatt
hesyst
em canr
ecogni
zei
t.
2.Opent
heappl
icat
ionusedf
ort
hepr
ocessal
readyi
nst
all
edont
hesyst
em
cal
ledWI
ZARD.

3.Logi
nyourI
.Dandpr
ess'
OK'

4.Thei
nter
faceopens,ex
itt
heWI
ZARDappl
icat
ion,Cl
ickon'
I
nst
rument
'and
Cl
ick'
Connect
'
.

5.Wai
tfort
hemachi
net
oini
ti
ali
zeandconnect

6.I
ntr
oduceacet
ylenegaswhi
chi
susedt
odr
ivet
heAAS

7.Pur
get
heacet
ylenegasorpur
get
heai
r(t
hisi
sdonet
orai
set
hegas
l
evel
/ai
rlevelf
rom i
tsr
est
ingpoi
ntorst
abl
efor
mtoaki
net
icl
evelwher
eit
candr
ivet
hemachi
ne.

8.Af
teri
nit
ial
izat
ion,wai
tforei
ght(
8)mi
nut
esf
ort
hemachi
net
oigni
te.When
i
thasi
gni
ted,t
her
eisanot
if
icat
iont
henyouputt
hecomput
ersyst
em back
ON

9.Cl
ickon'
Aut
ozer
o'i
nthesyst
em bef
orei
ntr
oduci
ngt
hesampl
eint
he
machi
ne

10.
Ayel
lowl
ightcomesonaf
tert
hesampl
ehasbeeni
ntr
oduced.Oncet
hel
ight
gl
owsbr
ight
er,
youpr
ess'
Star
t'i
ntheaut
ozer
oaxi
s.

11.
Theat
omi
cabsor
pti
onspect
rophot
omet
erst
art
sreact
ing

12.
Resul
toft
heamountofheavymet
ali
sdi
spl
ayed

3.
2.1.
1 Wor
king pr
inci
ple of t
he at
omi
c absor
pti
on
spect
rophot
omet
er

Theat
omi
cabsor
pti
onspect
rophot
omet
erbasi
cal
lyoper
atesvi
atheBeer
-
Lamber
t'
spr
inci
ple.Thesampl
epassest
hrought
hesuct
ionpumpi
nto
t
henebul
izercont
aini
ngat
omi
zerandf
lame.Theat
omsi
nthesampl
eget
exci
ted by t
he f
lame i
nsi
de t
he at
omi
zerand l
ightofa speci
fi
c
 wavel
engt
hradi
atest
hrought
hehol
lowcat
hodel
amp.Thebeam ofl
ight
i
sfi
lt
eredbyt
hemonochr
omat
orandt
hel
ightofspeci
fi
cwavel
engt
h
i
nter
act
swi
tht
heat
om(
element
)ofi
nter
estandt
het
otalabsor
pti
vit
y
(
concent
rat
ion)i
smeasur
edanddi
spl
ayedi
nthedet
ect
orf
oruser
sto
see.

Component
sofAAS:Nebul
izer
,At
omi
zer
,Suct
ionpump,
Hol
lowcat
hode
l
ampf
oreachmet
al,
Monochr
omat
or,
Flame,
Det
ect
or

3.
2.2 Det
ermi
nat
ionofMoi
stur
eandAshCont
entofdi
ff
erentsampl
es

Moi
stur
econt
entanal
ysi
s

Ai
m:Toknowt
heamountofmoi
stur
eint
hesampl
eand

Mat
eri
als:

1.Anal
yti
cWei
ghi
ngbal
ance

2.Cr
uci
ble

3.I
ncubat
or

4.Sampl
etobet
est
ed

Pr
ocedur
es:

1.Measur
ethewei
ghtoft
hecr
uci
bleonl
yusi
ngt
hewei
ghi
ngbal
ance

2.Addt
hesampl
etot
hecr
uci
blei
nsi
det
hewei
ghi
ngbal
ance

3.Measur
eandr
ecor
dthenewwei
ght

4.Tr
ansf
ert
hesampl
esi
ntot
hei
ncubat
orf
ordr
ying

5.Measur
ethewei
ghtoft
hedr
iedsampl
esbyput
ti
ngi
tint
hecr
uci
blei
nsi
de
t
hewei
ghi
ngbal
ance

6.Cal
cul
atet
hedi
ff
erencei
n wei
ghtofst
ep 3and st
ep5,you haveyour
 moi
stur
econt
ent

For
mul
a:

Moi
stur
econt
ent=Wei
ghtbef
oredr
ying(
g)-Wei
ghtaf
terdr
ying(
x)

Moi
stur
econt
ent(
%)=(
g-x/
g)×100%

Ashcont
entanal
ysi
s

Ai
m:Toknowt
heamountofashpr
esenti
nthesampl
e

Mat
eri
als:

1.Vol
ati
lemat
tersubst
ancesl
ikewood,
coal
,bi
ogas

2.Anal
yti
cwei
ghi
ngbal
ance

3.Cr
uci
ble

4.I
ncubat
or

5.Muf
fl
efur
nace

Pr
ocedur
es:

1.Measur
ethewei
ghtoft
hecr
uci
bleonl
yusi
ngt
heanal
yti
cwei
ghi
ngbal
ance

2.Addt
hevol
ati
lemat
tersubst
ancet
othecr
uci
blei
nthei
ncubat
orand.
wei
gh

3.Measur
eandr
ecor
dthenewwei
ght

4.Tr
ansf
ert
hevol
ati
lemat
tersubst
ancet
othei
ncubat
ort
oremovemoi
stur
e

5.Rewei
ghbyput
ti
ngi
tint
hecr
uci
bleont
hewei
ghi
ngbal
ance

6.Measur
eandr
ecor
dthenewwei
ght

7.Taket
hevol
ati
lesubst
ancet
othemuf
fl
efur
nacef
ort
wo(
2)hour
stor
emove
t
heor
gani
ccomponentoft
hesampl
e
8.Measur
eandr
ecor
dthewei
ght

9.Cal
cul
atet
hedi
ff
erencei
nwei
ghtofst
ep3andst
ep8

For
mul
a:

Ashcont
ent=(
Wei
ghtbef
oredr
ying/
Wei
ghtaf
terpassi
ngt
hroughf
urnace)

Ashcont
ent(
%)=(
Wei
ghtbef
oredr
ying/
Wei
ghtaf
terpassi
ngt
hroughf
urnace)×
100

3.
2.3 Det
ermi
nat
ionofConduct
ivi
tyofWat
ersampl
es

Ai
m:Tocheckt
hel
evelofmobi
lei
onsi
nwat g.Mg2+,
ere. Ca2+

Mat
eri
als:Conduct
ivi
tymet
er(
orpr
obe)
,Wat
ersampl
es,
Dist
il
ledwat
er

Pr
ocedur
es:

1.Cal
ibr
ate t
he conduct
ivi
ty met
er pr
oper
ly bef
ore use f
oll
owi
ng t
he
manuf
act
urer
'si
nst
ruct
ions.

2.Putyourwat
ersampl
esi
ncl
eananddr
ycont
ainer
sandensur
etheyar
efr
ee
f
rom r
esi
dues.

3.Tur
nont
heconduct
ivi
tymet
erandal
lowi
ttowar
m up

4.I
mmer
set
heconduct
ivi
typr
obei
ntot
hewat
ersampl
etobet
est
edand
ensur
eit
'
sful
lysubmer
gedandnoai
rbubbl
esar
etr
appedont
hesensor

5.Wai
tfort
her
eadi
ngt
ost
abi
li
zeont
hemet
er'
sdi
spl
ay.Theconduct
ivi
ty
val
uei
sinmi
croSi
emens/
cent
imet
ersormi
ll
iSi
emens/
cent
imet
ers.

6.Recor
dtheconduct
ivi
tyr
eadi
ng

3.
2.4 Det
ermi
nat
ionofTot
alDi
ssol
vedSol
id(
TDS)
Ai
m:Tot
estwat
ersampl
es

Mat
eri
als:

1.Fi
lt
erpaper
,

2.Anal
yti
cwei
ghi
ngbal
ance

3.Beaker

4.Cr
uci
ble

5.I
ncubat
or/
Oven

6.Di
sti
ll
edwat
er

Pr
ocedur
es:

Ther
ear
etwomet
hodsusedi
ncar
ryi
ngoutt
hist
est
:usi
ngt
hegr
avi
met
ri
c
met
hodandusi
ngt
heTDSmachi
ne

 Gr
avi
met
ri
cmet
hod

1.Fi
lt
ert
hewat
er

2.Wei
ghapar
ti
cul
aramountoft
hef
il
tr
ate

3.Pouri
nabeaker

4.Evapor
atet
odr
ynessi
ntheoven/
incubat
or

5.Gett
hebeakeraf
terevapor
ati
onandwei
ght
her
esi
duei
nthebeaker

6.Measur
eandr
ecor
dyourval
ueast
heTDS

 TDSmachi
ne

1.Cal
ibr
atet
he TDS met
eri
fnecessar
ydependi
ng on t
he manuf
act
urer
's
i
nst
ruct
ions

2.Ensur
eyoursampl
eisf
reef
rom anyr
esi
dues
3.Putont
heTDSmet
erandal
lowi
ttowar
m up.I
mmer
set
heTDSmet
wrri
nto
t
hewat
ersampl
etobet
est
ed.

4.Wai
tfort
her
eadi
ngt
ost
abi
li
zeont
hemet
er'
sdi
spl
ay.TheTDSval
uei
s
t
ypi
cal
lydi
spl
ayedi
npar
tspermi
ll
ion(
ppm)ormi
ll
igr
amsperl
it
er(
mg/
L)

5.Recor
dyourTDSr
eadi
ng

3.
2.5 Det
ermi
nat
ionofVi
scosi
tyofdi
ff
erentsampl
es

Ai
m:Tomeasur
eandunder
standt
hevi
scosi
tyoft
hesampl
esandt
oquant
if
y
i
tsr
esi
stancef
low.

Mat
eri
als:Vi
scomet
er,Testsampl
es,St
opwat
ch,Cl
eani
ng sol
uti
on,Di
sti
ll
ed
wat
er,
Viscomet
erst
and,

Pr
ocedur
es:

1.Ensur
ethatt
hevi
scomet
eri
scl
eanandf
reeofanyr
esi
duesf
rom pr
evi
ous
t
est
s.Cl
eani
twi
tht
heappr
opr
iat
ecl
eani
ngsol
uti
onandr
insewi
thdi
sti
ll
ed
wat
er.

2.Setupt
hevi
scomet
eronast
abl
esur
faceorusi
ngavi
scomet
erst
and,
f
oll
owi
ngt
hemanuf
act
urer
'si
nst
ruct
ions.

3.Fol
lowt
hemanuf
act
urer
'sgui
del
inesf
orcal
ibr
ati
onusi
ngdi
sti
ll
edwat
er

4.Thesampl
eshoul
dbecl
eanandf
reeofcont
ami
nant
s.

5.Sett
her
otat
ionalorcapi
ll
aryvi
scomet
ert
otheappr
opr
iat
espeedorf
low
r
ate,
asspeci
fi
edbyt
hemanuf
act
ureroryourexper
iment
alr
equi
rement
s.

6.Car
eful
lyl
oadt
hepr
epar
edsampl
eint
othevi
scomet
er.Becaut
iousnott
o
i
ntr
oduce any bubbl
es or ai
r pocket
s,as t
hey can af
fect vi
scosi
ty
measur
ement
s.
7.St
artt
hevi
scomet
er,andr
ecor
dthet
imei
ttakesf
ort
hesampl
etof
low
t
hrought
hevi
scomet
ert
oacer
tai
npoi
ntorcompl
eteaspeci
fi
ednumberof
r
otat
ions,dependi
ng on t
he vi
scomet
ert
ype.Forcapi
ll
ary vi
scomet
ers,
measur
ethef
low t
imeoft
hesampl
ethr
ought
hecapi
ll
ary.Forr
otat
ional
vi
scomet
ers,r
ecor
dthet
orqueorr
esi
stanceont
hespi
ndl
easi
trot
ates
t
hrought
hesampl
e.

8.Cal
cul
atet
he vi
scosi
tyoft
he sampl
e usi
ng t
he appr
opr
iat
efor
mul
a or
sof
twar
epr
ovi
dedbyt
hevi
scomet
ermanuf
act
urer

9.Recor
dyourval
ueofvi
scosi
ty.

3.
2.6 Det
ermi
nat
ionofDensi
tyofCoal

Ai
m:Togett
hedensi
tyofcoal

Mat
eri
als:Coalsampl
e,Measur
ingcyl
inder
,Anal
yti
cwei
ghi
ngbal
ance,Mor
tar
andpest
le,
Fil
terpaper
,Di
sti
ll
edwat
er

Pr
ocedur
es:

1.Cr
usht
hecoall
umpsi
ntopowderwi
thmor
tarandpest
le

2.Wei
ght
heempt
ymeasur
ingcyl
inder

3.Wei
gh outt
he expect
ed wei
ghtoft
he cr
ushed coalyou wanti
ntot
he
measur
ingcyl
inderei
thert
othe5ml
,10ml
,or15mlpor
ti
on

4.Rewei
ght
hemeasur
ingcyl
indercont
aini
ngt
hecoal

5.Cal
cul
atet
hedensi
tyoft
hecoal

For
mul
a:

Densi
ty=Mass/
Vol
ume

OR

1.Getameasur
ingcyl
inderandaddanyamountofdi
sti
ll
edwat
eri
ntot
he
 measur
ingcyl
inder(
5ml
,10ml
,15ml
)

2.Wei
ght
hel
umpofcoalusi
ngt
hewei
ghi
ngbal
ance

3.Dr
opt
hemeasur
edl
umpofcoali
nsi
det
hewat
erpr
esenti
nthemeasur
ing
cyl
inder
.Ther
ewoul
dbeadi
spl
acementofwat
eri
.ei
ncr
easei
nvol
umeof
wat
er

4.Cal
cul
atet
hedensi
tyoft
hecoal

For
mul
a:

Densi
ty=Wei
ghtofl
umpofcoal
/Di
ff
erencei
nvol
ume

3.
2.7 Det
ermi
nat
ionofpHofdi
ff
erentl
iqui
dsampl
es

Ai
m:Toknow.
thel
evelofaci
dit
yoral
kal
ini
tyoft
hel
iqui
d

Mat
eri
als:

1.pHmet
erwi
thacal
ibr
atedel
ect
rode

2.pHbuf
fersol
utui
n(pH7)

3.Di
sti
ll
edwat
er

4.Var
iousl
iqui
dsampl
es

5.Beaker
s

6.pHel
ect
rode

Pr
ocedur
es:

1.Ri
nset
hepHel
ect
rodewi
thdi
sti
ll
edwat
ert
oremoveanyr
esi
duali
onst
hen
i
mmer
set
hepHel
ect
rodei
npH7buf
fersol
uti
onandal
lowi
ttost
abi
li
ze.

2.Adj
ustt
hepH met
ert
opH 7byusi
ngt
hecal
ibr
ati
on knobs.Ri
nset
he
 el
ect
rodewi
thdi
sti
ll
edwat
eragai
n.

3.Pourt
hel
iqui
dsampl
etobet
est
edoranal
ysedi
ntoacl
eanbeakerand
ensur
eit
'
satr
oom t
emper
atur
etogetaccur
atemeasur
ement
.

4.Recor
dthepHr
eadi
ngoncei
t'
sconst
ant

3.
2.8 Det
ermi
nat
ionofFr
eeFat
tyaci
dbyTi
tr
imet
rymet
hod

Ai
m:Toassesst
hequal
it
yoft
hesampl
e

Mat
eri
als:

1.Sesameoi
lsampl
e

2.Phenol
pht
hal
eini
ndi
cat
orsol
uti
on

3.Et
hanol

4.Pot
assi
um hydr
oxi
deofknownconcent
rat
ion

5.Ti
tr
ati
onf
lask

6.Bur
ett
eandbur
ett
est
and

7.Pi
pet
te

8.Gl
assf
unnel

9.Whi
tet
il
eorpaper

10.
Beaker

11.
Measur
ingcyl
inder

12.
Dist
il
ledwat
er

13.
Sti
rr
er

14.
Anal
yti
cwei
ghi
ngbal
ance
 Pr
ocedur
es:

1.Wei
ghtoutaspeci
fi
camountoft
hesampl
eint
oacl
eanbeaker

2.Addabout50ml
.of
.et
hanolandst
irt
hemi
xtur
e

3.Addaf
ewdr
opsofphenol
pht
hal
ein

4.Car
ryoutt
it
rat
ionwi
thpot
assi
um hydr
oxi
de(
KOH)i
nthebur
ett
eandwat
ch
outf
orpi
nkcol
ourwhi
chmeanst
hatal
lthef
reef
att
yaci
dshaver
eact
ed
wi
tht
heKOH

5.Cal
cul
atet
hevol
umeofKOHconsumeddur
ingt
it
rat
ion

6.Cal
cul
atet
hef
reef
att
yaci
d(FFA)cont
ent

For
mul
a:

FFA(
%w/
w)=(
Vol
umeofKOHconsumed×KOHconcent
rat
ion)×(
Mol
armass
ofol
eicaci
d/Sampl
ewei
ght
)×100

3.
2.9 Det
ermi
nat
ionofPr
otei
ncont
entusi
ngKj
eldahlmet
hod

Ai
m:To det
ermi
ne t
he ni
tr
ogen cont
entofor
gani
c compounds i
ncl
udi
ng
pr
otei
ns

Mat
eri
als:

1.Cocoyam sampl
e

2.Sul
phur
icaci
d(H2SO4)
,Sodi
um hydr
oxi
de(
NaOH)

3.Bor
icaci
dsol
uti
on

4.I
ndi
cat
or(
met
hylr
ed)

5.St
andar
dammoni
um sul
phat
esol
uti
on(
0.1N)

6.Bur
ett
e
7.Beaker

8.Heat
ingmant
le

9.St
ir
rer

10.
Ther
momet
er

11.
Anal
yti
cwei
ghi
ngbal
ance

Pr
ocedur
es:

1.Wei
gh a speci
fi
c amountofdr
ied and gr
ound cocoyam sampl
e usi
ng
anal
yti
calbal
ance

2.Tr
ansf
ert
hewei
ghedcocoyam sampl
eint
oKj
eldahlf
laskandaddsul
phur
ic
aci
dto di
gestt
he or
gani
c mat
terand conver
tni
tr
ogen t
o ammoni
um
sul
phat
eandmi
xthor
oughl
y

3.Heatt
hef
laskgent
lyt
il
lthesol
uti
ont
urnscol
our
lessorsl
ight
lyyel
lowi
sh

4.Cont
inueheat
ingunt
ilt
hesol
uti
onbecomescl
ear

5.At
tacht
heKj
eldahlf
laskt
oadi
sti
ll
ati
onappar
atust
henaddaknownvol
ume
ofNaOH t
othe di
gest
ion f
lask.The sol
uti
on conver
tst
he ammoni
um
sul
phat
etoammoni
agas(
NH3)

6.Heatt
hef
laskgent
lyt
ofaci
li
tat
ether
eleaseoft
heammoni
agaswhi
chi
s
t
henr
ecei
vedi
ntoar
ecei
vingf
laskcont
aini
ngaknownvol
umeofbor
icaci
d
sol
uti
onandani
ndi
cat
or(
met
hylr
ed)

7.Di
sti
llt
hesol
uti
onunt
ilal
ltheammoni
ahasbeencol
lect
edi
nther
ecei
ving
f
lask

8.Car
ryoutt
it
rat
ionpr
ocesswi
thast
andar
dammoni
um sul
phat
esol
uti
on
(
0.1N)usi
ngabur
ett
e.Lookoutf
oracol
ourchangewhi
chsi
gni
fi
est
hatal
l
t
heammoni
ahasbeenneut
ral
ized
 9.Cal
cul
atet
heni
tr
ogencont
entusi
ngt
hevol
umeandconcent
rat
ionoft
he
st
andar
dammoni
um sul
phat
esol
uti
on

10.
Conver
tthe ni
tr
ogen cont
entt
o pr
otei
n cont
entusi
ng t
he appr
opr
iat
e
conver
sionf
act
or(
×6.
25)becausepr
otei
nscont
ainabout16%ni
tr
ogen

3.
3 TREATMENTSECTI
ON

3.
3.1 Di
gest
ionofFoodsampl
esusi
ngAquar
egi
a

Ai
m:I
t'
stoenabl
ethesampl
etobeaccessi
blebyanymachi
nei
tissubj
ect
edt
o

Mat
eri
als:

1.Aquar
egi
a

2.Foodsampl
es(
Groundnut
,Okpei
)

3.Dei
oni
zedwat
er

4.Heat
ingmant
le

5.Di
gest
ionf
lask

6.Fi
lt
er

Pr
ocedur
es:

1.Cr
usht
hef
oodsampl
e

2.Mi
xwi
thaquar
egi
aint
hedi
gest
ionf
lask

3.Heatwi
tht
heheat
ingmant
le

4.Al
lowi
ttocool

5.Fi
lt
erwi
thdei
oni
zedwat
er(
50ml
)
3.
3.2 DRYI
NGOFSAMPLES

Ai
m:To ef
fi
cient
lyr
emove moi
stur
efr
om var
ious subst
ances such as
agr
icul
tur
alpr
oduct
s,f
ood,
her
bs,
ori
ndust
ri
almat
eri
alsusi
ngsol
arener
gyasa
r
enewabl
eandecof
ri
endl
ysour
ceofheat
.

Mat
eri
als:

1.Sol
ardr
yingset
-up

2.Sampl
e

3.Ti
mer

4.Shadi
ngmat
eri
al

5.Tr
aysorRacks

6.Cal
ibr
atedhygr
omet
er

Pr
ocedur
es:

1.Cl
ean,
wash,
orpr
epar
ethesampl
esy
ouwantt
odr
y

2.Pl
acet
hesampl
est
obedr
iedont
raysorr
acksi
nasi
ngl
elayer
.

3.Covert
hesampl
eswi
thasui
tabl
emat
eri
alt
opr
otectt
hem f
rom dust
,insect
s,
andot
hercont
ami
nant
s.

4.Moni
tort
het
emper
atur
etoensur
eitr
emai
nswi
thi
nthedesi
redr
ange.

5.Moni
tort
hehumi
dit
ylevel
sandensur
eit
'
slowercausei
tfaci
li
tat
esf
ast
er
dr
ying.

6.Setyourt
imerandper
iodi
cal
lycheckt
hesampl
est
il
lyougetyourdesi
res
dr
iedsampl
e.

7.St
orei
nsui
tabl
econt
ainer
s
 CHAPTERFOUR

4.
0 CONCLUSI
ON,
RELEVANCEANDCHALLENGESDURI
NGSI
WESPROGRAM

4.
1 CONCLUSI
ON

TheSt
udentI
ndust
ri
alWor
kExper
ienceScheme(
SIWES)pr
ogr
am pr
ovedhi
ghl
y
benef
ici
al,af
for
dingmet
heoppor
tuni
tyt
oenhancemymi
crobi
ologyexper
ti
se
and gai
n pr
act
ical
,hands-
on exper
ience t
o compl
ement my t
heor
eti
cal
knowl
edge.Iacqui
redessent
iall
abor
ator
yski
ll
s,mast
eredt
heoper
ati
onof
var
iousequi
pment
,andwi
tnessedt
hepr
act
icalappl
icat
ionsofmi
crobi
ologyi
n
addr
essi
ng nat
ionalchal
lenges such as f
ood sust
ainabi
li
ty and secur
it
y.
Addi
ti
onal
ly,I gai
ned val
uabl
e i
nsi
ght
s i
nto pr
oject execut
ion t
hrough
i
nter
act
ionswi
thseni
orst
udent
sengagedi
nthei
rownpr
oject
s.Thesi
x-mont
h
dur
ati
onwasf
arf
rom wast
ed;i
tpr
ovi
dedsubst
ant
ialexposur
e.I
tisevi
dentand
wor
themphasi
zingt
hatt
heSI
WESpr
ogr
am yi
eldedsi
gni
fi
cantdi
vidends,not
 onl
yformebutf
orf
ell
ow t
ert
iar
yinst
it
uti
onst
udent
s.Whi
leever
yvent
urehas
i
ts chal
lenges,Ican conf
ident
ly asser
tthatt
he t
rai
ning was undeni
abl
y
pr
oduct
ive.

4.
1 RELEVANCEOFSI
WESTOMI
CROBI
OLOGY

The pr
imar
yobj
ect
ive oft
he SI
WES Tr
aini
ng pr
ogr
am i
sto gi
ve st
udent
s
f
ir
sthandexper
iencei
nthel
abormar
ket
,enabl
ingt
hem t
oappl
ythei
rtheor
eti
cal
knowl
edget
opr
act
icalscenar
iosandaddr
essr
eal
-wor
ldpr
obl
ems.Thet
rai
ning
hasaconnect
iont
oIndust
ri
alandAgr
icul
tur
alMi
crobi
ologyandsomeoft
he
exper
iencest
her
ehasgi
venmet
hepr
ivi
leget
olear
ndi
ff
erentequi
pmentused
i
nthe i
ndust
ry.I
thas al
so enhanced my empl
oyabi
li
tyi
nthe f
iel
d of
Mi
crobi
ology.TheI
ndust
ri
alTr
aini
ngexper
iencepl
ayedapi
vot
alr
olei
nref
ini
ng
myski
ll
swi
thequi
pmentl
iket
hespect
rophot
omet
er,pH met
er,vi
scomet
er,
soni
cat
or,cr
uci
alf
oranal
yzi
nggl
ucoseandpr
otei
ncont
enti
ndi
ver
sef
ood
sampl
es.Pr
ofi
ciencywi
thsucht
echni
calequi
pmenti
sessent
ialf
orr
esear
ch
andext
ensi
vebi
ologi
calsampl
est
udi
es.Mor
eover
,thepr
ogr
am cont
ri
but
edt
o
i
mpr
ovi
ngmycommuni
cat
ionski
ll
s,f
ost
eri
ngbet
terwor
kingr
elat
ionshi
pswi
th
col
leagues,boost
ing my conf
idence,and enhanci
ng my di
sci
pli
ne,as i
t
demandedt
ime,
dedi
cat
ion,
andf
ocus.

4.
2 CHALLENGESFACEDDURI
NGTHESI
WESPROGRAM

Dur
ingmyt
rai
ningatNat
ionalCent
ref
orEner
gyResear
chandDevel
opment
(
NCERD)
,Iencount
eredsever
alchal
lenges,i
ncl
udi
nger
rat
icpowersuppl
y,at
t
imes exper
ienci
ng compl
ete bl
ackout
s,necessi
tat
ing ourr
eli
ance on t
he
cent
er'
sgener
atort
ocont
inueourwor
k.Ther
ewer
einst
ancesofwor
kingl
ate
hour
sduet
odel
aysi
nacqui
ri
ngnecessar
ymat
eri
als,someofwhi
chhadt
obe
pr
ocur
edf
rom t
hemar
ketbef
orecommenci
ngourt
asks.
4.
3 RECOMMENDATI
ON

Ir
ecommendr
est
ruct
uri
ngt
heSI
WESpr
ogr
am t
oal
lowst
udent
stheoppor
tuni
ty
t
ounder
takei
tdur
ingsemest
erbr
eaks.Empl
oyer
sshoul
dpr
ior
it
izepr
ovi
ding
st
udent
swi
thcompr
ehensi
vepr
act
icalt
rai
ningonequi
pmentr
elevantt
othei
r
pl
acement
s.SI
WESof
fi
cial
sshoul
dmai
ntai
nregul
arcont
actwi
thst
udent
sto
ensur
etheyar
enotmar
ginal
ized,ast
hiscoul
d di
scour
aget
hei
rcont
inued
par
ti
cipat
ioni
nindust
ri
alt
rai
ning.Last
ly,Ihi
ghl
yrecommendt
hatanyst
udent
seeki
ngani
nter
nshi
ppl
acementconsi
derappl
yingt
otheNat
ionalCent
ref
or
Ener
gy Resear
ch and Devel
opment
,fora val
uabl
e and i
mpact
fult
rai
ning
exper
ience.
REFERENCES

Ekpenyong,
L.E.(
2011)
.Foundat
ionsofTechni
calandVocat
ionalEducat
ion:Evol
uti
on
and Pr
act
icef
orNi
ger
ian St
udent
sin TVE and Adul
tEducat
ion,Pol
icyMaker
s&
Pr
act
it
ioner
s.

I
TF,
(2002)
.Inf
ormat
ionandGui
del
inef
orSt
udent
sIndust
ri
alWor
kExper
ienceScheme.
Jos,
Pl eau.I
at TFPubl
isher
s.

Tunde,O.V.(
2016)
.STUDENTI
NDUSTRI
ALWORK EXPERI
ENCESCHEME(
SIWES)
Techni
calRepor
t.Resear
chGat
e.

ht
tps:
//www.
resear
chgat
e.net
/publ
icat
ion/
328449010