CERTIFICATE

Department of Electrical Engineering

Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology
Jhansi (U.P.) India - 284128

This is to be certify that mini project on “Simulation Testing Of Transfarmer Using Multisim”
has been successfully delivered by “Aman Kumar , Ayush Saxena , Dharmendra Kumar And
Pankaj Singh (B.Tech 2nd year)” under my guidance in fulfillment of Bachelor degree from
Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jhansi during academic year 2021-
2022.

Cordinator: Head of Department

Er. Shailendra Gautam Dr. Deepak Nagaria
Deptt. Of Electrical Engg. Deptt. of Electrical Engg

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“It is our great pleasure to acknowledge the support and encouragements; We have
received from the people along the way of the research work. We would like to express our
special thanks of gratitude to our professor Er. SHAILENDRA GAUTAM who gave us the
golden opportunity to do this wonderfull project of “SIMULATING TESTING OF
TRANSFORMER USIG MULTISIM” who also helped us in completing our project. We
came to know about so many new things we are really thankful to him. I offer my deepest
feelings of gratitude the blessings and mercy of the supreme persons for providing me
everything I need to take this project to the final destination”

Place : Jhansi Aman Kumar :2100430209001

Ayush Saxena : 2100430209003
Dharmendra Kumar : 2100430209004
Pankaj Singh : 210043020900

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 CONTENT

1. Abstract

2. Introduction

3. Open Circuit Test

4. Short Circuit Test

5. Transformer Equivalent

6. Simulation

7. Reference

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 ABSTRACT

It is possible to predict the performance of a transformer at various levels of load by knowing

all the equivalent circuit parameters. These circuit parameters are supplied in terms Open
Circuit (OC) and Short Circuit (SC) test data of a transformer. Without actually loading the
transformer, these two assessed tests give the test results, which are used to determine the
equivalent circuit parameters.

By these parameters, we can easily predetermine the efficiency and regulation of the
transformer at any power factor condition as well as at any load condition. This method of
finding the parameters of a transformer is called as an Indirect Loading Method.

This tutorial enumerates how to perform these tests, how determine the equivalent parameters
from test data and significance HV or LV side in which the calculation to be performed.

Multisim is the schematic capture and simulation application of National Instruments Circuit
Design Suite, a suite of EDA (Electronic Design Automation) tools. It is similar to PSpice, but
it is more easy to use in practical sense and has lots of features to make circuit
drawing/simulating, a really simple task.

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 INTRODUCTION

The open circuit and short circuit tests are performed for determining the parameter of the
transformer like their efficiency, voltage regulation, circuit constant, etc. These tests are
performed without the actual loading and because of this reason the very less power is required
for the test. The open circuit and the short circuit test gives a very accurate result as compared
to the full load test.
Multisim Live provides a full schematic capture and simulation experience.
You can test the behavior of a circuit, demonstrate the application of a design, illustrate
concepts, and perform and share interactive SPICE simulations on supported browsers.
Creating a design and Simulating a design contain a tutorial that introduces you to Multisim
Live and its many functions using the circuit shown below (RC filter). After simulating a
design, you can stream data to Measurements Live and compare the simulation with real-time
measurements using the NI ELVIS III Oscilloscope.
You can build this circuit, or make a copy of it from the Help Circuits user group. This is a
closed group. You can open and copy the circuits in this group, but you cannot join it.

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 OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

(No Load Test)

This test is performed to find out the shunt or no load branch parameters of equivalent circuit of
a transformer. This test results the iron losses and no load current values, thereby we can
determine the no load branch parameters with simple calculations.
As the name itself indicates, secondary side load terminals of the transformer are kept open and
the input voltage is applied on the primary side. Since this test is carried out without placing any
load, this test is also named as No Load Test.

How to Perform Open Circuit Test?

The open circuit (OC) test is carried out by connecting LV side (as primary) of the transformer
to the AC supply through variac, ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter instruments. The secondary
side or HV side terminals are left open and in some cases a voltmeter is connected across it to
measure the secondary voltage.
The primary side voltmeter reads the applied voltage to the transformer, ammeter reads the no
load current, wattmeter gives the input power and the variac used to vary the voltage applied to
transformer so that rated voltage is applied at rated frequency. The OC test arrangement of a
transformer is shown in below figure:

When a single phase supply is given to the transformer, the rated value of the primary voltage is
adjusted by varying the variac. At this rated voltage, the ammeter and wattmeter readings are to
be taken. From this test, we get rated voltage V O, input or no load current IO and input power
WO.

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We know that, when the transformer is on no load, the no load current or primary current is
very small, typically 3 to 5 percent of the rated current value. Thus, the copper loss in the
primary winding is negligible.
In OC test, transformer is operated at rated voltage at rated frequency so the maximum loses
will be the flux in the core. Since the iron or core losses are at rated voltage, the power input is
drawn to supply the iron losses by the transformer under no load.
WO = Iron losses
The no load shunt parameters are calculated from the OC test as
The no load power factor, Cos ΦO = WO/VOIO
Once the power factor is obtained, the no load component currents are determined as:
Magnetizing component of no load current, Im = IO sin ΦO
Core loss component of no load current, Im = IO cos ΦO
Then, the magnetizing branch reactance, XO= VO / Im
Resistance representing core loss, RO = VO / IO
When the transformer is operating on no load, the current drawn by the shunt or parallel
parameters is very small, about 2 to 5 percent of the rated current. Thus, a low current will flow
through the circuit during OC test. In order to be readable by the instruments, the measurements
of voltage, current and power must be performed in the low voltage side.
And also, low range current coils and low range ammeter must be selected. The power factor of
the transformer on no load is too low. which is typically below 0.5 . So, in order work with this
low value, a LPF watt meter is selected. The equivalent circuit obtained by shown.

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 SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
This test is performed to find series branch parameters of an equivalent circuit such as
equivalent impedance (Zo1 or Zo2), total winding resistance (Ro1 or Ro2) and total leakage
reactance (Xo1 or Xo2). Also, it is possible to determine copper losses at any desired load and
total voltage drop of the transformer referred to primary or secondary. In this test, usually LV
winding is shorted by a thick wire. And the test is conducted on the other side, i.e. HV side (as
primary).

How to Perform Short Circuit Test?

In Short Circuit (SC) test, the primary or HV winding is connected to the AC supply source
through voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter and a variac as shown in figure. This test is also called
as Reduced Voltage Test or Low Voltage Test. As the secondary winding is short circuited, at
rated voltage, the transformer draws a very large current due to its very small winding
resistance.
Such high current can cause overheating and also burning of the transformer. Thus, to limit the
high current, the primary winding must be energized with a low voltage, which is just enough to
produce the rated current in the primary of the transformer.
The SC test is conducted on HV side due to the two main reasons. The first one is, the SC test
conducted by applying rated current and the rated current of the HV side is much less than that
of the LV side. Therefore, the rated current is easily achieved at HV side (due to the low current
value) as compared to the LV side.
On the other hand, if we short the HV terminals by connecting measuring instrument on LV
side, voltage in the secondary is zero. Therefore, the current flow through HV side is very high

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(as VA rating is constant) compared to the LV side and hence it will cause to burn the
transformer.
During this test, by varying the variac slowly, we apply a low voltage to the primary typically 5
to 10 percent of the rated voltage to cause a rated current to flow in both primary and secondary
windings that we can observe on ammeter reading (in some cases, the secondary is shorted
through an ammeter). At this rated current, we have to record the voltmeter (V sc), ammeter (Isc)
and wattmeter (Wsc) readings.
In this test, the current flow is rated value and hence no load current is very small and is 3 to 5%
of the rated current. In other words, the voltage applied to the primary winding is very low,
thereby the flux level in the core is very small. In turn there is negligible core loss. Therefore,
the no load shunt branch is considered as absent in equivalent circuit of this test as core loss is
negligible.
As the iron or core losses are function of voltage, these losses are very small. Therefore, the
wattmeter reading shows the power loss or I2 R loss equal to the full load copper losses of the
whole transformer.
Wsc = Full load copper losses
Form the test results we determine the series branch parameters of an equivalent circuit as
Equivalent resistance referred to HV side, R01 = Wsc/ Isc2
Equivalent impedance referred to HV side, Z01 = Vsc / Isc
Equivalent leakage reactance referred to HV side, X01 = √ (Z201 – R201)
And also short circuit power factor, Cos Φsc = Wsc/VscIsc
The equivalent circuit obtained from this test is shown below.

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It should be noted that, before calculation of parameters, you must be aware in which side
(primary or secondary) the test reading being recorded. Suppose if the transformer is step-up
transformer, then we carry out the SC test on secondary side (HV side) while primary or low
voltage side is shorted. In such case, we get the parameters referred to the secondary from
calculations such as R02, X02 and Z02.
If it is a step-down transformer, we get the parameter values as R01, X01 and Z01 because the
meters are connected to the HV side of the primary..

Determination of Transformer equivalent circuit from Open Circuit

and Short Circuit Test.
1. Make the proper connection by clicking the node as instructed below. If the wire is
misplaced, click the node number to deattach the nodes wire.

2. Then click check button to check connection is correct or not.

3. Then click autotransformer to get the change in all meter.
4. Then click add to table botton to get the reading of over open circuit transformer.
5. Then we have done open circuit transformer test. Then click short button for short circuit
transformer test.
6. Make the proper connection by clicking the node as instructed below. If the wire is
misplaced, click the node number to deattach
the nodes wire.

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7. Then click check button to check connection is correct or not.
8. Then click add to table botton to get the reading of over short circuit transformer.
9. Then we have done short circuit transformer test. Then click submit button for get result.
10.Then we have the result in diagram form. We also print the result by click on print button.

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 REFERENCES

1. https://www.vlab.co.in/broad-area-electrical-engineering

2. https://www.multisim.com/

3. https://easyengineering.net/electric-machine-by-ashfaq-husain/

4. https://www.electronicshub.org/open-circuit-and-short-circuit-test-on-

transformer/

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