INTRODUCTION TO DOWN HOLE

FLUID IDENTIFICATION
 WHY DO WE RUN FLUID ANALYZERS?
● Fluid
Fl id analyzers
l are used
d tto M
Monitor
it and
d id
identify
tif th
the flfluid
id circulating
i l ti
through WFT tool flow line
● Sampling a fluid without pollution (filtrate) is almost impossible but it is
possible to minimize it
● Fluid analyzer are designed to distinguish mud filtrate from oil, gas
or water in real time
- To identify reservoir fluid in place when other traditional methods are not reliable
- To attempt the evaluation of mud filtrate contamination before sampling the fluid

- To provide an early composition of sampled fluids

- PVT bottles are sometimes opened one year after the job
- Pressure gradient are sometimes meaningless
- A formation water salinity is often needed for the quick-look interpretation

Introduction to Downhole Fluid Identification - Petrophysic School (Balikpapan, April 2015) 2

 WELL FORMATION TESTER : PRINCIPLES

Power
1. Probe Module
supply 2. Downhole pump: Allows continuous
Exit port
downhole fluid displacement through
flowline to exit port (wellbore)
3. Fluid analyzer:
Gallon
chamber
h b • Spectroscopy
• NMR
Multi
Samples
• Density/Viscosity
(PVT) • Capacitance,
Capacitance Resistivity
4. Sampling chambers:
Fluid
Analyzer • PVT type: 250 cc - 450cc or 1000
cc ((not
o recommended)
eco e ded)
• Big volume: 1Gal to 10 Gal
Pump out

Single
probe

Introduction to Downhole Fluid Identification - Petrophysic School (Balikpapan, April 2015) 3

 WHAT IS FILTRATE CONTAMINATION?
● Filtrate contamination level is the quantity of filtrate (OBM
or WBM) present in a sample (volume/volume in bottom
hole condition))

● Contamination level is a function of many parameters:

• Pumped volume (time)
• Anisotropy (Kv/Kh)
• Depth of invasion, mud properties
• Fluid properties (Viscosity)
• Probe geometry,...

● Why is it so important to monitor the contamination level

and to reduce it as much as possible?
• Oil Mud filtrate affects the composition of sampled fluids and
consequently affects their properties such as GOR,
GOR Density
Density,
viscosity, bubble point, color…
• The contamination levels must be reasonably low to allow
pollution correction.
correction

Introduction to Downhole Fluid Identification - Petrophysic School (Balikpapan, April 2015) 4

 CONTAMINATION: RECOMMENDED PROCEDURES
Sampling a fluid without pollution (filtrate) is almost impossible
Clean up become asymptotic through time

D
Depending
di on mud
d type,
t recommended
d d procedures
d by
b DEV/GIS/FGO are:

With oil Base Mud With Water Base Mud

Oil: 3 samples at the same station with 3 Oil: 2 samples at the same station.
different levels of pollution (20%-10%-Min (minimize the water content)
contamination v/v)
Gas: 2 samples at the same station
Gas: 2 samples at the same station with a (minimize the water content)
contamination level as low as p
possible
Water: 2 samples with minimum
Water: 2 samples at the same station with contamination level
minimum contamination
Wh ?
Why?
With a sufficient number of samples having a different level of contamination, it is possible
to mathematically “de-pollute” the sample and extrapolate true fluid properties.

Introduction to Downhole Fluid Identification - Petrophysic School (Balikpapan, April 2015) 5

 IS THE SAMPLED FLUID REPRESENTATIVE OF
RESERVOIR FLUID?
Pressure drawdown can change flowing
fluid composition
• Oil: Gases can come out of liquids when
pumped below bubble point pressure - saturated
oils
• G
Gas: Liquids
Li id ddepositit when
h pumped
dbbelow
l d
dew
point
• Asphaltenes can deposit in excessive draw
down conditions

● H2S or CO2 can be absorbed by water

or metal (H2S = scavenging)
- Contamination level must be minimized
- H2S scavenging must be minimized
GAS Water
● Low viscosity fluids (µ) flow first to the
probe followed by higher viscosity fluid.
(Gas come first then formation water for Time

instance)
Introduction to Downhole Fluid Identification - Petrophysic School (Balikpapan, April 2015) 6
 SAMPLING PROBE
● Sampling probe are usually chosen with bigger flowing area than
pretest probe:
- To maximize the flowrate at a given drawdown
- To minimize drawdown when sampling critical fluids
- To allow sampling in low permeability or thinly laminated formation
● During Pre-Job design consider the following:
- PVT properties: Estimation of GLR, dew point, bubble point, asphaltene
content and downhole viscosity
- Reservoir properties (Permeability, anisotropy)
- Job objective and contamination level requirements
● Estimation of drawdown under flowing condition is possible,
therefore we can select sampling probe and rate – The draw down
must be minimize in all cases.
cases
● In case of poor reservoir condition (high invasion) and for high
viscosity oil sampling, focus sampling option might be considered

Introduction to Downhole Fluid Identification - Petrophysic School (Balikpapan, April 2015) 7

 PROBES (SCHLUMBERGER)

Pump Rate = 5 cc/sec

Drrawdown Preessure (psi)

Mobility (md/cp)

Introduction to Downhole Fluid Identification - Petrophysic School (Balikpapan, April 2015) 8

 PROBES (HALLIBURTON)

Introduction to Downhole Fluid Identification - Petrophysic School (Balikpapan, April 2015) 9

 FOCUS SAMPLING

 The idea is to introduce a

second line (the guard line)
around the main flow line at probe
location to obtain more rapidly a
non contaminated sample

 The guard line samples mud

filtrate essentiallyy while the
sampling line samples formation
fluid

 Guard line fluid is flushed away

and clean sampling fluid is going
through the tool flowline

Introduction to Downhole Fluid Identification - Petrophysic School (Balikpapan, April 2015) 10

 DOWNHOLE PUMP

● Downhole pump allows continuous flow of

downhole fluid through WFT tool flowline and
fluid analyzer
● Several pumps are available on the market
market, they
are all hydraulic driven and have different
flowrate (0.1 to 59cc/sec) and differential To exit port
pressure capabilities (4000 to 11000psi)
● Differential pressure is the difference between
the flowing pressure and the hydrostatic
pressure
● Drawdown limitation required for fluid sampling
might drive the pump selection

From probe

Introduction to Downhole Fluid Identification - Petrophysic School (Balikpapan, April 2015) 11

 DOWNHOLE PUMP CHARACTERISTICS (RDT)

10 k is available

Differential Pressure (psi)

The higher the differential pressure the lower the flowrate
Introduction to Downhole Fluid Identification - Petrophysic School (Balikpapan, April 2015) 12
 DOWNHOLE PUMP CHARACTERISTICS (SLB

High
Hi h Extra-High
E t Hi h XX Hi
High
h
Standard
Pressure Pressure Pressure

Output
4100 5400 8000 11000
(psi)

Vol/Stroke
485 366 177 115
(cc)

Flow Rate
8.2-32.8 6.3-24.6 4.4-18.3 0.8-16
(cc/s)

Flowrate can be decreased if hydraulic motor is modified

Introduction to Downhole Fluid Identification - Petrophysic School (Balikpapan, April 2015) 13

 PUMP SELECTION

● When selecting a pump type, you must considered:

- Maximum differential pressure it will see during the job:
 Estimation of max hydrostatic pressure (Mud weight and TVDSS)
 Reservoir pressure
 Estimation of drawdown (K reservoir, Fluid viscosity, flowrate)

As a rule of thumb for Indonesia, we use:

Max Diff
Max. Diff. at pump (psi) = Max Hydrostatic Press (psi) – 1000psi

- Its flowrate capability: do you need high flowrate or low flowrate?

● Exercise: Select the differential rating of a pump for the following well
condition: Mud weight 1.4g/cc (2.05psi/m) TD: 4000 meters

y
Hydrostatic pressure
p @ TD ≈ 8000psi
p => 7000k differential p
pressure capability
p y

Introduction to Downhole Fluid Identification - Petrophysic School (Balikpapan, April 2015) 14

 LFA – LIVE FLUID ANALISER
LFA has a 10 channel filter (absorption) spectrometer and a gas detector.

It allows Gas detection, Oil detection, Water detection, GOR estimation (oil
range),
) contamination
t i ti monitoringit i and d color
l index
i d determination.
d t i ti

Resistivity cell and pressure gauges can be used to help identifying fluids.

10 ch Spectrometer

15
 The transmittance of the light,
g is the intensity y of the light
g
received divided by the intensity of the original light.

Transmittance (T) = I / Io

This is converted to optical density (OD).

This is the log
g of 1 / T

OD = log {1/T}

So, the higher the OD, the darker the fluid.

For example in the visible spectrum you can see through water, OD is close to zero.
But you cannot see through black crude oil, high OD, 3 or more.
16
 The light that is received will have a
unique spectrum. The characteristics
of the spectrum are used to determine
the fluid type.

In the visible spectrum the OD is almost zero

zero, and so water is transparent at those wavelengths
wavelengths.

There are two significant OD peaks at 1445nm and 1930nm.

At those wavelengths water has a high OD.

Note the range of the wavelength in the chart 400 to 2100nm

2100nm.

17
 OD is measured at 10 different specific wavelengths.

To determine if water is present in the fluid, detectors are placed at 1445nm and 1930nm.
In the LFA theyy are channels #6 and #9.

18
S the water channels are #6
So # and #
#9.

If the detectors pick up high OD’s at these

wavelengths how is the information displayed ?
wavelengths,

The channel is filled, depending on the OD detected.

C
Conveniently
i tl ffor water
t ththey are coloured
l d bl
blue.

The channels on the log have a scale

range of 0 to 4.

Note that on channel #6 the maximum

OD from the spectrum chart is
approximately 2.7, so the channel
will never be more than 68% filled.

On channel #9 it can reach the maximum of 4.

19
 The oil peak
Oils have a high OD
at these wavelengths

There are three OD

channels at the oil peak.

20
 Dead oil such as OBM filtrate has no gas.
Live oil has gas.

OD on channels 0 and 8 means live oil.

OD on channel 8, but nothing on channel 0
Channel 0 - methane
means dead oil.

Channel 8 – also dead oil

Channel 8 – live crude oil

Note the maximum OD values. Methane 0.5, Live Oil 0.7, Dead Oil 0.5.
Not very high.

Channel #7 is a baseline reference. 21

Different fluids will have different responses in the spectrometer.

22
23
LFA – GAS DETECTOR

The presence of gas in the flowline is detected by measuring the reflectivity of polarized light
(from an LED source).

As critical angles differ significantly between gases and liquids, measuring the relative intensity
of the reflected light over a range of angles permits the identification of gas bubbles.

If it’s all liquid, all the light is refracted. If it’s all gas, all the light is reflected. So the higher the reflection,
The higher the amount of gas bubbles. The higher the refraction, the higher the liquid content.

This data is plotted on the log in the gas flag column, as high, medium, or low.

This is a separate, independent sensor.

24
LFA Log

25
MRPO Motor Speed – How fast the pump is going.

It’s easy
y to see a relative speed. Is the pump going
g g faster
or slower than before. Usually pumping starts slowly and
the speed is increased gradually.

The aim is to pump out as fast as possible to minimise tool

stationary time and rig time. There are limitations on the
speed of pumping from the formation permeability.

During a pump out the pump rate should be stable for at

least 10 minutes to be able to observe trends of other data.

26
Computed total pump out volume – How much fluid has
been pumped.

This is important as there are certain minimum volumes

required during a pump out, out to be certain the fluid analysis
is valid. Ideally at least 6.5 litres.

27
MRPS Quartz Gauge Pressure – The flowing pressure
from the formation.

Trends in this pressure are important for fluid analysis.

When pumping out the first thing that is seen is the OBM
filt t
filtrate.

If there is any gas this will appear before any formation

liquids, as it has greater mobility than liquids.

If the formation fluid is all gas the flowing pressure will stay
steady or increase with time.

If there
th is
i water
t ini th
the fformation
ti the
th flowing
fl i pressure will ill
decrease over time, as the total viscosity of the fluid being
pumped is increasing. This occurs 90% of the time, but not
always.

This is important as the flowing pressure “sees” into the

formation. The flowing pressure will indicate water long
before it reaches the wireline tool.

The flowing pressure trend in oil can be up or down, it

depends on which is the more viscous liquid, the filtrate or
the oil. Usually in TEPI they are very similar because
usually
ll it iis lilight
ht oil,
il and
d so th
there iis no change
h iin ttrend.
d

28
Flowline Fluid Resistivity – This is located in the
probe section.

This is saturated (very high value) in hydrocarbons,

including OBM filtrate.
filtrate It should decrease if water is
moving past the sensor.

A common problem is that the resistivity sensor gets

covered in a film of oil from the filtrate
filtrate. It takes time for
it to be cleaned by water flowing past it.

It may not be cleaned at all, especially if the flow rate is

low So a situation occurs where water is flowing
low. flowing, but
the resistivity sensor is still saturated by an oil value.

In water zones in TEPI the resistivity shows a water

response only 30% of the time
time.

This sensor is located in the probe section of the tool.

There is also the temperature of the resistivity cell

sensor.

29
MRPO Hydraulic Pressure – The behaviour of
this pressure is used to see if the fluid being
pumped is compressible or not.

The fluid pumped from the formation travels

through the LFA at flowing pressure. It is then
ejected into the wellbore.

To be ejected, the pressure of the formation

fluid has to be slightly higher than the
hydrostatic pressure of the mud column. The
formation fluid is pressured up by the pump out
to do this.

30
MRPO HYDRAULIC PRESSURE – GAS vs FLUID

If the fluid is gas, it is compressible, and has to be compressed to mud hydrostatic

pressure. At the beginning of the pump stroke it will be easy for the pump to compress
the gas, but as the stroke continues, the force required increases. This change is seen
in the hydraulic pressure.

Once a situation is reached of maximum compressibility (the hydrostatic mud

pressure) then the hydraulic pressure required becomes constant as the gas is
ejected into the annulus
annulus.

Then the pump reverses the stroke direction, the hydraulic pressure decreases, as
again, it is gas at flowing pressure inside the chamber. The cycle is repeated,
recompress the gas,
gas and eject it.
it

31
MRPO HYDRAULIC PRESSURE – GAS vs FLUID

Gas

Liquids are not compressible.

So the mud hydrostatic
pressure is
i reached
h d very
quickly. This gives a pump
hydraulic pressure signature in
the diagram on the left.

32
 Track 2 : Elapsed Time, Pump Strokes.

This shows the elapsed time since the station started (probe
set), not when the pump out started.

The shading on the right hand side shows the pump out unit
strokes. As mentioned previously, the pump out unit has an
up stroke and a down stroke.

White is the Up Stroke, yellow is the Down stroke.

That knowledge can be useful in fluid identification.

33
Track 3 : LFA GOR Value

The GOR is the ratio of gas to oil, it is calculated by :

GOR = ((Ch 0 – Ch 7)) / (Ch

( 8 – Ch 7))

It is the OD of the channels. Channel 7 is the baseline to account for noise.

So what is being measured is the ratio of the methane OD to the oil OD.

This is not a direct measurement of gas and oil volumes.

The GOR in the LFA is an empirical relationship derived from colour and gas
analysis of many types of oil.

This leads to large uncertainties. This method is only good up to 2,500 scf/stb. It
is not very accurate and is more of a relative indicator :

High GOR > 3000

Medium GOR 1000 to 3000

Low GOR <1000

34
Track 5 : Fluid Fraction.

A representation of the results of the 10 OD channels in Track 6.

High absorbing fluid is drilling mud.

The oil (hydrocarbon) fraction is based on the difference between channel 8 (the
oil channel) and channel 7 (the baseline channel)
channel).

Low green = low oil content, high green = high oil content in the flowline.

The water fraction is calculated independently of the oil fraction.

It uses a calculation of the OD from channel 6, minus a function that includes the
baseline channels 5 and 7. 7

Channel 9 is not used in the calculation as it is usually saturated.

If there is a gap between the oil and water values

values, it is coloured white
white.

If there is an overlap between the oil and water calculations, it is coloured purple.

35
Track 5 : Fluid Fraction
Fraction.

An overlap between the hydrocarbon and water may mean that both fluids
are flowing together.
together However,
However check on their respective OD channels
channels.

If there is a clear response on channel 6 and channel 9, then it is water.

If there is a response on channel 8,

8 with no colour on channels 1 to 4, 4 and
also no GOR, then it is OBM filtrate. So the fluid is actually water with
OBM filtrate. This is a common case in TEPI.

Occasionally there is a response on colour channels 1 to 4 as well. Then

it is probably formation oil and water.

36
Track 6 : Optical Density of the 10 Channel Spectrometer.

Note the scales.

Previously
y the OD scale on diagrams
g has been 0 to 4. This is the case for all
the 10 OD channels, the range is 0 to 4.

The complete scale range on the log is 0 to 40, that is, 4 multiplied by 10.

Channel 0 for methane has a scale of 0 to 40. The methane will actually be
plotted on a range scale of 0 to 4.

At the other end,, on channel 9,, the scale on the log

g is minus 36 to p
plus 4.
Giving an actual scale range of 0 to 4.

Channels 1 to 8 are divided up into the intermediate values that give a scale
range
g of 0 to 4 for each OD channel.

37
LFA - GAS
Track 1

A. MRPO motor speed remains constant for 20 minutes.

During this time the MRPS1 Quartz Gauge Pressure
remains steady, or rises slightly. If it was water this
would decrease.

B. The behaviour of the MRPO Hydraulic Pressure

shows a compressible
p fluid (g
(gas).
)

C. The MRPS1 Flowline Fluid Resistivity

remains high, indicating hydrocarbon.

Track 4

A. Medium to high gas flag while pumping.

B After pumping stopped the gas flag went

B.
to high and stayed there.

38
LFA - GAS
Track 5

A. Drilling mud at start of pumping.

B. Cleaning up rapidly to low oil value.

C. As there is not much oil the white area indicates gas.

Especially when pumping has stopped.

Track 6
A. All channels saturated by the mud. Note that the LFA is
always “on”. So in this case during the pressure test the
LFA was recording mud.

B Cleaning up rapidly.
B. rapidly

C. Low colour, low oil, no water.

Track 3

The GOR has a scale to fit the high gas result after
pumping has stopped.

As mentioned above the LFA is only good up to 2,500

stf/scb. If the fluid was oil a scale of 60,000 would be too
large.

39
LFA - OIL
Track 1

A. MRPO motor speed remains constant for 10

minutes. During this time the MRPS1 Quartz
G
Gauge Pressure
P remains
i the
th same. With oilil th
the
flowing pressure trend is variable depending on
the relative viscosity of the oil to OBM filtrate.

B. The behaviour of the MRPO Hydraulic

y Pressure
shows an incompressible fluid.

C. The MRPS1 Flowline Fluid Resistivity remains

high, indicating hydrocarbon.

Track 4

A. No free gas bubbles detected. So pumping

below the bubble point of the oil.

B. The pump speed was increased for a short

period of time. Probably some gas came out of
solution.

40
LFA - OIL
Track 5

A. Drilling mud at start of pumping.

B. Cleaning up.

C. Constant high oil value. As mentioned

previously, the LFA is calibrated with 100% dead
oil. So live oil will never show 100% in this track
as there is gas inside the oil.
Track 6

A. All channels saturated by the mud.

B Cleaning up
B. up.

C. Colour in channel 1.

D. Channel 8, the oil indicator, has OD.

Track 3

A. Increasing GOR as pumping continues.

B. GOR levelling off just above 1,000 scf/stb. So

low GOR.

41
LFA - WATER
Track 1

A. MRPO motor speed remains constant for 9 minutes.

During g this time the MRPS1 Quartz Gauge g Pressure
is decreasing. This indicates water. A less mobile
fluid is coming. In this case the water is less mobile
than the OBM filtrate.

B. The behaviour of the MRPO Hydraulic Pressure

B
shows an incompressible fluid.

C. The MRPS1 Flowline Fluid Resistivity remains high,

indicating hydrocarbon. This is a false measurement,
th sensor iis coated
the t d with
ith a fil
film off oil.
il Th
There iis a b
brief
i f
drop in resistivity at 21 minutes, but this looks strange
as it goes high again afterwards.

Track 4

A. No free gas bubbles detected at all.

42
LFA - WATER
Track 5

A. Drilling mud at start of pumping.

B. Cleaning up, showing OBM filtrate.

C. A water fraction appears quite early, and generally

increases with time.

D. After pumping stopped, segregation occurred. The

OBM fil
filtrate moved
d to the
h top, and
d iis d
detected
d iin the
h LFA
LFA.

This is why it is important to know the tool string

configuration. If the LFA was below the probe section,
with segregation
g g the LFA would detect water.

Track 6

A. All channels saturated by the mud.

B. Cleaning up.

C. OD in the water channels 6 and 9.

D OD in channel 8
D. 8, the oil indicator
indicator, and OD in the
colour channel 1. This is from the OBM filtrate.

43
 LFA - WATER

Note the resistivity.

What is happening at A?

What is happening at B ?

Why is the resistivity low when track 5

is indicating oil ?

44
LFA - ?
What is happening at A in track 5 ?

Track 1.
What is the flowing pressure (A) indicating ?

What is the Hydraulic Pressure (B) indicating ?

What is the resistivity (C) indicating ?

What does track 4 indicate ?

What does track 5 indicate ?

What does track 2 indicate ?

Track 6.
What is happening at Point A ?

What is happening at point B ?

At the end of the FA what does point C indicate ?

What is the fluid ?

Would this zone be perforated ?

45
PHASE SEGRATION IN DOWNHOLE PUMP

Hydraulic oil

oil
Segregated oil and water
water
moving toward the
sample bottle
pump
Mixed

Hydraulic oil

Mixed
Mi d oilil and
d water
t
coming in from the
formation

This phenomena can also happen in the main flowline

46
 It is necessary to know the
tool string configuration
when interpreting a fluid
analysis

TEPI Standard MDT / LFA Configuration from SLB

47
LFA - SCORING AND FLUID TYPING TERMINOLOGY

• A scoring system (0 to 7) was put in place for evaluating the confidence

level of the LFA fluid identification in Gas and Water
1. Gas Detection (Yes=1, No=0)
2. Water absence on Spectrometer while pumping (Yes=1, No=0)
3. W t absence
Water b on Spectrometer
S t t after
ft Segregation
S ti (Y
(Yes=1,
1 NNo=0)
0)
4. Gas signature on Spectrometer; > 50% white shading (Yes=1, No=0)
5. Drawdown Pressure trend Up
p or Steady
y ((Yes=1,, No=0))
6. Resistivity cell response to HC in the absence of water (Yes=1, No=0)
7. Gas signature on hydraulic PO (Yes=1, No=0)

• High score = Gas (7), Low Score = Water (0), N/A for Oil or
Inconclusive Test
Fluid
Fl id 7 6
7, 5 4 3
4, 2 1 0
1,
Score
Fluid Gas Gas + Possible Gas + Water Water + Possible Water
Type Water Gas
 PUMP OUT TECHNICAL SCORING
• A scoring system (0 to 7) was put in place for evaluating the quality of the
Fluid Scanning operation:
1. Low Scattering (Yes=1, No=0)
2. Gas Detection Quality (Yes=1, No=0)
3. Pump Out Time > 20 min (Yes=1, No=0)
4. Pump Out Volume > 2.5L (Yes=1, No=0)
5. Formation Fluid Drawdown Mobility > 1.5 mD/CP (Yes=1, No=0)
6. Differential Pressure < 6000 psi (Yes=1, No=0)
7. Pump Out Efficiency quality (Yes=1, No=0)

• High score (7,6) = High Quality, Medium Score (5,4) = Medium Quality,
Low Score (3 to 0) = Poor Quality

• Fluid Typing scoring and Pump out Technical scoring can never be
separated
t d

• Fluid scoring has some limitation in Poor Quality pump out ( Remarks from
interpreter must be taken in consideration)

49
Principle of Color-Based OBM Contamination

Beer’s Lambert Law: If yyou mix two oils,, their OD’s mix in the same
proportion - When sampling Oil in an OBM environment, OD will increase as a
function of time, indicating more oil and less filtrate.

100% OBM filtrate %OBM

OD @ Specific Contamination
Wavelength
g
Optical 100% Crude
Oil
Density OD5
0

~
Increasing OD4
OD5 time
OD3
OD2
OD4
OD1
OD3

~
OD2 0 100
0 Pumping time 
OD1

Specific Wavelength
50
FLUID ANALYZERS: CONTAMINATION LEVEL MONITORING
● LFA contamination monitoring methods
for HC in OBM are based on the
evolution of contamination indicators
with time:
1. Color:
• In most cases, crude oil is darker than filtrate:
Cleanup process can therefore be monitored
by color change with time
• If contrast of color is not significant, this
method is not applicable
2. Methane: CH4 or GOR
• OBM filtrate is considered to behave as
DEAD oil (No CH4)
• When Crude oil mixes with OBM filtrate ,
CH4/GOR increases with time
• Cleanup process can be monitored

51
FLUID ANALYZERS: CONTAMINATION LEVEL
MONITORING
● Analytical decontamination model
is fit on Color and CH4 vs time Color build up
curves
● We can estimate contamination
level at a given time and predict
the remaining pumping time to
reachh contamination
t i ti llevell Contamination
curves
objective
● Other fluid properties can also be
monitored during cleanup (new
DFA tools) such as viscosity, Methane build up
density composition,
density, composition resistivity
(Water) and PH (Water)
Stabilization of several contamination indicators with time suggests that
minimum contamination level is reached for the given sampling conditions

52
LFA- CONTAMINATION PERCENTAGE

The fluid colouration is computed from the

absorption in channels 1 to 4.
4

The changes in colouration give a continuous

measure of clean up. A calculation is made to
give a percentage contamination
contamination.

A stable colourisation suggests that the fluid

has cleaned up. This is generally used when
taking oil samples
samples.

53
RDT – BUBBLE POINT

Volume increases

Pressure decreases

The bubble point is a compressibility test.

At the end of pumping out for an FA, fluid will be transferred from the flowline into the 100cc pre-test
chamber.

The fluid will be compressed and then decompressed, that is, the fluid is taken from high pressure to low
pressure.

During decompression the volume is increasing, and the change of pressure is recorded.
54
RDT – BUBBLE POINT (WATER)
1/psi

W t is
Water i incompressible.
i ibl

This will give a linear response, a constant change of

pressure versus volume.

A straight line.

The compressibility of the fluid can be calculated from the

slope.

Compressibility results are expressed in numbers with a

10-6 multiplier or parts per million (ppm).

55
RDT – BUBBLE POINT (GAS)

Gas is compressible there is a small pressure change for a large volume change
change.

56
RDT – BUBBLE POINT (OIL)

Bubble Point

A continuous trend means the fluid is still in one phase. A change of trend means going to two phases.

Live oil produces two phases because it contains gas

gas.

The initial slope is linear from an incompressible fluid (oil), as gas comes out of solution, the slope
changes.

57
RDT – BUBBLE POINT (FILTRATE)

Theoretically filtrate is dead oil, and should not have any gas inside.

Therefore there should only be one phase.

However, oil is slightly compressible, and will give a change of slope.

Note that if the FA indicates filtrate, a bubble point is not performed.

58
RDT – BUBBLE POINT (ALL)

59
FLID – FLuid IDentification (HLS)

The FLID contains three sensors :

• Density sensor

• Resistivity Sensor

• Capacitance Sensor

The internal diameter of the FLID tube is the same size as the
flowline in the RDT, so this minimizes the fluid being trapped inside
the sensor.
sensor

60
FLID – THEORY
The density sensor is a small tube
through which the fluid is pumped.

The tube is forced to vibrate,

vibrate and
like a guitar, the frequency of the
vibration is dependent upon the
density or mass of the tube and its
contents.
contents

Like a guitar,
Lik it ththe greater
t ththe thickness
thi k off the
th string
t i (higher
(hi h mass),
) th
the llower th
the ffrequency att
which it vibrates.

Conversely, the thinner the string (lower mass), the higher the frequency of vibration.

When the tube is filled with fluid, a heavy fluid causes the tube to vibrate more slowly, and a tube
filled with light fluid permits the tube to vibrate faster.

The frequency of the detector coils is then related to a density.

61
FLID – THEORY

Density reading 0.726 gr/cc

Density reading 0.083 gr/cc
Oil
Gas

1” = 1 min

Density reading erratically

What is happening
pp g here ?

The densitometer takes a reading every 0.25 seconds.

62
FLID – CAPACITANCE

Capacitance, a measure of the ability of a fluid to store electricity.

Hydrocarbons have a low capacitance, and water has a high capacitance.

63
FLID – LOG

Track 1 : The time station log, the gauge

temperature and displacement unit volume
di l
displacement t rate.
t

There is no equivalent for the SLB MRPO

Hydraulic Pressure.

64
FLID – LOG

Track 2 : shows the pressure of the

formation together with the displacement
unitit iinlet
l t and
d outlet
tl t pressure ttogether
th with
ith
the actual volume corrected.

The FPS Inlet Pressure is the same as the

SLB MRPS1 Quartz Gauge Pressure. The
trend is important.

65
FLID – LOG

Track 3 : displays a red line on the left, this

represents a calculated density of gas for
the temperature and pressure, and serves
as a baseline.
b li

The blue line on the right of track 3,

represents the calculated density of water,
at the temperature and pressure being g
recorded.

The green line in track 3, is the density of

the formation fluid being pumped through
the FLID and being analysed
analysed.

The non linear representation is due to

varying degrees of contamination, in this
case from the mud filtrate.

66
FLID – LOG

Track 4 : are the ‘bins’. Here the colour

signifies the density and fluid type. The
bins are volumetric.

There is a slight offset to the display of the

colour in the bins, equal to approximately
one litre being pumped.

Once the displacement unit starts to

pump, no change in the bins is made until
the volume pumped is 1 litre.

If the displacement unit is stopped

pumping,
pu p g, tthe
e co
colour
ou in tthis
s ttrack
ac remains
e a s
the same, as no new fluid is passing
through the FLID.

67
FLID – LOG

Track 5 : displays the Capacitance, a

measure of the ability of a fluid to store
electricity. Hydrocarbons have a low
capacitance and water has a high
capacitance,
capacitance.

Typical values encountered :

• Gas : -10 to 5
• Oil : 2 to 10
• Water : greater than 40
• Base oil (OBM filtrate) : 6 to 20 (but
typically 15 to 20)

Also the resistivity in the FLID

68
FLID – LOG

Track 6 : details the stroke of the

displacement unit (pump).

Motion of the displacement unit is vertical,

up and down.

When performing a FA in tight, or low

mobility reservoirs, the pump rate may be
very slow
slow.

This may permit gravitational separation of

fluids in the pump. Being able to observe
the FA simultaneously with the stage of
the stroke
stroke, identifies if the segregation is
related to stroke direction, or speed.

69
FLID – LOG

Track 7 : the resistivity in

the probe section (DPS).

70
FLID – GAS

71
FLID – GAS

1. Start pumping.

Some water was detected

from the previous station
reading.

72
FLID – GAS

2. Cleaning up.

Density sensor indicating

filtrate.

73
FLID – GAS

3. Gas starts to come from

the formation.

There is still some filtrate

as indicated by the density
reading varying in the range
of 0.4 - 0.6 gm/cc.

FPS Inlet psi going up.

74
FLID – GAS

4. Stopped pumping.

Segregation happened
happened,
density, resistivity, and
capacitance sensors
reading gas.

75
FLID – GAS

5. Performed bubble point.

Gas.

76
FLID – OIL

77
FLID – OIL
What is this ?

78
FLID – OIL

1. Started pumping.

Mud and water. ?

79
FLID – OIL

2. Cleaning up.

Filtrate 0.71sg.

80
FLID – OIL

3. Continued pumping.

Formation oil
oil. Density
stabilised at 0.68 gm/cc. pF
5 – 8.

81
FLID – OIL

4. Stopped pumping.

FLID resistivity dropped.

Why ?

82
FLID – OIL

5. Performed bubble point.

Oil.
Oil

83
FLID – WATER

84
FLID – WATER

1. Not pumping.

Water from previous

station.

85
FLID – WATER

2. Cleaning up.

Fast response on the

density to filtrate. Delayed
in the bins.

86
FLID – WATER

3. Pumping Filtrate.

Density indicates filtrate.

Capacitance indicates a
mixture of water and filtrate.

Water indications on
resistivity and FPS inlet
pressure.

87
FLID – WATER

4 Formation
4. F i water flowing.
fl i

Density increasing,
indicating filtrate and water.

Resistivity low. Capacitance

high. Also indicating water.

88
FLID – WATER

Points to note

89
TEPI Standard RDT / FLID tool string from HLS

90
PUMPING BELOW BUBBLE POINT (LFA BELOW
THE PUMP)

GOR iss in the

GO t e oil
o range
a ge

Gas flag appearing when

flowing pressure is the lowest

Coloration increasing with

time

91
Flowrate should be decreased to check if the gas disappears
 SAMPLING BOTTLES
● Several downhole bottle sample carriers
are available on the market (3 to 6
b ttl per carrier)
bottles i )
● They can be stack together
● Several bottle volume are available:
- PVT type bottle: 450cc to 1000cc
- Large volume: 1 to 30 Gal

● Sampling bottle can be configured in

low shock, water or air cushion or with
Nit
Nitrogen charge
h
● After bottle are sealed downhole, they
are usually overpressurized.

Only use WFT bottles with volume < Transfer bottle

92
Sampling bottles

Exit port to hydrostatic Exit port to hydrostatic Exit port to hydrostatic

SEAL SEAL SEAL
VALVE VALVE VALVE

WATER

STATIC
PRESSURE
CUSHION
150 psii

HYDROS
AIR CHOKES
CUSHION
AIR
150 psi
AIR
PRESSURE

FLOWLINE BUS FLOWLINE BUS FLOWLINE BUS

AIR CUSHION WATER CUSHION LOW SHOCK

PChamber << PFormation PChamber < PFormation PChamber > PFormation

93
SAMPLING BOTTLES: BOTTLE FILLING QC

psi cm3
Warning: Bottle may not have been filled in one stroke
7600 500

POUDS3(unitless),MRPOUD Solenoid 3 Status

MSWB1(cm3),MRMS water in bottle
MSOB1(cm3),MRMS oil in bottle
Bottle is full
7100 450 MSGB1(cm3),MRMS gas in bottle
MSLB1(cm3),MRMS liquid in bottle
Sample Pressure: reached 7542 psi
Flowing Pressure: start 2727 psi, finally 2828 psi
Free gas in bottle: 4.9%
Oil in bottle: 92.2%
6600 400 Water in bottle: 2.8%
Flow from MRPO_UD
MRPO UD to MRMS
MRMS_1 1 cost 53s
Flow from LFA to MRMS_1 cost 39s
No Composition Information

6100 350

Bottle
5600 300
overpressurization
5100 250

4600 200

4100 150

Closing Exit Port

3600 100
OpeningExit Port

Bottle is over-pressured

mmand close bottle

mmand open bottle

3100 50 Flowing pressure =

Bottle is filled

Clos e bottle
Open bottle

Clos e USV

Open USV
Hydrostatic pressure
Com

Com
2600 0
5149.1 5170.8 5192.5 5214.2 5235.9 5257.7 5279.4 5301.1 5322.8 5344.5 5366.2

ETIM(s)

Bottle opening
Bottle closure

94
Sampling bottles: Open and Close Valves.
Seal

Spool, open space

The valves are moved by releasing

a spring loaded rod.

Electric current is applied to burn

through the resisitor.

The wire comes free and the

segmented washer falls into separate
pieces.
pieces
Starting setup for one sample bottle
The spring then pulls the rods.

95
Sampling bottles: Open and Close Valves.

The opening valve moves the The closing valve moves the
upper rod to one side to create lower rod to one side to block
a flowpath
fl th tto the
th sample
l bbottle.
ttl the flowpath to the sample bottle
bottle.

96
 GAS + WATER PUMPOUT

97
OPTIMISATION FA PUMPING TIME
Studies have generated the following cutoffs for pumping during an FA.

20 minutes pumping:

90% of time water breakthrough

has been identified

6.5 litres PO volume:

HLS SLB
90% off time water breakthrough
has been identified

98
DFA BEST PRACTICES

Time approach was chosen:

● If pumping Gas:
- If after 20 min: No Resistivity and no pressure trend down. Stop pumping.
- If before 20 min: Resistivity responding and/or Pressure trend down keep pumping until water
is identified and/or up to 10 extra min
min.
● If pumping Oil:
- Same but time limit could be reduced to 10-15 min pumping. If gas and oil are identified pump
rate must be decreased to check if pumping is done below bubble point or performed at a
contact.
contact
● If pumping Water:
- Stop the pump ASAP after water clearly identified on LFA.

=> Pumping time can always been extended after SOG agreement and
importance of the point
point.
 Well condition must always be assessed before increasing pumping time.

99
 TM-68 (9.875IN)

100
 PK-E21 (8.5IN)

101
 HM-259

102
 TN-L19

103
 B-L-6

104
 B-L-6

105
 TN-L19

106
 TN-A113

107
 TN-A113

108
 TN-A113

109
 TN-A113

110
 TN-A113

111
 TN-A113

112
 TN-A113

113
Newer FA Tools
The LFA is more than 20 years old.

Schlumberger’s
Schlumberger s latest FA tool is the IFA (Insitu Fluid Analyser)

16 channel laboratory grade

20 channel filter
grating spectrometer (better
(absorption) spectrometer.
resolution)
resolution).

114
 IFA
The 20 channels from the filter (aborption) spectrometer are
spread across 400 to 2100nm.

The more accurate grating spectrometer covers the

oil peak from 1600 to 1800nm.

The accuracy off the

Th th filter
filt and
d
grating spectrometers have
been improved, and they
have real time calibration
calibration.

(http://bwtek.com/spectrometer-introduction/)
115
IFA – Grating Spectrometer
A lamp provides the source of light. The beam of light strikes the
diffraction grating, which works like a prism and separates the
li ht iinto
light t itits componentt wavelengths.
l th

116
IFA

The combination of the two spectrometers C1

allows more detailed measurements of the C2
gas into 5 groups. (So C1/C2 ratio)
C3 to C5
C6+
CO2

Plus measurement of
of. pH
Density / viscosity
Pressure / temperature
Fl
Fluorescence
Resistivity

The IFA gives a quantitative analysis of reservoir fluids.

Especially GOR.

117
LFA / IFA : B-L-16

MDT Configuration
 Pump-down
Pump down configuration
 LFA on low pressure side of PO
 IFA on high pressure side of PO
 From top to bottom:
 MRPC
 MRHY
 MRPS (LD)
 LFA
 MRPO (XHPDU)
 IFA
 MRMSS
 DV-rod sensor installed

118
LFA : B-L-16

LFA gas detector shows

high gas detection Not much colour observed
from LFA OD spectrometer

Inconclusive from LFA reading as it is placed before PO module.

Therefore all fluids is mixed.
119
IFA : B-L-16

Oil fluorescence.
Gas is liberated from oil solution Slowly increasing
hen flo
when flowing
ing press
pressure
re drop Stable GOR.
Slowly increasing as clean up.
below bubble point pressure.
as clean up.

120
IFA : B-L-16

• IFA OD spectrometer is low scattered (high quality).

• Buildup response in IFA fluorescence during pumping indicates formation oil.

• Gas is liberated from oil solution when flowing pressure drop below bubble
point pressure
pressure.

• The IFA shows gas later that LFA due to the pump-down MDT configuration
where LFA placed on low pressure side of PO (before PO) and IFA placed on
the high pressure side of PO (after PO). Thus, gas will take longer time to be
pumped down.

• From IFA DV-rod

DV rod result, the density and viscosity indicates that the fluid is
very light oil.

121
ICS (Integrated Characterisation Section)

Shine a light through a substance The light is changed in a way that is

unique to the material or compound

The resulting optical spectrum

gives a unique fingerprint for
each substance.

122
ICS

Optical fluid ID using ICE Core.

ICE :
Integrated Computational Element

Each ICE Core is designed to

analyse one specific substance.

After passing through the ICE Core the light is sent to an optical computer.
It uses a multivariate approach with AI and fuzzy logic to recognise the light
pattern.

It is a photometric system (a calibrated sensor to detect the amount of light

light, its
color and other information), not a spectrometer. It is a direct measurement.

It instantaneously calculates the concentration (proportion) of the substance

substance.

123
ICS
20 substances can be analysed using a rotating wheel of the selected sensors
sensors.

The ICE Core is a platform that can easily

be upgraded to detect other substances. 124
ICS

125
ICS

126
ICS
Measurements 2014 :
C1
C2
C3
Saturates
Aromatics
GOR

Under development :
CO2
H2S
Asphaltenes
Water

127
• 0.2gr/cc
g of fluid density
y reading
g & cleaning
g up
p filtrate. • Good light intensity • High C1 content
• Low capacitance reading • High GOR • Low aromatics
• High resistivity reading. • High saturates • No water

128
•Density reading 1gr/cc
•Capacitance reading > 60pF
•Resistivity reading shows similar trend
•Good light intensity
•Negligible C1 Negligible GOR
•High aromatics content at the beginning
•Negligible saturates content
•High water content
129