Exam prepare bond paper 1-2:30

Impirical – refute the hypotheses

Our concepts has back up of theories.

Constructs – intelligence, emotions, motivations

Examples:

External
motivation (constructs)
affect the performance (external behavior)

Example: Upcoming exam

Construct- anxiety

External behavior- nervousness

For example:
intelligence, motivation, anxiety
we are observing external manifestations of these

anxiety – what are the external manifestations?

example
(construct ) knowledge- a teacher want to study knowledge of the students
how to measure – instructors provide assessment to measure the knowledge of the students

Performance and knowledge is not the same thing.

EXAMPLE: PHYSICAL ILLNESS may affect the exams of the students it is not base on the knowledge of the
student.
You need to find another previous research. Like example motivation, you can find the definition on the
other previous research.

Validity- used to determine how well a test measures what it is supposed to measure

Reliability – consistency
standardized – reliability and validation

Example: a test about anxiety

If its valid it measures the anxiety

A. Positive relationship
example: people to tend high in the first measurement same on the second measurement

b. Negative Relationship – change in opposite direction (different directions) near negative 1

Performance of the math test counting the errors

c. correlation near zero

No Consistency relationship

Face validity – simplest validity, least scientific

Example. IQ test, based on subjective judgement.

Concurrent validity- Concurrent validity measures how a new test compares against a validated test,
called the criterion or “gold standard.”

Same ang norming and results. If you compare it to a standardized IQ test.

Predictive validity refers to the ability of a test or other measurement to predict a future outcome. Here,
an outcome can be a behavior, performance, or even disease that occurs at some point in the future

For example, the results of an IQ test can be used to predict future educational achievement. The
outcome is, by design, assessed at some point in the future.

Construct Validity- Construct validity concerns the extent to which your test or measure accurately
assesses what it's supposed to. In research, it's important to operationalize constructs into concrete and
measurable characteristics based on your idea of the construct and its dimensions.

Construct validity concerns the identification of the causes, effects, settings, and participants that are
present in a study. For example, a medication might have an effect not because its putative active
ingredients are absorbed into the bloodstream but because of its placebo effects.

Convergent Validity- Convergent validity states that tests having the same or similar constructs should
be highly correlated.

Divergent validity- In some fields, discriminant validity is also known as divergent validity. Example:
Discriminant validity (divergent validity) You are researching extroversion as a personality trait among
marketing students. To establish discriminant validity, you must also measure an unrelated construct,
such as intelligence.

Anxiety lang gina measure.

USED AN IQ TEST.. used the same test to another day

Psych test- you measure the assessment every 6 months

Example:
Intelligence with an IQ test
TRUE SCORE – PARTIAL
ERROR- FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE INTELLIGENCE
-MOOD
-LEVEL OF FATIGUE
-HEALTH

EXAMPLE:
IQ SCORE ARE HIGHER WHEN YOU FEELING GOOD
IQ SCORE ARE LOWER IF YOU ARE TIRED

ANY MEASUREMENTS ARE NOT CONCLUSIVE BECAUSE OF ERRORS

OBSERVER ERROR- WHEN YOU HAVE ESSAY EXAM

SUBJECT BIAS: SOURCE OF OBSERVER (JUDGE)

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES
ENVIRONMENTL VARIABLES
TIME, DAY KA NAG ASSESS, TEMPERATURE (MAKE SURE THE ENVIRONMENT IS COMFORTABLE),

PARTICIPANT CHANGES
- FOCUS ON THE ATTENTION DURING THE ASSESSMENT
- HUNGER OF THE PARTICIPANT
-

NEED TO REMEMBER:
ERROR IS LARGE THE RELIABLITY IS LOW
IF ERROR IS LOW THE RELIABILITY IS HIGH
EXAMPLE
PARALLEL FORMS- NOT EXACT TOOL BUT THE LATERNATIVE VERSIONS.

INTER- RATER – THREE DIFFERENT OBSERVERS (THREE JUDGES) IF DILI LAGO ANG DIFFERENCE THAT
MEANS RELIABLE.

SPLIT HALF – 50 ITEMS QUEST. SPLIT ANG ITEMS TO TEST TAKERS. COMPUTE AND CALCULATE THE
DEGREE.

EXAMPLE:
HEIGHT IS THE MEASURE OF INTELLIGENCE- INVALID MEASURE
CONSISTENCY OF MEASUREMNTS- NOT GUARANTEE THAT IS VALID

IT CAN BE CONSISTENT IN ANY MEASUREMNTS BUT IT CANNOT GUARANTEE THAT IS VALID.

NOMINAL SCALE
A nominal scale is the 1st level of measurement scale in which the numbers serve as “tags” or “labels” to
classify or identify the objects. A nominal scale usually deals with the non-numeric variables or the
numbers that do not have any value.

An example of a nominal scale measurement is given below:

What is your gender?

M- Male

F- Female

ORDINAL SCALE
The ordinal scale is the 2nd level of measurement that reports the ordering and ranking of data without
establishing the degree of variation between them. Ordinal represents the “order.” Ordinal data is
known as qualitative data or categorical data. It can be grouped, named and also ranked.

Example:

 Ranking of school students – 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.

 Ratings in restaurants

 Evaluating the frequency of occurrences

 Very often

 Often

 Not often

 Not at all
  Assessing the degree of agreement

 Totally agree

 Agree

 Neutral

 Disagree

 Totally disagree

Interval Scale

The interval scale is the 3rd level of measurement scale. It is defined as a quantitative measurement
scale in which the difference between the two variables is meaningful. In other words, the variables are
measured in an exact manner, not as in a relative way in which the presence of zero is arbitrary.

Example:

 Likert Scale

 Net Promoter Score (NPS)

 Bipolar Matrix Table

Ratio Scale

The ratio scale is the 4th level of measurement scale, which is quantitative. It is a type of variable
measurement scale. It allows researchers to compare the differences or intervals. The ratio scale has a
unique feature. It possesses the character of the origin or zero points.

Example:
An example of a ratio scale is:

What is your weight in Kgs?

Less than 55 kgs

55 – 75 kgs

76 – 85 kgs

86 – 95 kgs

More than 95 kgs

NOMINAL SCALE – QUALITATIVE, CATEGORIES

ORDINAL SCALE – CORRELATION

FOUR ANG COVERAGE SA EXAM