ETISM

UNIT :
-

3rd
Chapter :-041h

Hans Christian Oersted Observations

a lecture demonstration , Oersted noticed that
Duringa current in a wire caused a noticeable
straight deflection
in a
nearby magnetic compass needle .

He
investigated on the same and
found
The needle
aligns tangentially to
imaginary
•

circle compass
at the centre which is the
an

wire of current

carrying
wire .
and whose
plane is
perpendicular to the

the direction direction

Reversing orientation current
of the reverses the
••
,

of of compass needle
.

• The deflection increases on

bring the wire closer to the
needle or
increasing the current .

around the wire themselves

Iron
fillings sprinkled arrange
•
,

in concentric circles with wire as the centre .

currents
All these results concludes that
magnetic field Moving charges or

produces in the
surrounding
a

space
.
The current
emerges The current moves
arrangement
The
of iron
out of the
plane into the plane
of fillings around the
The darkened
the
of the paper paper wire
.
. .

ends
of the needle represents
north
poles
.

Convection :

current
emerging out
of the
plane is
represented by dot •

Current
moving
into the
plane
is
represented using cross ✗

field (B)
Magnetic
static electrostatic
As we

moving charges
know
charges
produces
produces
both electrostatic
field
and
,

magnetic field .

Also ,
accelerating charges produces Electromagnetic wares .

Magnetic field
SI unit
is
-
a
Tesla IT )
vector
quantity0h Webber meters
unit Gauss 14=10
•
CGS T
-

Magnetic force Frs PYQ 2020,19 18,17 16.14.13.11 , ,

in B' experiences
positive charge q' mooing magnetic field
'

suppose a a

a force and it makes an

angle 0 with
magnetic
field .

Experimentally it was
found that ,
→ the is
force proportional to the
magnitude of the
magnetic
fieldthe i. e. f- ✗ B

force is
proportional to the
charge q i. Faq
→ e.

→ the
force is
proportional to the component of the
velocity
v in the perpendicular direction of the
field B. i. e.
f- ✗ vsino .

Combining above equations ,

we
get
f- ✗
Bqllsino
f- Bsino
=

Kgv
Where kislhe
constant which proportionality
becomes
in the above equations
unity ,
 f B Sino
qv
•
=
• •

p→ =
qlÑ✗B→ )
special cases :
-

Case 1 -

If f- 0 then F =D
,

Thus a
stationary
in charged particle does not
experience
any force a
magnetic field .

Case 2-
If -0=00 or 180° then f 0 [ : Sino sin 180=0 ]
.

= =

Case 3-
If -0=900 then
,
force will be maximum ,

f-
QVB =

Motion of a
charged particle in uniform magnetic Field a

is
a- When
there
initial
velocity parallel to magnetic field
0=0 ,
°
• .
f- = 0
In this case
,
the
line
charged particle will continue to more

along the
of force .

2 When
there
initial
-0=90
velocity .
is 1. to the
magnetic field .

: .
f- =qVB ( manimum force)

Ifthe
charged particle mooing
perpendicularvelocity field
with enters a
the
,

force acts such that

circular
the
particle moves in a

path .

8.
FB =
Fy
Sino v2
QVB =

a-
m

Sinai
QVB =

m¥-
Pyg Fn
92 = MY = = ZKEM =

QB qB q B

Dist
Time period 2hr
= .

II. _y

1- = 21T m

QB
 3 When u is inclined to Bat an
angle 0 .

>
consider a
charged particle
field at
entering
vsinon > it
>
in
with
a
magnetic " "
an
angle 0

10
>
some
velocity u .

> Nws -0
>

motion
Resulting
This
Amp onent
velocity
of linear will be helical .

will
provide
motion to the
particle .

This
circular component will provide
motion to the
particle .

Radius
of the particle 's
calculated trajectory
can

component
be
using vertical
only
.

r= my sin -0 T = 2km

QB QB
moved in
Pitch : It is the
forward distance
revolution
one

complete .

Also ,
Only the parallel component of will contribute to
the
pitch .

: .
P = Uco so •
T

P =
217m11 WSO

qB
LORENTZ FORCE

Consider point charge q The in electric Elr) and

' '
both
a
presence of
magnetic field Btr )
force .
on an electric
charge
due to both can be written as
q them
of .

f- =
qtlrl -1
911 Btr)

f- =
q[ Ecr) + ✗ Blrl ]
f- f-electric f
t
magnetic
=
 This total force is called Lorentz force given by
H A-
•
• LORENTZ .

Illustration moving with

a
speed of
1
2×10
: A
6ms
positive - ' charge
along
of 1. suc
the
is
positive a- ants .

A
magnetic field B→= 0.2J +0 acting
air T acts in
space
. .

,
find the
magnetic force on the
charge
.

Solution :
of = 105 uc =
1.5×10 -6C
U =
2 ✗ 1069ms -1

B→ =
0.2 ; +0.4 2) T

f→= q I ✗ B→
=
105 ✗ 10-6 [ 2×106 ? ✗ 002 ; -10.4£ ]
=
3.010.2 ? xj + 0.4 ? ✗I]
f→ =
0.6 K -

004J N

Illustration Copper has 8.0×1028 electrons per cubic metre A

2 : -

copper wire of length 1m and cross-sectional

•
8.0×10 m2
-

area
at
carrying current and a
lying night angle to B→
of
Calculate
strength 5×10 -3T experiences
force of 8 ✗ 10 -2N a .

the drift velocity of free electrons in the wire .

Solution : n = 8 ✗ 1028m -3 ,
L= 1m
G 2
A 8 ✗ 10 M
-

Total
charge q contained in the
wire
wire
X ne
,

volm
of
=

q =
Alne
9 =
8×10-6 ✗ 1×8×1028 ✗ 1.6 ✗ 10-19
of
=
102.4 ✗ 103C

If Vd is the drift velocity of electrons ,

then

f- =qVdB sin 90° =qVdB

Vd = f- = 8×10-2 MS
"

9B 10204 ✗ 103 ✗ 5 ✗ 10-3

Vd =
1056 ✗ 10 -4ms -1
Illustration In a chamber a uniform
OG 19=10 -4T ) is maintained An
3 :
electron with a speed
magnetic field of
8- .

of
4 ✗ 106ms enters the chamber in a direction normal to
-1

the
41
fieldDescribe .

the path of the electron .

revolution the electron ?

1%1 What is the frequency of of electrons
Liii ) What happens to the
path of due to the if it
loses its
progressively
atoms molecules
collisions
energy the enviornnet
with
of
.

or

Solution :( it The electron is circle radius

path of the a
of r

given by G. = mu
e B
h =
9° / ✗ 10 -31 ✗ 4×106
106 ✗ 10-19 ✗ 8 ✗ 10-4

= 2.8×10-2 m

h =
2 •
8cm

rotation in its orbit be ascertained

The
of of thethe
sense e- can

from the direction

of centripetal force F- e FxB ) -

Thus
if we look
along the direction
of B→ ,
the electron
revolves clockwise .

Ñ f- = EB = 1.6×10-19 ✗ 8×10-4
21T M
21T ✗ 901 ✗ 10-31

= 0 •
22 ✗ 108 Hz
f- = 22MHz

iii In successive collisions electron loses its

,
collision its velocity vector remains
speed
progressively
in the If after .

the initial circular orbit

the
same
radius
plane
the
of
circular orbit will decrease in
,

of
proportion to the
decreasing speed .

Problem for Practice

Ques An electron field of
1 .
beam
passes through
electric
a
magnetic
2×10-3 Wbm -2 and field of 3.4 10411m '
an ✗
-

both
simultaneously
acting calculate If. the path of the electron remains
undeuiated , speed the electrons the electric
the
of If
.

is removed
field
path ?
,
what will be the radius the circular
of
Ques 2. An electron accelerated
through ofafter being a pod .

10011 enters
perpendicular uniform magnetic field a
of 0 -004T
to its direction motion Calculate the radius
of of the .

path described by the electrons .

 Magnetic force on a current
carrying conductor

consider rod uniform section A and

of
a cross area

kind
length l we .
will
electrons
assume
only one
of charge
carriers i. e. . Let the no .

density these
of
charge carriers
' '
be n

total carriers be nl
The
of charge A-
•
• . no .

each
steady carrier current I that
' '
for assume
may drift
a we

velocity vi.
•
has
charge a

carriers is
The
force on these
charge .

F→ = n LA qÑd ✗ B→ F =P A LXB→
'

'T and
where
nqlld .
mould
A is
is the current
the current I
•
density
.

"

F→= I TXÑ
This
rod :
equation only holds for
straight
where I is the vector of
conductor and direction magnitude equal
that
to the
length
the
of the
current I
as
of
is not
Note that current a vector
quantity . In last
step we
transferred the vector
sign from current

density (F) to
length of conductor (F)

Motion In combined Electric and

selector )
Magnetic field
Neto
city PYQ 2017
consider a
moving
chargein q the
velocity
^ ^
with E→
^ ^
v
both electric PE
presence of
and
magnetic field which
^

I
experiences force a >
q
;
.

f-net =
RE -

FB FB
pj
If f- net = 0

f→E =
F→B
qE =
qVB
11 =
E- q
B

Using
value
this we
and B
can balance the
such that the
of E
and
forces becomes
equal acts in
 opposite directions undetected that
condition can be used to they select particles
so move
.
.

can
This
of a

particular velocity out of beam

The crossed
containing charges moving a

with different
velocity and
fields .
E B ,

selector
therefore serves as a
velocity .

Used calculate elm ratio

Uses - 1

electron by .
J.J.
thompson to
of
device
2 Used in a mass
spectroscopy their
that
separates chargesratio ,

usually ions
according to
charge to mass .

Illustration of
4 : A straight wire mass
200g and length
midair
105m carries
of suspended in
a current 2A It is
.

by a
uniform horizontal magnetic
field B→ What is .

the
magnitude of the magnetic field ?
^F
Solution -

Suppose that a wire AB

carries current
direction
a
as shown .
of The
2A in the

acts downwards
weight my .

A
¥ I B

for mid air

-

suspension ,

Magnetic force on the wire =

vmg
weight of the wire

IIB sin 90 =
mg
B. = mas

Il

0.2kg -2
l 1.5m
m
200g g 9.8ms I 2A
= = = = =
, , ,

% B = 002×908
105 ✗ 2

B. = 0.65T

Problem Practice
for
kinetic
Ques proton of equal energies enter
1. Two a

region uniform magnetic field

of enters first
.
The
proton normal to the field while
the enters at the
other
direction Name
angle of
30° to

field . the
[ IM ]
trajectories followed
by them PYQ .
2018
Ques 2. write expression
the
,
in a vector
due to a form ,
for the
Lorentz
moving B What
magnetic
with
force change
F

velocity direction magnetic

r in a

field
( PYQ 2014 )
. is the
of force .

Queszo Write the expression ,

in a vector form , for the
magnetic
Lorentz with force F due to a
chargeB-
moving that
Show velocity work
o
is
in
done
a

magnetic fieldthis
by 20111
no

force on the
charged particle ( PYQ
Quest . A
velocity selector is used to select Alpha
particles Energy of 200 Kev .
from a Beam

containing of particles
several Energies The .

Electric
field strength is 9 00k111m What .

must be the
magnetic field strength .

cyclotron
It is a device used to accelerate
charged particles
or ions to
high energies
.

construction It consists two semicircular disc

of D.
-
-

like metal containers and Dz separated by a

distance which called
small
contains an oscillator
are Dee's as
they
look like a letter D .
It also
which
produces an useoscillating electric The
field .

cyclotron makes of crossed electric and

magnetic field
particles .
to increase the
energy of charged
Principle .
A
cyclotronthat
works
on the
principle the
taken ion to
time
complete one
by an
revolution
in its orbit is independent
of the speed or radius
of its
orbits

working -
Inside the dee's ,
the
is shielded as no electric
particle acts on it The
field magnetic
.

field
particle
acts on the
and makes it
go
in charged
a circular
trajectory .

Every time the

charged particle
moves out
of one
of the dees ,
it is acted upon
 by
electric
the
in tune with
field .

of electric
The direction
circular motion
field changes
the
ofthe electric
the
charge
such that it is
always accelerated
by field .

Each time the accelerated its

and hence its charge isradius increases
,
as
energy increases
well so .

it moves in a
spiral trajectory . The increase in
kinetic
energy of crosses the
particle is
qVDees✗ is pod .

everytime it one
of
the These
.

ions are
repeatedly accelerated till they have
have
enough the
energy to
dees
a radius
approximately that

of
•

They are
and
then directed
by
a
magnetic fieldexit leave
slit
the
system
through
an .

Calculation : When
released
positively
in charged
the
particle
centre
like
the
protons are
semicircular of in
dees ,
they move in a path one

the dee's and then arrive in the between

of time interval which gap is
in a
given
them T

by Idiot ?T
-

T = 2am
it I speed )
= 21T M . M

nqB
T = ZTLM

QB

f- = AB
ZTLM

This is known as
cyclotron
frequency .

frequency of the
This
that
applied voltage is
adjusted
reversed in
such
the
polarity of
the dees is
same
revolution
time that the
i. e.
particle takes to
complete one half
frequency of applied voltage cyclotron frequency
=

This condition is called resonance condition .

also calculate the kinetic

energy of
we can the ions -

R = MY ÷ it =
of BR
QB m

thence Koto q2B2R2

=z_mv2 =

2m
Uses
nuclear
: -
1 Bombard nuclei with
reaction .
energetic particles to
study
2 To
implant ions in solids to modify their properties
materials
or
synthesize new .

Used
3 in
hospitalsandto produce radiative
treatments
substances
used in
diagnosis
Limitations to the Einstein 's special
According : 1 .

of
theory with
relativity in the
of particle
,
increases
mass a

increase
velocity the
.

At
hightovelocities
cyclotron frequency will decreases
This will
,

in throw the
due mass increase .

particles
out resonance with
of above oscillating field .

The drawback is overcome either

by increasing the
magnetic fieldthe alternating
synchrotron as in a or
by decreasing
frequency of
electric
field as in a
synchro cyclotron
- .

Electron cannot be accelerated in a cyclotron A

large
2 .

increase in their
energy increases their
velocity to a
very extent
largewith This throws the electrons out .

of
step the
oscillating field .

accelerated
3 Neutrons
in
,
being electrically neutral , cannot be
a
cyclotron .

Illustration 5 : A cyclotron 's oscillator frequency is 10MHz .

What should be
radius
the operating magnetic
deets
field accelerating
for60cm
protons ? If the
of the is ,

what kineticis the

energy of
the proton beam produced
the accelerator ?
by
Solution :
fe = 10MHz
' 9
= 107112 , Mp = 9- •
67×10-27 kg
@ = 1.6 ✗ to
-

C g
R = 60cm = 0 •
6m

The operating magnetic field for accelerating proton is

B. = 2AM pfc =
2×3014 ✗ 1.67×10-27×107
106 ✗ 10 -19
@

B = 0.66T

kinetic
energy of the
emerging beam will be

2×(0.6612×10.6)
2

kmax = EZBZRZ =
1.6×10-19
2 2×1067×10-27
Mp
 Kmax = 102×10-125 = 1.2×10-12 MeV
10602 ✗ to -13

kmax = 7- • 4 MeV

problem for practice

and
Ques 9- • A cyclotron has a
oscillatory frequency of 12MHz a

radius calculate
magnetic field
dee the
of 50cm .

required accelerate deletions 3.3×10-27

and
to
of the mass
charge
kg 1.6×10 the -19C What is
energy of
.

deuterons
emerging from the
cyclotron ?
is used
Queso In
to accelerate cyclotron
protons
magnetic
a induction
of
rapidly should the electric .
,
a
How
1. at

the dees reversed

field between be 2
.

Biot Savant Law

-

due to current Element

Magnetic field PYQ 2020,9-9,18 , 17,12

conductor
consider
an infilesimal
a
element
XY
de carrying ofcurrent conductor
consider
the
I.
.

element is to
The
be
magnetic field
determined
dB
at a
due to
point
this
which is at a distance
p
or
from it .

dt
Let 0
at
be the
angle between and
displacement vector
current
µ -
-
-
-
Element
-

According of to blot -
savant law ,
the
→
✗
dB is
magnitude magnetic field
the
to dB
proportional
distance
the
square of a
r

IT
.

Its direction is
perpendicular
dt and ñ
to the
plane
cointaining
d→B dl→XÑ
'
'
✗ I '
-

**
of

dB→ (dtxñ )
" "

= No
.
I where Us is the
4¥
proportionality
constant
4-11 of
-

dB→ No Idlsino
and Mo is the
permeability of
the
free space
= .

Tx ri

tho = 10-7 TMA - 1

41T
 certain similarities
The
as
bio savant Law
well
-

as
for
differences
the
with
magnetic
the
field has
coulomb: an law
for
electrostatic
field
similarities
range forces
depends inversely on the both
Both are
longdistance as
-

square of .

The principle
of superposition is
is linear in
applicable to the both
fields
The
magnetic field the source Idl just
-

electrostatic
as the
field is linear in its source
.

Differences
•

Magnetic field is
produced by scaler
is produced
source whereas
Electric vector
field by source .

Magnetic field is
perpendicular to the
plane whereas
Electric
field
source and
is
along pointdisplacement
the
interest joining vector
the the
of
.

Magnetic field is angle dependence and Electric field is

-

not
angle dependence .

Magnetic field on the anis

of circular current loop .

consider a current
I in which there is carrying
a
ÑÉop%fÑa%uis"R
K
and current

dt
conducting
Element
of the
loop .

The
magnitude dB→ the Ñ ' r
dpi ,dB→
of to di
r
F
magnetic field due
Iv ② ,
is
given
savant Law
by .
the Biot
N
P dBn
↳> n

dlxr
'
dB = no I
di
41T his §
NOW Ñ= R2 -122

Any element the

of loop will be
perpendicular to the
element to the
displacement
anial point
vector
.
from the

the element all in is in

For example ,

displacement
figure Y -2
is
plane
in
whereas the vector r
from dl
N -

y plane .
Thus ldlxr ) = Idl

:. dB =
Mo_ Idl
41T In 't R2 )

be resolved in
This dB can
dB Sino axis
two
rectangular components
1.
dB cos 0 along the .

axis
2.
perpendicular to the .
For
any
two
diametrically opposite elements
components perpendicular to the ants of
of the
the
loop the
loop will
,

and
be
equal opposite and will cancel out Their .

direction
along
axial be in the
components will same
,
anis and added
a-
get up
.

Total
Magnetic field at the point P along axis is
• : a-

B =/ dB Sino

R
Also
,
Sint
Ry ( R2 -12442
= =

=/ dl R
•
• • B No I. .

3/2
ATI ( R2 + my
LIR
I
B Mo_ R

312µL
-

4k ( R2 -1N 2)

B = No I '
R 2# R

2 ATX ( R2 -1221312
D= i
along direction
-
Mo IR + re ✗ -

21 R2 -1221312

of coil consists of N -
turns

B→ = MON IRZ
312
2. ( R2 + N 2)

Special Gasses :-

in At the centre
of the
current loop .

In -0 )
B. = tho NIRZ =
do NI
2 R3 2R

Hit At the axial points lying far away from the coil ,
as> R

B = MONI Rt
223

Hii ) At an

coil
arid point at a distance equal to the radius of
the i. e. , n
-

-
R

B = Mo NIRZ =
No NIRZ
2 ( AZ -1 qzysyz 2512 .
A
 The direction of
Magnetic
hand
field
thumb
is
given
rule
Right
by stated
,

as :

"

curl the palm of your right hand around the circular

wire with in the direction
fingers pointing the

of the current The right hand thumb gives the

•

direction of the magnetic field !

Clock Rule -

field
magneticcircular
"

variation
polarity of
•
This rule
gives the
circular
of the
ants
any face of current round
the
along current
the of : a

current loop .

If the
loop
any face of the coil is inbehaves
anticlockwise direction , it
like a north
pole If the current
.

in the clockwise direction

flowsbehaves south
,
it like a
pole !

Magnetic field due to

conductor
a
long straight current carrying
"
conductor ✗ Y
Consider
straight carrying
'

i. a

?¥÷;p
wish to
current I we
find its
.

-
Q 1 magnetic field at the point P whose
I
perpendicular distance is
• '
a .

①
e. deaf "
to consider small current element dt of the
a

conductor at 0
" Its distance
.

from Q is I .

I
Yi
Let r→ be the
the current
position vector
element and
of point P relative to
0 be the
between dl→ and r→
angle
✗ .
 According
dB→
to Biot savant Law the
due to the current element
-

,
magnitude of the field
dl will be

dB = do "
I dl Sino
41T R2
From AOQP ,

0-+1=900
⑤ =
90° -

/
Sino = Simao -0 ) = Cos 0

Also ,
cos of = A r = a = a Sec /
a- cos

As tan 0 = l l = a fan
a
on
differentiating we
get
all = a
seiodo

•
• •
dB = No I used Odo ) lost
47 a 2sec
2
0

dB = Mo I lost do
It a

Acc .
to
rightathand thumb rule
point P due to all
,
the direction
such
the
magnetic
of current elements
field the

the
will
paper
be in the
.
same direction ,
normally into the plane of

entire conductor
The total
field B at the point P due to the
is obtained
integrating
by and the above
equation within the
limits -0 , 02 .

102 %
B. =
1dB
0,
=
/ No I.ws/od0
-
-

Of ,
4T a

B MOI sin 0 sin -0

[ ]
=
-

.
,

471 a

B No I sin 01 Sino ]
[
= *
, ,

47 a
Special cases : -

is middle of the wire

Case :
If point at the .
-

[ 0, =
02 ] ✗

P
Sino (
•

B = MOI
.

271h
Y

" ✗
wire
case 2- At
midpoint of infinite , !
[0 ,
=
0/2 = 90 ]
r .
p
L
B = No I
'
29h ,

i.

end of wire !Y
Case 3- At one the
finite ,

[ / 2=0 ] 0,1
•
P

B = MOI sin 10 ,

ATI r

case 4- At one end of the infinite wire ,

P
[0 ,
= 90° ,
102=0 ]
,
[

B = No I
1

4Th I
:

I.

Illustration 6 : An element Ae→= Dni is placed origin

at the
and carries a current I -2A Find out the
magnetic
-

field at
due to the
point P on
element
a the
An
y
-

=
ants at a distance
1m .

Give also the of 9-

direction
• on

of the field produced

.

Solution : AT = Dni h= 1m
I = 2A
AN = 1cm = 0.01m

dB = Mo I desire -0
4Th R2

7-
10 ✗ 2 ✗ 0.01
-

2
I

B = 2×10-9 T in -12 - direction

 circular coil ,
Illustration
radius
of centre
7
nearly
: A
20cm each , having
lies in ✗ Y
of
too turns wire
plane with its
,

find the
at the
origin of10,0 201J co ordinates
when this magnetic
-
.

field at the
carries
, point
current
, ,
coil
a
of ¥ A.
Solution : N= 100 ,
a =
20cm = 0.2m
2 =
2053 cm = 0 •
253M

÷A
I =

The coil lies

lies on z arts -
.
in X -

Y plane and the

field point 0,012053

Magnetic field at the areal field point ,

ah
2
No NI &# ✗ 10-7×100 ✗ @ 2)
B
2g ✗
= •
=

2 ( q2 -122,312
2 [ ( Oo 2) 2+(0.253/2) 3/2

-5
= 4×10-5 ✗ 0.04 = 0016 ✗ 10 -1
2 •
2)
3
( It 3) 312 2×0-008×8

AT
got ✗ 10
-

= 25 ✗ 10-6
B = 25 MT

Illustrations wires
figure shows two current
:
carrying of the
-

9- and Find 2. the

magnitudes and directions

magnetic field at
point P Q and R ,
.

Solution :( d)
According to
right
hand rule the B.
,
P
field of 20A
wire 9- at point will point 30A

normally outward while •

? •

Bz of wire 2 will
point P cm 0cm 10cm 10cm R

normally inward hence ,

Bp =
B ,
-

Bz = Mo Il - Mo Iz
21T Up 29h2

]
4-11×10 t
[
30
Bp 20
-

= -

27L 0010 0.30

Bp
=
2.0 ✗ 10 -5T , outwards
 ii. At
point Q ,
both B ,
and Bz will
point normally inward ,

4-11×10-7
% Bo B , + Bz
[ 2.0 + 30
]
= =
,

21T , 001
•
10 inwards
-

Ba = T ,

iii Atpoint R B , points

, normally inwards and Bz points
normally outwards .

BR Bz Bp 4-11×10-7
[03.0-1-02.9]
= - =

21T
4.5 ✗ 10 -5T outward
BR =
,

Problem
for Practice

Ques
Fig shows
long straight
1 .
. two ,
wires
each in
carrying electric currents loan
directions
gem

of 10A
opposite the wire
.

f
<

The
separation between is •

p , on .

5.0 cm Find the

magnitude of magnetic
.

at a point P
field midway
between
the wires .

Ques a.

perpendicular
Two
infinitely
to
long insulated wires
each other
They carry
.
are

currents
kept
I, = 2A and Iz = 105A .

direction
nIz is find the
magnitude and

magnetic field
It the at P
of
.

>

Iii ) direction current is reversed

If the
3cm

in the
ofwires what would
i one
of ,

magnitude
p
4cm
be the
of the field B ?

An element AT Ani is and

Ques 3 .

placed at the __

origin carries
a
large
the
current
ants at
I. 10A what is the
distance
= .

magnetic field on

y 0.5m
of An 1
-
a .
=
cm .

Biot savant obtain

Quest . Use -
Law to an
expression for the
magnetic field at
side
the centre
10cm
of a coil bent in the
form of
a
square of carrying current 10A .

Quests Two .

infinitely long conducting carrying

insulating mutually
I, and -12 lie perpendicular to
each other in the same
plane as shown in
figure .

Find the
magnetic field at the
point Pla , b) .

Fig
[ 17
 •

Pla , b)
1A
It ^
I, =

h
3cm 4cm

>I
N •

,
Icm 3cm→

Fig 1 ↳
Fig 2
12

Ques 6 Two
. coaxial circular loops ↳ and Lz of radii 3cm
and 4cm are
placed as shown .
What should be the
and direction
magnitude loop Lz
the current in the
of
so that
be zero ?
the
( Fig 2)
net
magnetic field at the
point

Ampere 's circuital Law PYQ 2015 , la

, 11,10

Ampere 's circuital

B→ around
Law states that the line
closed
integral of the
circuit is
equal
magnetic field constant ) timesanythe total current
to Mo (
permeability I

threading or
passing through this closed circuit .

Mathematically §→Bodl→= MOI ,

In
Simplified form , Ampere's circuital law states that if field
B→ is tangent every point
directed
along the to on the
constant
perimeter 1 of a closed curve and its
magnitude is

along the Wwe

'
Ble MOI

here is
The
hand
sign convection
rule
involves
given by the
right
hand be curled in the sense
Let the
fingers
of the
right
the
boundary is traversed in the loop
integral
of Bode Then the direction of the thumb gives the
.

sense
in which current I is regarded positive as .
 In some cases
,
it is possible to choose the loop ( called an amperian
) such that at each
point of the
loop loop ,
either

%) TB is
tangential to the loop and is a non -

zero comet
ant B ,
His B→ is normal to the loop ,
Hiii B→ vanishes .

Application current
: (1) Field due to infinite
conductor straight
carrying .

consider
infinitelyinlongwhich
straight
an

conducting wire I
we wish to
current is
flowing
.

calculate
magneticfromfield wire
the at a

distance
point P at a or the .

Consider radius
with the
an
Ampere
wire at
an

its
loop of centre .
or

By symmetry
B- is
,
the
magnitude point
at
of
of
the
field
circular
same
every
loop .

: .

§→B.d→l =

§ Bdlcos 0° Bfodl = = B. 2-119

From circuital law

Ampere 's ,

B. 271h =
No I

B = No I
271h

The direction of the

field at point on the circle is
theany
tangential to it Thus
field lines
of constant
.

magnitude form concentric circles .

Solenoid PYQ 2015,2011

,
2011

A solenoid insulated copper wire wound

in the
means an
closely
form of
spaced
a helix where the
neighbouring turns are

closely
.

For an ideal solenoid :

-

• The
windings closelyis placed
are

solenoid
.

The
lengthradiusof very large compared its
•
as to
 around the middle
The
field region of its
length is
uniform
•

and constant .

field inside
stronger by inserting
be made iron
soft
• can a core

the solenoid . PYQ 2011

Magnetic field due to a section Magnetic field of finite

solenoid .
a

of a
finite solenoid .

the solenoid with the

Ampere
's
right hand Rule Grasp
right hand so that the
fingers
the
of thumb
point current along
the direction
the extended
,
will then indicate the

face of the solenoid that has

an
north
polarity .

Ampere 's
solenoid
rule
.
" for polarity of a

solenoid
Magnetic field inside a (
using Act )

figure represents
idealised picture .
this
The

field outside the solenoid

approaches zero .
we
shall assume that the
outside is zero
field inside becomes
.

The
field
everywhere
the ants
parallel to
.

Consider abed cd
an
rectangular amperian loop Along
the
.

field
bc
is zero
and ad
asabove
argued field
the
.

Alongevent transverse
is
sections
compo n
zero
.

Thus ,
these two sections make no contribution .
 §B→odl→ =
§B→•dl→
AB
+ §B?dÉ° §→B.dÉ §B?Ñ
BC
+

CD
+

DA

§ Bdl
AB
= B. l

Using Act

Of Bodh = Mo I enclosed

B l =
No I N
B l =
none I as current in each turns is I

B =
Mon I

TOROID PYQ 2015 ,

2011

solenoid bent into the is called

A
toroidal solenoid .
form of a closed
Ring a

OR
toroid is hollow circular
The
ring woundwhich large number
on a

of turns of a wire are

closely .

Consider the toroid and outer

following inner radius
'

ai
radius '
b' with current
of I total turns
of
and N .

Loop 3

Loop 2

loop 1

Considering three loops which shown

ampere by
an are
dalhed radius lines and
different having Rs r, ,
r, .

each tangential
symmetry
Bythem magnetic field,
should be
the to
and constant in
magnitude for of loops the .

1. Point in the interior

of the toroid
.

Let B. be the
magnitude of magnetic
radius
field along the

loop
Ampere an 1
of
ra
 of Bo all =
No Irene

§ B. all =
Mol I

B = 0

2. Point inside the toroid .

Let B be the
magnitude
radius of magnetic field along the
amperean
loop 2
of r .

Of Bodh =
Mo Ienc

B. LTL hz = Mo I
B = Mo I
21T 92

For N -
turns ,

B =
No NI
ITI hz

3. for
points in the exterior of the toroid .

Of B. all =
No Ienc ( Current
coming out
of the plane is
cancelled
plane )
bythat
going
into the

B = 0

Illustration solenoid radius

9 : A
of length 0.5m has a
carries
of current
1cm and is made up of 500 turns It . a

field inside
of the
5A . What is
solenoid ?
the
magnitude of the magnetic
Solution No
per unit length ,
: •

of turns
-1 turns
n = = 500 = 1000 m

005

Here ,
1=0 •
5m and r = 0.01m i. e. l >> a .

B =
none
= At ✗ 10-7 ✗ 1000 ✗ 5

B = 6 •
28 ✗ 10 -3T
 Problem Practice
for
Ques A solenoid 50cm oflong layers of windings
1 .
has 4
350 turns each The radius the lowest
. is 1.4
of layer
If the current carried is 6.0A
Estimate
cm
B→
.

the centre
the
the solenoid on its axis and
.

magnitude
of a near
ofends on its anis , (c) outside
off its anis b near its ,

the solenoid near its centre .

Ques A wire
of radius
carries a current 0.5cm
of
2 .

100 A
uniformly distributed over its crossthesectionants
find •

the
wire , magnetic
Ciri ) at
field
the
4) at 0.1cm
surface of
from
the wire and of the
Liii)
at a point outside the wire 0.2cm from the
surface
wire
of the .

Force between two parallel current -

carrying conductors
PYQ 2018 , 2016,2011

Figure shows two parallel conductors audits

.
•
ai

Carrying steady current

separated by distance
'

Ia and Ii
• "
a
•
di .

The conductors
'
a'
produces the
,
same
magnetic fieldtheBa conductor
at all
b'
'

points along .

hand rule tells that

The
the right
direction this
field
us
is Fb&MH
downwards ( when of the conductors
are
placed horizontally ) .

force segment of length

The ( Fba on

L of wire B can written as -

Ba = Mo Ia
2Nd

Fba = Its 1 Bb

= Mo Ia Ib L
bae •

Ltd

the wire A also equal force Fab

similarly ,
experience an but
in the opposite direction ( towards
right )
.
 Fba = -
Fab

Parallel currents attracts and antiparallel currents

repel .

Force
per unit length fba
Let
So
f- babe
we can
the
magnitude
write :-
of force Fba per
unit
length L
.

f- bae
= No Ia Ib
2TLd

The above
the
expression
seven
is used to
SI base
define the
units
ampere (A) ,
which is
one
of
.

"
is the value which when
of the twosteady
The that current
ampere ,

maintained in each
of straight
very long and , ,

parallel conductors
of innegligible cross-section placed ,

conductor
apart
one meter
produce
force equal to 2×10-7 Newtons per meter of length
a
vacuum would ,
each on
:

An instrument called the current balance is need to measure this

mechanical
force .

Illustration
rectangular
10
loop of sides 25cm and 10cm
: A
placed with its longer
carrying current
ofa 15A is
side parallel to long
apart carrying the current ? of
straight
25A
conductor
What is the anet
a
.
2.0cm

force on
loop
Solution : Consider
rectangular
a
loop ABCD placed near

long straight
a conductor XY ,
as shown .

xD < C
AB will
The
attracted
Arm
white
getCD
, ✓ n

will
get repelled .
rz=l2cm
I
1=15 A
>
Forces on arms BC and AD ,
A B
I 2cm
✓
and >
being collinear
equal , opposite
will cancel
✗
Iz = 25A Y
,

each other .

loop
throughrectangular
Current
through the I. 15A
=
,
Current the
long XY wire
,
-1-2=25 A
Force on AB .

F. = No
ATI
2IiIz
he
✗
length of conductor AB

= 9-0-7×2 ✗ 15 ✗ 25 ✗ 25 ✗ 10-2
2 ✗ 10 -2

F, = 9.375 ✗ 10
-

AN Attractive force

Force on CD ,

Fz =

Tae
No 2=11-1-2
ha
✗
length of conductor CD

7-
10 ✗ 2×15×25
-

=
✗ 25 ✗ 10-2
2
12 ✗ 10
-

f- 2=1056 ✗ 10-4 Repulsive force

Net force on the loop ,

A 105625×10-4
f- Fp Fz 9. 37-5 ✗ 10
-

= - = -

f- = 7. 8125 ✗ 10-4 N Attractive

Problem
for Practice

Ques 1 . A
horizontal rigidly
long 100A supportedand
wire carries a

current
is a
of wire Directly
.

carries
above it parallel to it

fine 0.05 Nm that

How above the
a current
wire
200A and
of
should the
weighssecond far
- '
.

to support
magnetic
wire be
kept it
by
repulsion ?
Ques 2 .
In
figure the wires AB CD
and have
, ,

and EF
identical
are
long
resistances separations . The
A >
B

between the wires is 1cm .

The a
AE and Bf have
wires
resistance and ammeter
negligible
reads E
>
f
15A . calculate the
magnetic force
per unit
length of AB and CD .

TORQUE on current
carrying loop Magnetic Dipole .
.

Torque on a
rectangular current carrying loop in uniform a

magnetic field .
 A current
carrying loop in uniform a

magnetic field experiences torque a .

Such that it doesn't experiences a

net force .

Consider a current
carrying rectangular
B→ carrying
current
loop in
ABCD
shown
I
,

kept a as -

AB will be into the plane

The
and
force
that
on arm

CD will be out of the

on
plane .

% Net l all cancel out each

force = O other ) .

Force distance
Torque =
✗ Ir

F.
(E) FYE)
=
+

T =

Az ( F ,
+ Fz
) [ F, = Fa =
IBB ]
I 2 IBB
§
=

c- = IB ( ab )
T = IBA where A is area
of the coil

g- we
place the same
loop with the field at an
angle 0
consider
at
the
magnetic
with
field
an
angle ② the

perpendicular to the area

ofthe loop .

The forces or arm BC and

DA are
will
equal so .

again
out
they cancel
each other .

The
forces on AB and CD are also
equal
and
opposite in
magnitude
f- , =
Fz =
IBB

Torque F, Sino Sino

og fz Ag
= +

= I ( ab ) B. Sino

I =
IAB Sino
 define magnetic moment
We the the
of
current loop as
,

m→ IA→
=

direction vector A→ is
where
hand thumb
the
rule and
of the area

directed into the

given by the right
plane
the
of
paper
.

which is
= m→ xD
analogous to I=p→xE→

If m is
parallel to B stable
Equilibrium
-

gf m is antiparallel to B- Unstable
Equilibrium
If loop has N turns ,
m= NIA

circular current loop as a

magnetic dipole
consider circular loop
axis atcarryingdistance upon
Radius R current
of its ,
I ,

The
the
magnetic field
centre -
on a

B = Mo I RZ
2. ( R2 -1221312
us> R
If
B = No IRZ I

223

As the the
area
of loop is A = -11 R2 ,

B = No IA
27L m3

Mom
B =

2723

1÷%→
B =

where
Analogy E =

f÷g 2Pa; .
no →

÷ .
m →
pe B→E

Electrostatic
Electro -

static
Dipole field
Note : -

An electric dipole is buildup of two elementary

units
charges electric monopoles but in magnetism the
magnetic
-

dipole ( any current loop) element

carrying do most
elementary
is the
not
i. e.
magnetic monopoles exist .

Hence we shown that a current

loop behaves like
4) produces at magnetic field
dipole
a and a
magnetic
subjected to
large distances and
needle
ii. , is torque like a
magnetic .

This led
Ampere's to
suggest that all
magnetism is due to
circulatingelementary
However
currents
,
This .

particles
seems

such as
to
an electron
be
partly true
or a
.

also
proton carry an intrinsic
currents
magnetic moment
,
accounted
by circulating
not .

Illustration 11 : A 100 turns coil keeps in a

magnetic
B→ carries
field current 1A
-2
= 0.05 Wbm ,
Find
a
of ,

in
figure torque acting
the on
as shown .

the coil -

P S
n

^
V 15cm
N S

> R
Q 15cm

Solution : Here the

angle
between the ants of rotation of
the coil and the
magnetic field is 90 :

N = 100 I = 9- A
15 cm ✗ 15cm d m2
A 225 ✗ 10
-

= =

B 0.5 IN bm
-2
=

-0 = 900

Torque ,
NBA Sino
y =

= 100 ✗ 1 ✗ 0.5 ✗ 225×10-4 ✗ sin 90°

c- = 10125 Nm

Problem for practice

Ques maximum torque coil of effective
area
1 .
The
0.04 m2 is
acting
4×10-8 Nm
on a
when the current in it
 induction
is

kept
100nA
.
. find the
magnetic in which it is

Ques 2 A solenoid
of length 0.am and
havingveil turns 500
.

carries a
ofwire current 3A A thin
of radius having
.

wire and 0.01m carries

10 turns
of of calculate required
a current of 0.4 A •

middle
the
torque
to hold the
anis
coil in the
of axisthe solenoid
solenoid
with its perpendicular to the
of the .

circular coil radius

Quel
and
A 30
carries current of 2.0cm has
axis
500 turns
makes
a
of 9- A • Its an

angleof
0.40 T
30° with the
that exists in
uniform
Find magnetic
the
field of
coil
space
•

torque
on the

acting
.

The
Magnetic Dipole moment of a
revolving
electron

consider the Bohr

picture of the electron
as shown • The e-
performs uniform
circular motion
nucleus
around a
stationary
heavy
constitutes a current
of charge
which is
+ Ze .This
I ,
given as

Q IT
¥ ¥
m→ -

,
I = =

orbital radius
Let r be the
of the
electron ,
and u the orbital speed .

Then 1- = 2am distance

,
v speed
evd
I
•
=
• •

T1 r

As we know MY = IA = I Tlrt
g
not
L¥n art
=
.

in = ever
2
m→=
Imel mere)
MT = e
never
2me
 MT =

2 Me
e t where Lies the
momentum
angular
.

7- -

Eme rationTheis called the

ratio and is
gyromagnetic
constant Its value is .
a

electron
8.8 ✗ 101°C
kg for an .

model atom we know that

from Bohr's
momentum
of an
electron is quantized angular
of an i. e.

L =
nh
21

m→=
%
Eme 1¥
if n= 1

"
m→
-

=
9.27 ✗ 10 Am '
= 1 BM

This value is called Bohr 's

Magnetron
points to be noted :
circular motion
-

change in uniform
Any associated which is called
would have
the
an

magnetic moment
orbital magnetic moment .

intrinsic moment
The electron has another
magnetic
-

,
moment
called the
value
spin
Bohr
magnetic which has a

of 1
magnetron
.

-
St is not that the electron is spinning doesn't
This is because
-

it is an
anis to spin
elementary
about ,
particle and
like our earth
have
.
But it does have
an

an intrinsic
magnetic moment .

Moving coil
galvanometer PYQ 2020,18 16,15 11,10 , ,

May is device which is sensitive to small current

very
a .

construction : A
galvanometer consists
of a coil with
-

,
about
many
turns ,
free to rotate a
fined axis ,
in
consists
a
uniform magnetic
iron field St also
which make
.

a
soft core the
radial
field and also increases the
strength of
the

magnetic field .
 *

Cylindrical magnets
radial
are used to
generate fields so
that the
magnetic ofto
the moment
coil is
always perpendicular
the
field .
PYQ 2020,2019

Principle : A current
carrying loop
in a
magnetic field experiences a

torque PYQ 2016,2015 2011,2010

.

Working :

the
When
coil
a current
it experiences
flows
through ,
a

torque of magnitude
E = NIAB
Since
field -0=900
is radial
•
•
. Sin ,
i. e.
90 =
perpendicular
1
to the area vector

The
galvanometer is
filled with a
spring which
provides a
torque
oppositein direction which
in balances the
magnetic
the

torque resulting angular deflection Let the

steady twist
a .

torsional
spring have
angleconstant
of is 0 and constant K .

Torsional
restoring torque per unit

angular displacement
Kol =
NIAB

Of = NAB I
K

Current
Sensitivity ofthe
Galvanometer
current
PYQ 2020,10
It is
defined
increase
as
deflection per
unit .

We can the current

senstivity of the galvanometer
the

by increasing the number

of turns N
of coil .

NkAB_
voltage senitivity
defined
Galvanometer
of the
PYQ 201%

It is as
deflection per unit
voltage
.

¥R = NAB
KR

cannot
we
member
of turns
increase
voltage
because if sensitivity
the number
by increasing
turns
the
increase
of
the resistance also increases
by the
the same amount ,

voltage sensitivity remains

hence same .
Conversion of Galvanometer
% As Ammeter PYQ 2020 . 2011,2010

cannot be used to current

The
in a
galvanometer
circuit it is because
as -
measure the

scale currents
• It
gives full deflection for
of
the order
of na
for
measuring
current , it will have to be connected
•

in series
Ry , it will
and since it has such a
the value current in
resistance
the circuit
high
change of .

To convert the Galvanometer into an ammeter -

we attach small resistance rs ( called shunt

very parallel with the
a

resistance ) in
that most the current passes
through the galvanometer
so
shunt Since
. both are in of
parallel ,
The resistance combination is
of the
-

R =
Rg Ms
Ry +
Ms

R =
Rg >> rs

R =
Ms

Ii ) As Voltmeter PYQ 2015

Galvanometer can also be converted

to a voltmeter to the measure
potential
difference across a section of the circuit
for which it must be connected in
parallel to the circuit and draw very
less current .

In order to achieve this ,

we connected
in series with the
a
large resistance R
galvanometer .

Ro =
Rg + R
Illustration and
rectangular coil
of 5×10 am
'
12 A
-

: area
is about one vertical sides
60 turns
pivotedradial of its .

The coil
torsional
is in a horizontal field of 904 What is .

hair
the constant
of the
springs connected
-

to the coil if a current

of ?
0.20mA
produces an

angular deflection of 18°

Solution : B =
904=90×10-4-1 ,

A =
5 ✗ 10-4 m2 ,
I = 0.2mA = 0.2×10-3 A
N= 60 ✗ = 18° .

Torsional constant a K = NIBA

✗

K = 60 ✗ 002×10-3 ✗ 90×10-4×5 XD -4

18

1<=3×10-9 Nm
deg
- •

needs 50mV
Illustration 13 : A
galvanometer
divisions Find its
for a
full
sensitivity
scale

deflection of 50
voltage
.

What must be its resistance

if its current
is division
sensitivity 9- uA ?

Solution
Voltage senstieity
:
,

11s = ✗ =
50 divisions
y 50 ✗ 10 -311

Hs = 103 dir .
v -1

Resistance
of galvanometer ,

Is 9- dir
Rg = =
MA
Vs 103 dir V
- i

= 106 dir A- I
103 der v - i

Rg = 9- ooo r

Illustration The coil

14 :
of a
galvanometer
is 0.02m ✗ 0.08m .

and is in
It consists
of 200 turns
of wire
fine magnetic
a

field of 0.2 tesla The

-

restoring torque constant of the

suspension Nmdeg Assuming the magnetic field

"

to be
fibre
radial
is 10-6
a what is
.

the maximum current

,
that can be measured
by this galvanometer , if the scale
can accommodate 30°
deflection ? (b)
detected
What is the smallest
current that can be
if the minimum
observable deflection of 0.1
degree ?

solution : a The maximum current Imax that can be

measured
by
:

NBA Imax =
K ✗
max

I = K ✗ max =
10-6×30 A
may
NBA 200 ✗ 0.2×1.6×10-3

•
Imax do 69×10 A
-

be detected
b The smallest current 1min that can is
given
by
:

T-min-kffzm.hn
=
10-6×001 A
200 ✗ 0 •
2×1.6 ✗ 10-3

Imine = I -56 ✗ 10 -6A

Problem
for practice
coil
Ques 9- • To increase the current
moving
sensitivity isof increased a

galvanometer by 50%
the new resistance
,
its resistance
twice its initial
so that
becomes resistance .

By
what factor
voltage senstiuity changes
does its ?

The coil
Ques 2 .

wire wound
of galvanometer consists of 250 turns
of
fine rectangular
on a 2.0cm ✗ 1.0cm

frame It is suspended
.
in uniform radial magnetic a

field of strength
•
2,000 G. A current
of 10 A produces an
-

angular deflection of 30° in the coil Find the torsional .

constant its
of suspension .