‫اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻮرﻳﺔ‬

‫هﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ اﻟﺬرﻳـﺔ‬

‫هـ ط ذ س‪ -‬ﻩ ن ‪ /‬ت د ع ‪٨١٨‬‬

‫ﺣﺰﻳﺮان ‪٢٠٠٩‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻋﻦ دراﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﺳﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن )اﻟﺠﻔﺖ(‬

‫ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر ﺻﻼح اﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﻜﺮﻳﺘﻲ‬

‫ﻋﺒﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ‬
‫ﺳﺤﺎب إﺑﺮاهﻴﻢ‬

‫هـ ط ذ س‪ -‬ﻩ ن ‪ /‬ت د ع ‪٨١٨‬‬

 ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ أﻋﻤﺎل هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫م‪.‬م‪ .‬ﺣﺴﺎن ﻋﻴﺴﻰ‬

‫م‪.‬م‪ .‬وﺳﺎم أﺑﻮ ﺧﻠﻴﻞ‬

‫‪٢‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﺤـﺘــﻮﻳﺎت‬

‫‪١‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﺨﺺ‬
‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪Abstract‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫‪٨‬‬ ‫هﺪف اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ‬
‫‪٨‬‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺮاءات اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٨‬‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت‬
‫‪٩‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻴﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪GC-mass‬‬
‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻴﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪UV-vis‬‬
‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻴﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪HPLC‬‬
‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪١١‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫‪١٨‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫‪١٩‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺗﻤﺔ‬
‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ‬

‫‪٣‬‬
 (‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن )اﻟﺠﻔﺖ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ ﺻﻼح اﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﻜﺮﻳﺘﻲ و ﻋﺒﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ و ﺳﺤﺎب إﺑﺮاهﻴﻢ‬.‫د‬

‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ وﻗﺴﻢ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻹﺷﻌﺎع وﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ واﻷﻣﺎن‬

‫ﺧﻼﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺮت دراﺳﺔ اﺛﺮ اﻟﺘﺸﻌﻴﻊ ﺑﺄﺷﻌﺔ ﻏﺎﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻄﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ‬
، BOD ‫ و‬COD ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻤﺖ دراﺳﺔ اﺛﺮ اﻟﺘﺸﻌﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ‬.‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن‬
‫ آﻤﺆﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ‬UV-Vis ‫ و‬GC-mass ‫ و‬HPLC ‫آﻤﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻣﻄﻴﺎﻓﻴﺎت‬
.‫ﻃﺮأت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت ﻗﺒﻞ وﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺸﻌﻴﻊ‬
BOD, ‫وﻗﺪ أوﺿﺤﺖ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ أن اﻟﺘﺸﻌﻴﻊ ﺑﺄﺷﻌﺔ ﻏﺎﻣﺎ أدى إﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﺮات ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ‬
‫ اﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﻌﻌﺔ أن اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ‬GC-mass ‫ آﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﺖ ﻃﻴﻮف‬. COD
‫ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﺪث ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ‬،‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ أﺷﻌﺔ ﻏﺎﻣﺎ‬
.‫اﻟﺠﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﻌﻌﺔ إﻟﻰ وﺟﻮد ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺣﻤﻀﻴﺔ و ﻏﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬HPLC ‫وﻗﺪ أﺷﺎرت ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬
.‫أﺣﺎدﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﺛﺮ اﻟﺘﺸﻌﻴﻊ‬

‫ اﻟﺘﺤﻄﻴﻢ اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬،‫ اﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻻت‬،‫ ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن‬،‫ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬:‫آﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬

Radiation processing of the olive-press waste waters for detoxifying

the water from organic pollutants

S. Takriti, A. Al-kaid and S. Ibrahem

Abstract
The effect of gamma irradiation on the degradation of phenol and
polyphenoles exist in olive-press wastewater was investigated. The
radiation effect was evaluated for the main parameters COD and BOD5 of
samples. Spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), chromatography (HPLC) and GC-
mass were used to monitor the changes in the radiation solutions.
The results indicated that the value of COD and BOD parameters are
changed. The GC-mass spectrum of irradiated samples showed that there
is not any fort effect of radiation on the poly-phenols at low dose, while
at high dose the polyphenoles is degraded.
Some organic acids and aliphatic compounds found by the analysis of
the irradiated samples using HPLC technique.

Key words: water pollution, olive press, poly-phenoles, radiation degradation.

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

٤
‫هﻨ ﺎك أآﺜ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ‪ ٨٥٠‬ﻣﻠﻴ ﻮن ﺷ ﺠﺮة زﻳﺘ ﻮن ﻣﺜﻤ ﺮة ﺣ ﻮل اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻢ وه ﺬﻩ ﺗﺤﺘ ﻞ ﻣ ﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺣ ﻮاﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ ٨٫٥١٤٫٣٠٠‬هﻜﺘ ﺎرًا‪ .‬ﺗﻐﻄ ﻲ أﺷ ﺠﺎر اﻟﺰﻳﺘ ﻮن ﺣ ﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ %٩٨‬ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﺠﻤ ﻞ ﻣ ﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻷراﺿ ﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺰروﻋ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ دول ﺣ ﻮض اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳ ﻂ‪ .‬وﺗﻌﺘﺒ ﺮ اﺳ ﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ و اﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴ ﺎ و اﻟﻴﻮﻧ ﺎن ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺪول اﻷوﻟ ﻰ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻷﺑﻴﺾ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ]‪. [1‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺪ اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن اﺣﺪ أآﺜﺮ اﻷﺷﺠﺎر اﻧﺘﺸﺎرا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻃﻦ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻤﻄﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺣﻮض اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻷﺑﻴﺾ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ وﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ هﺬا اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺑﺸﻜﻞ وﺛﻴﻖ ﺑﺎﻷهﻤﻴﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ واﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﻈﻰ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺪول‪ .‬وﺗﻜﻤﻦ اﻷهﻤﻴﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺘﻮن‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺰراﻋﻲ وﻣﺴﺎهﻤﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ وﻋﺎﺋﺪات اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﻴﻦ ورﻓﺪ‬
‫اﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻴﺎت اﻟﺪول اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻼت اﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺄﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮ زﻳﺖ اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن‪ .‬ﻳﻀﺎف إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺗﺮاﺑﻂ هﺬا اﻟﻘﻄﺎع ﻣﻊ اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى وﻣﺴﺎهﻤﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻣﺪﺧﻼﺗﻬﺎ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ وﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻗﻄﺎع‬
‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ . (١‬وإﺳﻬﺎﻣﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺟﺰء رﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺎن‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن اﻟﻤﺼﺪر اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ آﺎﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﺪهﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﻜﺎروﺗﻴﻦ‬
‫واﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت واﻷﻣﻼح اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ واﻷﻟﻴﺎف ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻷﻓﺮاد اﻷﺳﺮ اﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ آﺒﻴﺮة‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ هﺬا اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻮاد ]‪.[2‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ :(١‬أﺷﺠﺎر اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ادﻟﺐ‬

‫ﻻ ﻟﻄﺎﻗﺎت ﺑﻌﺾ أﻓﺮاد اﺳﺮ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻓﺎن هﺬا اﻟﻘﻄﺎع ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﺮﺻﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ واﺳﺘﻐﻼ ً‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﻴﻦ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﻐﻼل ﻃﺎﻗﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت أﺧﺮى‪ ،‬إﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ إﺳﻬﺎﻣﻪ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﻐﻼل‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت أﺧﺮى آﺎﻷراﺿﻲ اﻟﻮﻋﺮة‬
‫واﻟﻤﻨﺤﺪرات واﻷراﺿﻲ ﺷﺒﻪ اﻟﺼﺤﺮاوﻳﺔ وﺷﺒﻪ اﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻧﻈﺮا ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻷهﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ رآﺰت ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎت ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻮض اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬
‫اﻷﺑﻴﺾ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻘﻮد اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ هﺬا اﻟﻘﻄﺎع وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻩ ﻣﻤﺎ أﺳﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ‬
‫زﻳﺎدة اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﻤﻮس‪ .‬إﻻ اﻧﻪ وﻧﻈﺮا ﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ اﻟﺠﻬﻮد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻮاﺣﻲ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ دون اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻮاﺣﻲ اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻌﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﺮزت اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺎآﻞ واﻟﻤﻌﻮﻗﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺪت ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺪم‬
‫هﺬا اﻟﻘﻄﺎع ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺪول واﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ أهﻤﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﻃﺌﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج وﺑﻌﺪﻩ وﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺤﺼﺎد و‪/‬أو ﻋﺪم اﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﺠﻮدة ﺧﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ آﻔﺼﻞ اﻷوراق واﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ وﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ آﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﻄﻠﺐ‬
‫اﻷﻣﺮ ذﻟﻚ واﻟﺠﺮش واﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺐ وﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﺰﻳﺖ واﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻹﻧﺘﺎج واﻟﺠﻮدة و‬
‫ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ دون ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ]‪.[2‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻔﺎوت إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻃﻦ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻣ ﻦ ﺳ ﻨﺔ إﻟ ﻰ أﺧ ﺮى‪ .‬وﻳ ﺮﺗﺒﻂ ه ﺬا اﻟﺘﺒ ﺎﻳﻦ ﺑﺘﺬﺑ ﺬب‬
‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻳﺘ ﻮن‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠ ﺔ ﻇ ﺎهﺮة ﺗﺒ ﺎدل اﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻳﺘﻤﻴ ﺰ ﺑﻬ ﺎ اﻟﺰﻳﺘ ﻮن‪ .‬آﻤ ﺎ ﻳﺘ ﺄﺛﺮ أﻳ ﻀﺎ إﻧﺘ ﺎج‬
‫اﻟﺰﻳﺘ ﻮن وﻣﺤﺘ ﻮاﻩ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ ﺑ ﺪرﺟﺎت اﻟﺤ ﺮارة ﺧ ﻼل ﻣﻮاﺳ ﻢ اﻷزه ﺎر واﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ وﺑﻤﻌ ﺪل ﺗ ﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬

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‫اﻹﻣﻄﺎر ﻧﻈ ﺮا ﻻﻋﺘﻤ ﺎد زراﻋ ﺔ اﻟﺰﻳﺘ ﻮن ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣﻴ ﺎﻩ اﻹﻣﻄ ﺎر آﻤ ﺼﺪر ﻟﻠ ﺮي ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺪول‬
‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ]‪ .[3‬ﻳﺒﻴﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٢‬ﺗﻄﻮر إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻮﻃﻦ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻦ زﻳ ﺖ اﻟﺰﻳﺘ ﻮن ﺧ ﻼل اﻟﻔﺘ ﺮة ‪-١٩٩٠‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠١‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ :(٢‬ﺗﻄﺮو اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻮﻃﻦ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻦ زﻳﺖ اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﺘﺮة ‪٢٠٠١-١٩٩٠‬‬

‫ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﺰﻳﺖ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺤﺼﺎد واﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ واﻟﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺠﻮدة اﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻷﺻﻨﺎف ﻟﻠﺰراﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ أن هﻨﺎك أﺻﻨﺎف ﻻ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ زﻳﺘﺎ ذي‬
‫ﺟﻮدة ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ وهﻨﺎك أﺻﻨﺎف ﻣﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺰﻳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺄول اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﺰﻳﺖ هﻮ‬
‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ .‬أﻣﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻬﻮ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻷﺟﻮاء اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺰراﻋﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺠﺐ أن‬
‫ﻳﺴﻮد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺷﺘﺎء ﺑﺎرد ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺜﻤﺮ اﻷﺷﺠﺎر إﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺻﻴﻒ ﺣﺎر ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﻤﺎر‪ .‬آﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻷرض اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺰراﻋﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ أن اﻟﺘﺮب اﻟﺪاﻓﺌﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﺟﻴﺪة‬
‫اﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ وﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻀﻮء اﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻀﺎﻓﺮ ﻓﻲ إﻧﻀﺎج اﻟﺜﻤﺎر ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ واﺣﺪ‪ .‬ورﻏﻢ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن‬
‫ﻟﻠﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻗﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء إﻻ أن ذﻟﻚ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ آﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﻤﺎر وﻧﻮﻋﻴﺘﻬﺎ وﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﺮي اﻟﺘﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ أﺷﻬﺮ اﻟﺼﻴﻒ اﻟﺤﺎرة‪ .‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ أﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻮﻋﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻄﻒ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻗﻄﻒ اﻟﺜﻤﺎر ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ ﺗﻠﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ زﻳﺖ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺠﻮدة وﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﻗﻄﻔﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺧﻀﺮاء ﻓﺠﺔ ﺧﺸﻴﺔ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺰﻳﺖ أو ﺗﺮآﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻨﻀﺞ ﺧﺸﻴﺔ ﺗﺪهﻮر اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻳﺠﺐ إﺗﺒﺎع أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﻘﻄﻒ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ذﻟﻚ ﻻن ﻟﺒﻌﺾ أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﻘﻄﻒ آﺎﻟﻀﺮب ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺼﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺜﻤﺎر وﺟﻮدﺗﻬﺎ‪ .‬آﻤﺎ ان ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻊ أهﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﻤﺪ آﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﻴﻦ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﺜﻤﺎر اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺒﻖ وان ﺗﺴﺎﻗﻄﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﺠﺎر ﻷﺳﺒﺎب ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﺗﺨﻠﻂ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺜﻤﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮﻓﺔ‪ .‬وهﺬﻩ اﻟﺜﻤﺎر اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﺪ دﺧﻠﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻃﻮر اﻟﺘﺪهﻮر ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮج ﻣﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺜﻤﺎر‪ .‬آﻤﺎ ان ﻗﻄﺎف اﻟﺜﻤﺎر اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻵﻓﺎت ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺪول ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﺰﻳﺖ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮج وآﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴﺔ ]‪.[4‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺴﻮري ﺑﺸﻜﻞ آﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠ ﻰ زراﻋ ﺔ اﻟﺰﻳﺘ ﻮن و اﻟ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺒﺜﻘ ﺔ ﻋﻨ ﻪ ﻣﻨ ﺬ اﻟﻘ ﺪم ‪،‬‬
‫آﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ زﻳﺖ اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن أﺣﺪ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﻴﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤﻄ ﺒﺦ اﻟ ﺴﻮري‪ .‬ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗ ﻊ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌ ّﺪ ﻣﺤ ﺼﻮل‬
‫ن زراﻋﻪ اﻟﺰﻳﺘ ﻮن ﻗ ﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن ﺛﺎﻟﺚ أآﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻘﻄﻦ واﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮرﻳﺎ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻆ أ ّ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺖ ﻣﺆﺧﺮًا ﺑﺸﻜﻞ واﺿﺢ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﺎن‪ .‬ووﻓﻘ ّﺎ ﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳ ﺮ ﺑﺮﻧ ﺎﻣﺞ اﻷﻣ ﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤ ﺪة اﻹﻧﻤ ﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻌ ﺎم ‪، ٢٠٠٠‬‬
‫هﻨﺎك ‪ ٦٤‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﺷﺠﺮﻩ زﻳﺘﻮن‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ‪ 47.709‬هﻜﺘﺎر ﻣﻦ اﻷراﺿﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ اﻟﻘ ﻮل ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈ ﻮر ﺁﺧ ﺮ أن ‪ 60%‬ﻣ ﻦ إﺟﻤ ﺎﻟﻲ اﻷﺷ ﺠﺎر اﻟﻤﺜﻤ ﺮة اﻟ ﺴﻮرﻳﺔ ه ﻲ أﺷ ﺠﺎر اﻟﺰﻳﺘ ﻮن واﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﻨ ﺘﺞ‬
‫ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 955.000‬ﻃﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن اﻷﺧﻀﺮ واﻷﺳﻮد‪ .‬ﻳُﻌﺼﺮ ﻣﻨ ﻪ ‪ ٨٥٥٫٠٠٠‬ﻃ ﻦ و ﻳُﺤ ﻮل إﻟ ﻰ‬
‫زﻳﺖ وﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن‪ ،‬أي ‪ 100.000‬ﻃﻦ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى ]‪.[3‬‬

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‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ إﻧﺘ ﺎج اﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ ﻣ ﻦ دوﻟ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ أﺧ ﺮى وﻓ ﻲ ﻧﻔ ﺲ اﻟﺪوﻟ ﺔ ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﻳﻮﺟ ﺪ ﻓ ﻲ ﺟﻤﻴ ﻊ اﻟ ﺪول‬
‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ ﺧﻠ ﻴﻂ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻ ﺮ ﺑ ﺪءا ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻ ﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﺪار ﺑﻮاﺳ ﻄﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧ ﺎت واﻧﺘﻬ ﺎء‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮد اﻟﻤﺮآﺰي ]‪ .[3‬وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻ ﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻮدة ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬﻩ‬
‫اﻟﺪول إﻟﻰ أرﺑﻌﺔ أﻧﻮاع ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ )اﻟﺠﺎروﺷﺔ(‬
‫وﺗﺪار رﺣﻰ اﻟﻄﺎﺣﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ورﻏﻢ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض آﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮ إﻻ أن ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎوئ ﻣ ﺎ ﻳﺒ ﺮر إﻳﻘ ﺎف اﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ ﺑﻬ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴ ﺚ أﻧﻬ ﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﻴ ﺰ ﺑﺎﻧﺨﻔ ﺎض اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴ ﺔ واﻧﺨﻔ ﺎض ﻧ ﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﻼص اﻟﺰﻳﺖ آﻤﺎ هﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٣‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ : (٣‬ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‬

‫‪ -٢‬اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﻜﺒﺲ‪:‬‬

‫وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺑﺲ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ وهﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة وﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻧ ﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻘﺪ وﺣﺎﺟﺘﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻷﻳﺪي اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻗﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺑﺲ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪:‬‬
‫وه ﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻ ﺮ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﻌﻤ ﻞ ﺑﺄﺳ ﻠﻮب اﻟﻄ ﺮد اﻟﻤﺮآ ﺰي وﻣﻨﻬ ﺎ ﻣ ﺎ ﻳﻌﻤ ﻞ ﺑ ﺜﻼث ﻣﺮاﺣ ﻞ وﻣﻨﻬ ﺎ ﻧ ﻮع‬
‫اﺣﺪث ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻤﺮﺣﻠﺘﻴﻦ‪ .‬وﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﺎﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻋﺪد اﻷﻳﺪي اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ وارﺗﻔ ﺎع ﻧ ﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮاج وﺟﻮدة اﻟﺰﻳﺖ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮج آﻤﺎ هﻤﻮ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(٤‬ﻏﻴﺮ أن ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻘ ﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﻀﻠﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻷراﺿﻲ اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٤‬ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬
‫وﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﻴﻦ هﻤﺎ اﻟﺰﻳﺒﺎر )اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﻌﺠﻴﻨﺒﺔ( واﻟﺠﻔﺖ )اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻘﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١‬اﻟﺠﺰء اﻷول اﻟﺰﻳﺒﺎر واﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن و ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺪول ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻨﻬ ﺎ آ ﺴﻤﺎد ﻋ ﻀﻮي ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﻳ ﻀﺎف إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﻤﺰروﻋ ﺎت آﻤ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٥‬‬
‫آﻤﺎ ﺗﺪرس ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺪول إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ آﻌﻠ ﻒ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﻮاﻧ ﺎت‪ .‬و ﺗ ﺴﺘﺨﺪم ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﻤ ﺎدة )اﻟﺰﻳﺒ ﺎر(‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮآﻴ ﺎ واﻷردن وﺳ ﻮرﻳﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺎت اﻟﺤ ﺮق ﺑﻌ ﺪ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬ ﺎ إﻟ ﻰ ﻗﻮاﻟ ﺐ‪ .‬وﻟﻬ ﺬﻩ اﻟﻤ ﺎدة )اﻟﺰﻳﺒ ﺎر(‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ إذا أﺿﻴﻔﺖ إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﺘﺮﺑ ﺔ أو‪/‬و اﻟﻤﻴ ﺎﻩ واﻟﻬ ﻮاء‪ ،‬ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﺗ ﻀﺮ ﺣﻤﻮﺿ ﺔ‬
‫زﻳﺒ ﺎر اﻟﺰﻳﺘ ﻮن ﺑﺎﻟﺨ ﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴ ﺔ واﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻐ ﻼف اﻟﺘﺮﺑ ﺔ وﺗ ﺆدي ﺑ ﺬﻟﻚ إﻟ ﻰ ﺗﻠ ﻮث اﻟﺘﺮﺑ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ‪ .‬آﻤﺎ ﻳﺰﻳ ﺪ رﻣ ﻲ زﻳﺒ ﺎر اﻟﺰﻳﺘ ﻮن ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﺑ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧﻄ ﺮ ﺗﻠ ﻮث اﻟﻤﻴ ﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﺳ ﻴﻤﺎ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫ﺧ ﻼل ري اﻟﺘﺮﺑ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻠ ﺔ ﺑﻜﻤﻴ ﺎت آﺒﻴ ﺮة ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺰﻳﺒ ﺎر‪ ،‬ﻣ ﺎ ﻳﺘ ﺮك ﺁﺛ ﺎرا ﺳ ﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻜﺜﻴ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ :(٥‬اﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ )اﻟﺰﻳﺒﺎر(‬

‫‪ -٢‬أﻣ ﺎ اﻟﺠ ﺰء اﻟﺜ ﺎﻧﻲ وه ﻮ اﻟﻤﻴ ﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻘ ﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﺠﻔ ﺖ ‪ -‬واﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻴ ﺎﻩ ﺻ ﺮف ﻃ ﻮاﺣﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن ‪ olive oil mill waste water‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻪ ﺑـ )‪ . (OMW‬وهﻮ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻏ ﺎﻣﻖ اﻟﻠ ﻮن ذو‬
‫راﺋﺤ ﺔ ﻣﻤﻴ ﺰة وه ﻮ ﻏﻨ ﻲ ﺑﺎﻟ ﺸﻮارد اﻟﻼﻋ ﻀﻮﻳﺔ وﺑﺎﻟﻤ ﺎدة اﻟﻌ ﻀﻮﻳﺔ و اﻟﻤ ﻮاد اﻟ ﺼﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘ ﺔ وه ﻮ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺸﺎآﻞ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻻﺣﺘﻮاﺋﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ آﻤﻴ ﺎت آﺒﻴ ﺮة ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﻠﻮﺛ ﺎت ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋ ﺔ و ‪ BOD‬و ‪ COD‬ﻋﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ‬
‫]‪ .[5‬وﺗﺘﺮاوح اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠ ﺔ ﻋ ﻦ ﻋ ﺼﺮ )‪ (١‬ﻃ ﻦ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺜﻤ ﺎر ﺑ ﻴﻦ ) ‪ (١١٠٠-٦٤٠‬ﻟﻴﺘ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ه ﺬﻩ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻴ ﺎﻩ‪ .‬وﺣ ﺴﺐ رأي اﻟﻤﺨﺘ ﺼﻴﻦ‪ ،‬رﻏ ﻢ أن ه ﺬا اﻟ ﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻳﺤﺘ ﻮي ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺑﻌ ﺾ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻ ﺮ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎت آﺎﻟﻨﺘﺮوﺟﻴﻦ واﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮر واﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮم‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺈن ﻣ ﺎ ﻳﻨ ﺘﺞ ﻋ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻ ﺮ ﻳ ﺴﺎهﻢ ﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫آﺒﻴﺮ ﺑﺘﻠﻮث اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ وﻳﻀﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺰراﻋﺔ واﻷﺣﻴﺎء اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠ ﺎري اﻟﻤﻴ ﺎﻩ واﻟﺒﺤﻴ ﺮات آﻤ ﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(٦‬آﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻜﻤﻴ ﺎت ﻗﻠﻴﻠ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻴ ﺎﻩ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠ ﺔ ﻋ ﻦ ﻋ ﺼﺮ اﻟﺰﻳﺘ ﻮن أن ﺗﻠ ﻮث ﻣ ﺼﺎدر‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﺮب ﺑﺸﻜﻞ آﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﻧﻔ ﺬت ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻴ ﺎﻩ إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﻤﻴ ﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴ ﺔ‪ .‬وﺗﺘﻔ ﺎﻗﻢ اﻟﻤ ﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ ﻳ ﺘﻢ‬

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‫اﺳ ﺘﻌﻤﺎل "اﻟﻜﻠ ﻮر" ﻟﺘﻄﻬﻴ ﺮ اﻟﻤﻴ ﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻻن ﺗﻔﺎﻋ ﻞ "اﻟﻜﻠ ﻮر" ﻣ ﻊ "اﻟﻔﻴﻨ ﻮل" ﻳ ﺆدي إﻟ ﻰ ﺗ ﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫"اﻟﻜﻠﻮروﻓﻴﻨﻮل" اﻟﺬي ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﻮرة أآﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺔ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮل ]‪.[6-7‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ :(٦‬ﻃﺮح ﻣﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺼﺮف اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ و اﻟﻤﺠﺎري‬

‫وآﻤﺒﺎدرة ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ هﺬا اﻟﺘﻠﻮث اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ اﻟﺨﻄﻴﺮ اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬
‫اﻹﻧﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﻣﻊ وزارة اﻹدارة اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ و اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴ ﺬ ﻣ ﺸﺮوﻋﺎ إﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴ ﺎ ﻳ ﺸﻤﻞ ﻟﺒﻨ ﺎن وﺳ ﻮرﻳﺎ‬
‫واﻷردن وﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳ ﺪ آﻤﻴ ﺎت وﺧ ﻮاص وإﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴ ﺔ إﻳﺠ ﺎد ﻃ ﺮق ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻴ ﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻘ ﺔ ﻟﻌ ﺼﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن ]‪ ،[3‬ﻣﺪﺗﻪ ﺛﻼث ﺳﻨﻮات وﻗﺪ ﺑﺪأ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺬ أﻳﻠﻮل ‪.٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﺮي ﻣﺨﺎﺑﺮ ﻋﺪﻳﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺮآﻴ ﺎ و اﻟﻴﻮﻧ ﺎن و اﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴ ﺎ و اﺳ ﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ اﻟﻌﺪﻳ ﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻗﺒﻞ إﻋﺎدة اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ]‪ .[8-14‬ﺣﻴﺚ أﺷﺎرت ﻧﺘ ﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻌﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﻷﺷ ﻌﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻔ ﺰة ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺳ ﺎﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣ ﻦ ‪ %٨٥‬ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫‪ COD‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻔﻴﻨ ﻮل اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻮد ]‪ .[15‬آﻤ ﺎ أﺷ ﺎرت دراﺳ ﺔ أﺧ ﺮى إﻟ ﻰ‬
‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ‪ ،‬أي إﺑﻘﺎء اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت ﺗﺤﺖ أﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻟﻤ ﺪة ﻋ ﺸﺮة أﻳ ﺎم‪ ،‬ﻟﻠ ﺘﺨﻠﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ %٨٠‬ﻣﻦ ‪ COD‬و ‪ %٩٠‬ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻔﻴﻨ ﻮل اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻮد ]‪ .[16‬أﻣ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ دراﺳ ﺔ ]‪ ،[17‬اﻟﺘ ﻲ اﻋﺘﻤ ﺪت‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك ﻣﻊ اﻟﺤﺠﺮ اﻟﻜﻠﺴﻲ ﻓﻘﺪ اﻧﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﻘﺪار ‪ COD‬إﻟ ﻰ ‪ %٦٠‬ﻣ ﻊ ﺑﻘ ﺎء آﻤﻴ ﺔ ﻻ‬
‫ﺑﺎس ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮاﺳ ﺐ‪ .‬آﻤ ﺎ ﺗ ﻢ اﻻﻋﺘﻤ ﺎد ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠ ﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺔ ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳ ﺎت‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع ‪ White-rot fungi‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻐﺬى ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﺮآﻴ ﺎ ]‪ .[18‬وﺣﺎﻟﻴ ﺎ ﺗﻌﻤ ﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻌ ﺾ اﻟﻤﺨ ﺎﺑﺮ ﻋﻠ ﻰ دراﺳ ﺔ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴ ﺔ اﻻﺳ ﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣ ﻦ ﻣ ﺎدة اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﻨ ﻮل اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻨﻬ ﺎ آﻤ ﻮاد‬
‫ﺻﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ وﻃﺒﻴﺔ ]‪. [19‬‬

‫وﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٧‬ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺰﻳﺖ و ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎت‪.‬‬

‫‪٩‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ :(٧‬ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ زﻳﺖ اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎت‬

‫وﻳﻬﺪف هﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ إﻟﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬دراﺳ ﺔ ﺑﻌ ﺾ اﻟﺨ ﻮاص اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴ ﺔ و اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻤﻴ ﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﻔ ﺖ اﻟﻤﻔ ﺼﻮﻟﺔ ﻋ ﻦ اﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ أﺛﻨ ﺎء‬
‫ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬دراﺳ ﺔ أﺛ ﺮ اﻟﺘ ﺸﻌﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﻷﺷ ﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﻳﻨ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﺤﻄ ﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛ ﺎت اﻟﻌ ﻀﻮﻳﺔ )اﻟﻔﻴﻨ ﻮل و اﻟﺒ ﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻨﻮل واﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ اﻻﺧﺮى(‪.‬‬

‫اﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫أوﻻ‪ -‬ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻴ ﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻘ ﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ ﻋ ﺼﺮ اﻟﺰﻳﺘ ﻮن ﻣ ﻦ ﻋ ﺪة ﻣﻨ ﺎﻃﻖ ﻗﺮﻳﺒ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﺮآ ﺰ دﻳ ﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﺮ )اﻟﻌﺎدﻟﻴﺔ( واﻟﻤﻌﺼﺮة اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ درﻋ ﺎ‪ .‬ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﺗ ﻢ اﺧﺘﻴ ﺎر اﻟﻌﻴﻨ ﺎت اﻷآﺜ ﺮ ﺣﺪاﺛ ﺔ )أي اﻟﺘ ﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ( و ذﻟﻚ ﻟﻨﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺔ ﺧﻮاﺻﻬﺎ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﻗﺪ وﺿ ﻌﺖ اﻟﻌﻴﻨ ﺎت ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫دوراق ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ اﻹﻏﻼق وﻗﺪ وﺿﻌﺖ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮاد ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑ ﺪرﺟﺎت ﺣ ﺮارة‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺧﻮﻓﺎ ﻣﻦ أي ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺤﺪث ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﺘﺤ ﻀﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﻴﻨ ﺎت ﻟﻠﺪراﺳ ﺔ ﻻﺑ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ إﺟ ﺮاء ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺎت ﻓ ﺼﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻘ ﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻮدة ﻓﻴﻬ ﺎ وﻓ ﻖ ﻃ ﺮق‬
‫ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ ]‪ .[19‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺒ ﻴﻦ أن ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺷ ﻴﺢ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷ ﺮ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ اﺳ ﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻮﺟ ﻮد‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻐﺮوﻳﺔ )اﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎت و اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ( اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻨﻊ ﻣﺮور اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت اﻟ ﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻋﺒ ﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺷ ﺤﺎت‪،‬‬
‫آﻤﺎ اﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻗﻮام و ﺷ ﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﻴﻨ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑ ﺔ ﻟ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻘ ﺪ ﺗ ﻢ ﺗﺤ ﻀﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﻴﻨ ﺎت ﺑﻌ ﺪة ﻃ ﺮق‬
‫وهﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬اﻟﺘﺨﺜﻴﺮ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﻤﺎ أن اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻘ ﺔ ﻟﻌ ﺼﺮ اﻟﺰﻳﺘ ﻮن ﺗﺤﺘ ﻮي ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻧ ﺴﺒﺔ ﻻ ﺑ ﺎس ﺑﻬ ﺎ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻐﺮوﻳﺔ و اﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻘ ﺪ اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻃﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ ﺗﺨﺜﻴ ﺮ اﻟﻤ ﻮاد اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻌ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺨ ﺎﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻹﺷﻌﺎع ﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻘﺎت ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﺘﺨﺜﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل آﺎرﻳﺰ )‪ (١‬وهﻮ ‪(CH3COO)2Zn + CH3COOH+ H2O:‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل آﺎرﻳﺰ )‪ (٢‬وهﻮ ‪K4Fe(CN6)+3H2O :‬‬
‫ﺗ ﻢ اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺠ ﻢ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠ ﻮل اﻷول إﻟ ﻰ ﺣﺠ ﻢ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠ ﻮل اﻟﺜ ﺎﻧﻲ ﻣ ﻊ ﺣﺠ ﻢ ﻣﻤﺎﺛ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻌﻴﻨ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺪروﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺜﻔﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ وأﺧﺬت اﻟﺮﺷﺎﺣﺔ وﺗﻢ اﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎظ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺎت اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻏﻴ ﺮ أن‬

‫‪١٠‬‬
‫ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ ﻟ ﻢ ﺗﻌﺘﻤ ﺪ ﺧﻮﻓ ﺎ ﻣ ﻦ ﺗ ﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﺮآﺒ ﺎت ﻏﻴ ﺮ ﻣﺮﻏ ﻮب ﺑﻬ ﺎ ﻗ ﺪ ﺗﻜ ﻮن أﻣ ﻼح اﻟﻔﻴﻨ ﻮﻻت‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬آﻤﺎ ﺗ ﻢ ﺗﺤ ﻀﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﻴﻨ ﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﺪﻳ ﺪ واﻟﺘﺜﻔﻴ ﻞ ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﺗ ﻢ ﺗﻤﺪﻳ ﺪ اﻟﻌﻴﻨ ﺎت ﺑﻮاﻗ ﻊ ‪ ٥/١‬و ‪ ١٠/١‬ﻋﻴﻨ ﺔ‬
‫‪/‬ﻣ ﺎء ﺛﻨ ﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴ ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺛ ﻢ ﺗ ﻢ ﺗﺜﻔﻴ ﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴ ﻞ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺜﻔﻠ ﺔ ذات ﺳ ﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ ‪٥٠٠٠‬‬
‫دورة‪/‬دﻗﻴﻘ ﺔ‪ .‬وﺗ ﻢ اﺧ ﺬ اﻟﺮﺷ ﺎﺣﺔ و ﻣ ﺮرت ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻓﻠﺘ ﺮ ﺳ ﻠﻴﻠﻮزي ﺧ ﺎص )‪.(ashless filter‬‬
‫ﺣﻔﻈﺖ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ أﻧﺎﺑﻴ ﺐ داآﻨ ﺔ اﻟﻠ ﻮن‪ ،‬ﺣﻴ ﺚ أﺟﺮﻳ ﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬ ﺎ ﻗﻴﺎﺳ ﺎت ﻣﻄﻴﺎﻓﻴ ﺔ ‪UV-‬‬
‫‪ Vis‬ﻗﺒﻞ وﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺸﻌﻴﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬اﻟﻔ ﺼﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴ ﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤ ﺬﻳﺒﺎت اﻟﻌ ﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺣﻴ ﺚ اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﺮآ ﺐ ﺛ ﺎﺋﻲ آﻠ ﻮر اﻟﻤﻴﺘ ﺎن و ﻣﺮآ ﺐ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ اﻟﻬﻜﺴﺎن ﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼص اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴًﺎ‪ :‬اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻢ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻤﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻮزارة اﻹﺳﻜﺎن ﻣﻦ اﺟﻞ ﻗﻴﺎس ‪COD , BOD, TSS, pH‬‬
‫وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﺗﺒﺎع اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ]‪ [20‬ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫آﻤ ﺎ ﺗ ﻢ اﻻﺳ ﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻤﻜﺘ ﺐ اﻟﺰﻳﺘ ﻮن ﻓ ﻲ أدﻟ ﺐ واﻟﺘ ﺎﺑﻊ ﻟ ﻮزارة اﻟﺰراﻋ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﺟ ﻞ ﻣﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳ ﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ و اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ واﻟﺴﻜﺎآﺮ‪.‬‬
‫أﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ هﻮﻳ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒ ﺎت اﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻌﻴﻨ ﺎت ﻗﺒ ﻞ و ﺑﻌ ﺪ اﻟﺘ ﺸﻌﻴﻊ ﻓﻘ ﺪ ﺗ ﻢ ﺑﺘﻘﺎﻧ ﺔ ‪ GC-Mass‬و‬
‫‪ HPLC‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿ ﺎﻓﺔ إﻟ ﻰ ﻣﻄﻴﺎﻓﻴ ﺔ ‪ UV-Vis‬اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻮدة ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﺒ ﺮات ﻗ ﺴﻤﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳ ﺔ وﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺎ‬
‫اﻹﺷﻌﺎع ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻣﻄﻴﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪GC-mass‬‬
‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ‪ :‬ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺎ اﻟﻐﺎزﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻮط ﻣﻊ ﻣﻄﻴﺎﻓﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ‪GC\MS‬‬
‫ﻣﻮدﻳﻞ ‪ GCMS-QP5050A/ SHIMADZU‬ﻣﻮﺻﻮل ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﻗﻦ ﺁﻟﻲ ﻣﻮدﻳﻞ ‪AOC-20i‬‬
‫ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‪ :‬ﻋﻤﻮد آﺮوﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺎ ﺷﻌﺮي )‪(OPTIMA-5-Accent‬‬
‫ﻃﻮل اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‪، 30 m :‬اﻟﻘﻄﺮ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮد‪ ، 0.25 mm :‬ﺛﺨﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻔﻴﻠﻢ ‪0.25 µm:‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﺪء اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺤﺮاري ﻣﻦ ‪ ٤٠‬درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ و ﻳﺰداد ﻋﺸﺮ درﺟﺎت ﻓﻲ آ ﻞ دﻗﻴﻘ ﺔ ﺣﺘ ﻰ ﻳ ﺼﻞ إﻟ ﻰ‬
‫‪ ٣٠٠‬درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ وﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮًا ﻋﻠﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻟﻤﺪة ﻋﺸﺮ دﻗﺎﺋﻖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺮارة ﺣﺠﺮة اﻟﺘﺎﻳﻦ ‪280C° :‬‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ‪ :‬اﻟﻬﻠﻴﻮم ﺑﺘﺪﻓﻖ ‪1.1 ml/min‬‬
‫اﻟﻜﺎﺷﻒ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع‪E I (electron impact ) :‬‬
‫ﻳﻄﺒﻖ ﺟﻬﺪ ‪ 70 eV‬ﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻜﺎﺷﻒ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻃﻴﻒ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ‪ SCAN‬ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل ‪(40-500) m\z‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﻄﻴﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪UV-vis‬‬
‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﺨﺪم ) ‪ . ( Chimadzu UV -VIS – Spectrophotometer -A120‬ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﺗ ﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﻃﻮل ﻣﻮﺟﺔ اﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻷﻋﻈﻢ )‪ (Absorbance‬واﻟﻤﻮاﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮآﺐ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ اﻋﺘﻤ ﺎدًا‬
‫ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺟ ﺪاول اﻻﻣﺘ ﺼﺎص اﻟﻌﻴﺎرﻳ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮآﺒ ﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ‪ .‬وﻓ ﻲ ﺑﻌ ﺾ اﻷﺣﻴ ﺎن ﻳ ﺘﻢ ﺗ ﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻃﻴ ﻒ‬
‫اﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص ﻟﻠﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺗﻮاﺟﺪهﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﻣﻄﻴﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪HPLC‬‬
‫ﺗ ﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴ ﻖ ﺗﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴ ﺎ اﻟ ﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ اﻷداء ‪(High Performance Liquid‬‬
‫)‪ Chromatography‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺟﻬﺎز )‪ .(Bio-Rad- HPLC- AS-96C‬ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﻳ ﺘﻢ اﻻﻋﺘﻤ ﺎد‬
‫ﻋﻠ ﻰ زﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﺮوج اﻟﻌﻴﻨ ﺔ واﻟﻨ ﻮاﺗﺞ )‪ (Retention time‬ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻮد وﺗ ﺴﺠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻜﺎﺷ ﻒ )‬
‫‪ (Shimadzu-SPD-10AV, UV-VIS-detector‬اﻟﻤﻮﺻ ﻮل ﻣ ﻊ ﻧﻬﺎﻳ ﺔ ﻋﻤ ﻮد اﻟﻔ ﺼﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪١١‬‬
 ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜًﺎ‪ :‬اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻌﻴﻊ ﺑﺄﺷﻌﺔ ﻏﺎﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻹﺷﻌﺎع ) ‪ (140 kCi‬ﺑﻤﻌ ﺪل‬
‫ﺟﺮﻋﺔ ‪ . 30 kCi/h‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻢ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ واﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﺮﻩ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﻳ ﻚ ‪(Frick and‬‬
‫)‪ .Hart, 1999‬آﻤﺎ أن ﺗﺸﻌﻴﻊ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت ﺗﻢ ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻘﺪارهﺎ ‪ ٢٠‬درﺟ ﺔ و ﺑﺠﺮﻋ ﺎت‬
‫ﻗﺪرهﺎ ‪.5, 10, 15, 20 , 25 kGy‬‬

‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ و اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺒﻴﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول )‪ (١‬ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻴ ﻞ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﻳﺌ ﺔ و اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨ ﺎت‪ ،‬ﺣﻴ ﺚ أن آﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴ ﻞ اﻟﻌﻴﺎرﻳ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ هﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮآﺔ ‪.Sigma‬‬

‫اﻟﺠﺪول )‪ (١‬ﻗﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻴﻨﺎت ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن‬

‫‪pH 6.0‬‬
‫‪Polyalcohols 1.5 %‬‬
‫‪Water Content 80 %‬‬
‫‪Protein3.5 %‬‬
‫‪Organic and Volatile Material 15%‬‬
‫‪Polyphenols 17 %‬‬
‫‪Mineral Solids 2%‬‬
‫‪Suspended Solids 40 g/l‬‬
‫‪Residual Oil 1%‬‬
‫‪BOD5 70 g/l‬‬
‫‪Total Sugars 6 %‬‬
‫‪COD 300 g/l‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺒ ﻴﻦ ﻣ ﻦ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﺘ ﺎﺋﺞ أن ﻣﺮآﺒ ﺎت اﻟﺒ ﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﻴﻨ ﻮل اﻟ ﻀﺎرة ﻣﻮﺟ ﻮدة ﻧ ﺴﺒﺔ ‪ 17%‬و ه ﻲ ﻧ ﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪا إذا ﻣﺎ ﺗﻢ ﻃﺮح ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻴ ﺎﻩ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺌ ﺔ أو اﺳ ﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ﺳ ﻘﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺰروﻋ ﺎت وﻓ ﻖ )ﻣﺮﺟ ﻊ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ(‪.‬‬
‫أﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺸﻌﻴﻊ ﺑﺄﺷﻌﺔ ﻏﺎﻣﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﺖ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ أن ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ ‪ BOD , COD‬ﻗﺪ اﻧﺨﻔﻀﺖ إﻟﻰ ‪30‬‬
‫‪ g/l‬و‪ 10 g/l‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪ .‬وه ﺬا دﻟﻴ ﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﺛ ﺮ أﺷ ﻌﺔ ﻏﺎﻣ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﺤﻄ ﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒ ﺎت اﻟﻌ ﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺪروﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﻠﺘﺄآ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ ﺗ ﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺘ ﺸﻌﻴﻊ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻌﻴﻨ ﺎت ﻓﻘ ﺪ ﺗ ﻢ ﺗ ﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻃﻴ ﻒ ‪ UV-vis‬ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨ ﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﺷ ﺤﺔ ﺑﻌ ﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪﻳﺪ وﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ و اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ اﻷم ﺑﺎﻹﺿ ﺎﻓﺔ إﻟ ﻰ ﻋﻴﻨ ﺔ ﻣ ﺸﻌﻌﺔ‪ .‬وﻳﺒ ﻴﻦ اﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪ (٨‬ﻃﻴ ﻒ ‪ UV-vis‬اﻟﻤ ﺬآﻮر‪ ،‬ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﻳﻼﺣ ﻆ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ ان اﻟﺘ ﺸﻌﻴﻊ ﻳﻌﻤ ﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺘﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻃﻮل اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ‪. 210-270 nm‬‬

‫‪١٢‬‬
 ‫‪4‬‬

‫‪filtered‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪diluted‬‬
‫‪irradiated‬‬
‫‪che.coagulte‬‬
‫‪sample‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪Absorbance‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪0‬‬

‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪400‬‬
‫)‪wave length (nm‬‬

‫‪Fig.8. UV Spectrum of olive-press wastewater‬‬

‫ﺗﻢ اﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﻼص اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻣﻲ اﻟﻬﻜﺴﺎن و ﺛﻨ ﺎﺋﻲ آﻠ ﻮر اﻟﻤﻴﺜ ﺎن‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﺗ ﻢ ﺗ ﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻃﻴ ﻒ اﻟﻌﻴﻨ ﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠ ﺼﺔ ﻗﺒ ﻞ دراﺳ ﺔ اﺛ ﺮ اﻟﺘ ﺸﻌﻴﻊ‪ .‬وﻳﺒ ﻴﻦ اﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٩‬ﻃﻴ ﻒ‬
‫‪ GC-mass‬ﻟﻌﻴﻨ ﺔ ﻓﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴ ﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠ ﺼﺔ ﺑﻤﺮآ ﺐ ﻧﻈ ﺎﻣﻲ اﻟﻬﻜ ﺴﺎن ﻗﺒ ﻞ اﻟﺘ ﺸﻌﻴﻊ‪ .‬وﻳﻼﺣ ﻆ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل‬
‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴ ﻞ اﻟﻄﻴ ﻒ أن هﻨ ﺎك ‪ ٢٢‬ﻣﺮآ ﺐ ﻓﻴﻨ ﻮﻟﻲ أو‪/‬و ﺑ ﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﻴﻨ ﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﻮﺟ ﻮد ﺿ ﻤﻦ اﻟﻌﻴﻨ ﺔ اﻷم وﻓ ﻖ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺪول رﻗﻢ )‪.(٢‬‬

‫اﻟﺠ ﺪول )‪ :(٢‬ﻋ ﺪد واﺳ ﻢ وﺗﺮآﻴ ﺰ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒ ﺎت اﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴ ﺔ و‪/‬أو اﻟﺒ ﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻮدة ﻓ ﻲ ﻋﻴﻨ ﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻣﻲ اﻟﻬﻜﺴﺎن ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺸﻌﻴﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪Peak# Ret.Time‬‬ ‫‪A/H Conc.‬‬ ‫‪Name‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪9.617 1.72‬‬ ‫‪0.82‬‬ ‫‪NEOPHYTADIENE‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪14.675 1.59‬‬ ‫‪0.53‬‬ ‫‪Phenol, 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl-‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪15.35 2.17‬‬ ‫‪0.05‬‬ ‫)‪Phenol, 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl‬‬

‫‪١٣‬‬
 4 16.067 2.21 0.3 Phenol, 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-
CYCLOHEXANE, 1,5-DIISOPROPYL-2,3-
5 17.292 1.94 7.33 DIMETHYL- $$
6 19.692 1.69 0.18 Heptadecane, 2,6,10,15-tetramethyl
7 20.825 2.01 0.72 Tetracosane (CAS) n-Tetracosane
8 21.9 1.97 2.21 Tetracosane (CAS) n-Tetracosane
9 22.942 1.99 5.9 Heneicosane $$ n-Heneicosane
10 23.933 1.81 10.57 Nonadecane
11 24.883 1.9 12.1 Octacosane (CAS) n-Octacosane
Phenol, 2,2'-methylenebis[6-(1,1-
12 25.058 1.94 4.46 dimethylethyl)-4-methyl
13 25.458 1.85 0.33 Tetratetracontane (CAS) n-Tetratetracontane
14 25.8 1.77 11.78 Octacosane (CAS) n-Octacosane $$
15 26.133 2.38 5.84 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester
16 26.708 2.22 11 Pentacosane (CAS) n-Pentacosane
17 27.7 2.15 8.31 Pentacosane $$ n-Pentacosane
18 28.8 2.75 6.6 Nonacosane
19 30.058 3.15 4.96 Tetratetracontane
20 31.525 3.78 3.16 Tetratetracontane
21 33.275 3.9 1.67 Tetratriacontane , n-Tetratriacontane
22 35.4 6.61 1.18 Tritetracontane

١٠ ‫ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬،‫ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ ﺑﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ آﻠﻮر اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎن‬GC-mass ‫آﻤﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻃﻴﻒ‬
‫و ﺑ ﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﻴﻨ ﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﻮﺟ ﻮد ﺿ ﻤﻦ‬/‫ ﻣﺮآ ﺐ ﻓﻴﻨ ﻮﻟﻲ أو‬٢٢ ‫ وﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻄﻴ ﻒ أن هﻨ ﺎك‬.
.(٣) ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ اﻷم وﻓﻖ اﻟﺠﺪول رﻗﻢ‬

‫أو اﻟﺒ ﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻮدة ﻓ ﻲ ﻋﻴﻨ ﺔ‬/‫ ﻋ ﺪد واﺳ ﻢ وﺗﺮآﻴ ﺰ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒ ﺎت اﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴ ﺔ و‬:(٣) ‫اﻟﺠ ﺪول‬
.‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ ﺑﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ آﻠﻮر اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎن ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺸﻌﻴﻊ‬
Peak# Ret.Time A/H Conc. Name
1 8.575 3.3 4.46 Phenylethyl Alcohol
2 9.408 3.58 3.78 Phenol, 3-ethyl- (CAS) m-Ethylphenol
3 9.658 1.82 1.88 NEOPHYTADIENE

١٤
4 13.5 3.37 10.94 6-Octadecenal (spectrum disagrees) (CAS)
5 14.592 1.59 0.82 ACETYL-PRO-LEU-GLY-HYPRO-HYDROXYL
6 14.642 1.88 1.42 Hexahydro-1-oxa-cyclopropa[d]inden-2-one
7 15.05 3.07 3.39 Phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)-
8 15.308 2.17 2.39 7-Oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane, 3-oxiranyl-
9 15.483 2.26 2.71 2,6-Dimethoxybenzoquinone
Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-3-one, 2,6,6-trimethyl-,
10 16.05 2.16 3.65 (1.alpha.,2.beta.,5.alpha.)-
11 16.275 2.37 4.43 7-Oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane, 3-oxiranyl-
12 16.858 2.99 5.78 2-Decyn-1-ol
13 17.317 1.47 1.94 Cyclohexane, 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-2-methyl-, cis-
14 17.783 5.3 3.85 3-Nonyn-2-ol (CAS)
Cyclopentaneacetaldehyde, 2-formyl-3-methyl-.alpha.-
15 19.775 3.98 12.38 methylene-
16 19.958 3.51 10.19 .alpha.-Campholonic acid
17 20.492 2.49 6.72 Morpholine, 4-(1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-
18 20.583 2.06 6.56 4-t-Butyl-2-(1-methyl-2-nitroethyl)cyclohexanone
19 20.683 2.03 5.25 4-t-Butyl-2-(1-methyl-2-nitroethyl)cyclohexanone
20 21.108 1.97 3.77 3-t-Butyl-oct-6-en-1-ol
21 21.633 2.02 0.88 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentyl methylphosphonofluoridate
22 22.625 1.95 2.81 Ethyl Oleate

.‫وﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﺛﺮ اﻟﺘﺸﻌﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﺰﻳﺘ ﻮن‬
GC- ‫ ﻃﻴ ﻒ‬١١ ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺒﻴﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬.‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﺸﻌﻴﻊ ﺑﺄﺷﻌﺔ ﻏﺎﻣﺎ وﺑﺠﺮﻋﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼص‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻹﺿ ﺎﻓﺔ‬5, 10 , 15 kGy ‫ ﺑﻌ ﺪ ﺗ ﺸﻌﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺠﺮﻋ ﺎت‬،‫ ﻟﻌﻴﻨ ﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠ ﺼﺔ ﺑﻨﻈ ﺎﻣﻲ اﻟﻬﻜ ﺴﺎن‬mass
‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ أن اﻟﺘﺸﻌﻴﻊ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺒﺪي أي اﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ زﻣﻦ ﺧﺮوج‬.‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ اﻷم‬
.‫اﻷﻃﻴﺎف أو اﻟﺸﺪة ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ اﻷم‬

‫ ﻓﻘ ﺪ ﺑ ﺪ اﻻﺧ ﺘﻼف ﻳﻈﻬ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ أزﻣﻨ ﺔ ﺧ ﺮوج ﻧ ﻮاﺗﺞ‬20 , 25 kGy ‫أﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ زﻳﺎدة ﺟﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻌﻴﻊ ﻟـ‬
. ١٢ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻌﻴﻊ آﻤﺎ هﻮ ﻣﻼﺣﻆ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

١٥
‫ ﻣﺮآ ﺐ‬٢٩ ‫ ﻗﻤ ﺔ ﻃﻴﻔﻴ ﺔ ﺗﻤﺜ ﻞ‬٢٩ ‫ وﺟ ﻮد‬25kGy ‫وﻗﺪ ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻃﻴﻒ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﻌﻌﺔ إﻟ ﻰ‬
(٤) ‫ وﻳﺒ ﻴﻦ اﻟﺠ ﺪول‬.‫ وه ﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒ ﺎت ه ﻲ ﻧ ﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﺘ ﺸﻌﻴﻊ‬.‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮًا ﻓﻲ ﻃﻴﻒ اﻟﻌﻴﻨ ﺔ اﻷم‬
‫ ﻳﻼﺣ ﻆ وﺟ ﻮد‬،‫ وﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬.‫اﺳﻢ و وﻋﺪد وﺗﺮآﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬
‫زﻣ ﺮ هﻴﺪروآﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴ ﺔ ﺻ ﻐﻴﺮة ﺑﺎﻹﺿ ﺎﻓﺔ إﻟ ﻰ زﻣ ﺮ وﻇﻴﻔﻴ ﺔ ﺗ ﺪل ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄآﻴ ﺪ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺗﺤﻄ ﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒ ﺎت‬
.‫أو اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﻌﻴﻊ‬/‫اﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴﺔ و‬

‫أو اﻟﺒ ﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻮدة ﻓ ﻲ ﻋﻴﻨ ﺔ‬/‫ ﻋ ﺪد واﺳ ﻢ وﺗﺮآﻴ ﺰ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒ ﺎت اﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴ ﺔ و‬:(٤) ‫اﻟﺠ ﺪول‬
.25kGy ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻣﻲ اﻟﻬﻜﺴﺎن و ﻣﺸﻌﻌﺔ اﻟﻰ‬
Peak# Ret.Time A/H Conc. Name
1 3.923 1.27 0.53 1-Pentene, 3,3-dimethyl-
2 4.286 1.26 2.69 Heptane, 4-ethyl- (CAS) 4-Ethylheptane $$
3 4.337 1.28 3.74 Octane, 4-methyl-
4 4.416 1.4 7.66 1-Hexanol
5 4.91 1.58 3.91 Hexane, 2,4-dimethyl- $$ 2,4-Dimethylhexane $$
6 5.334 2.73 4.29 Isopentyloxyethyl acetate $$
7 5.615 1.53 5.78 DODECANE, 6,6-DIDEUTERO- $$
2-Pentanol, 3-chloro-4-methyl-, (R*,S*)-(.+-.)- (CAS) 4-
8 5.775 1.96 12.22 PENTANOL, 3-CHLORO-(SR)-2-METHYL-(RS)- $$
9 5.887 1.39 2.72 Heptane, 3,4,5-trimethyl-
10 6 1.19 0.41 Butane, 1,1'-oxybis[3-methyl- $$
1,3-Dioxan-4-one, 2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-5,6-dimethyl-, [2R-
11 6.395 1.52 0.91 (2.alpha.,5.alpha.,6.alpha.)]- $$
12 6.595 2.07 2.56 Decane (CAS) n-Decane $$ Isodecane $$
13 6.77 1.62 0.72 .GAMMA. VALEROLACTONE $$
14 7.223 1.42 0.42 Adenosine, 4'-dehydroxymethyl-4'-[N-ethylaminoformyl]- $$
2(3H)-Furanone, 5-ethyldihydro- (CAS) .GAMMA.-N-
15 7.539 3.66 2.19 CAPROLACTONE $$
16 7.797 1.78 0.81 Butanoic acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester $$
1,3-Dioxan-4-one, 2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-5,6-dimethyl-, [2R-
17 7.973 0.8 0.27 (2.alpha.,5.alpha.,6.alpha.)]- $$
18 8.25 2.63 3.04 Octane, 4,5-diethyl- $$

١٦
 19 8.41 1.52 0.64 1-Undecanol (CAS) n-Undecanol $$
20 8.577 1.45 4.01 Octane, 4,5-diethyl- $$
21 8.602 1.7 5.55 Octane, 4,5-diethyl- $$
22 8.851 1.62 3.37 Decane, 5,6-dimethyl- $$ 5,6-Dimethyldecane $$
23 8.909 1.56 2.75 Decane, 5,6-dimethyl-
24 9.148 1.68 6.35 Undecane, 2,3-dimethyl- $$ 2,3-Dimethylundecane $$
Undecane, 5-methyl- (CAS) 5-Methylundecane $$
25 9.261 1.69 7.08 Methylundecane $$
Dodecane (CAS) n-Dodecane $$ Ba 51-090453 $$ Adakane 12 $$
26 10.021 1.74 3.26 Isododecane $$
1,3-Propanediol, 2-methyl-2-propyl- (CAS) 2-METHYL-2-
27 11.543 1.57 0.65 PROPYL-1,3-PROPANEDIOL $$
28 13.827 1.62 1.02 Dimethyl phthalate
29 15.87 2.72 10.45 DIETHYL PHTALATE $$

‫ ﺑﻌ ﺪ ﺗ ﺸﻌﻴﻌﻬﺎ‬،‫ ﻟﻌﻴﻨ ﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠ ﺼﺔ ﺑﺜﻨ ﺎﺋﻲ آﻠ ﻮر اﻟﻤﻴﺜ ﺎن‬GC-mass ‫ ﻃﻴ ﻒ‬١٣ ‫ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﻳﺒ ﻴﻦ اﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ أن اﻟﺘﺸﻌﻴﻊ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﺠﺮﻋ ﺔ‬.‫ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ اﻷم‬5, 10 kGy ‫ﺑﺠﺮﻋﺎت‬
.‫ﻟﻢ ﻳﺒﺪي أي اﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ زﻣﻦ ﺧﺮوج اﻷﻃﻴﺎف أو اﻟﺸﺪة ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ اﻷم‬

‫ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﺪ اﻻﺧﺘﻼف ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ أزﻣﻨ ﺔ ﺧ ﺮوج ﻧ ﻮاﺗﺞ‬، 20 , 25 kGy ‫أﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ زﻳﺎدة ﺟﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻌﻴﻊ ﻟـ‬
.١٤ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻌﻴﻊ آﻤﺎ هﻮ ﻣﻼﺣﻆ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

١٧
 ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻤﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫]‪ .[21-23‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺤﻠﻘﻴﺔ أو اﻟﻬﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎن ﺗﻘﻄﻴﻊ اﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ أو اﻟ ﺪﺧﻮل إﻟ ﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻳﻜﻮن أول اﻷهﺪاف‪ .‬وﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎ هﺬﻩ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋ ﺼﺮ اﻟﺰﻳﺘ ﻮن‬
‫واﻟﺤﺎوﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺣﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﺗﺰداد ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌ ﻀﻬﺎ اﻟ ﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺰﻳ ﺎدة ﻋ ﺪد اﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺎت أو اﻟﺠ ﺬور‬
‫اﻟﻤ ﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ‪ .‬أن ﻃ ﺮح ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻴ ﺎﻩ إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺌ ﺔ دون ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬ ﺎ أﻣ ﺮًا ﻣﺮﻓﻮﺿ ًﺎ ﻓ ﻲ آﺎﻓ ﻪ اﻟﻘ ﻮاﻧﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ]‪ .[14-15‬وﻗﺪ ﺣ ﺪدت ﻣﻨﻈﻤ ﺔ اﻟ ﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﻊ اﻟﻤ ﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟ ﻸرض اﻟﻤﻌ ﺎﻳﻴﺮ و‬
‫اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ إﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﺟﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﻠﻮث ﻋﻤﻮﻣًﺎ واﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺧﺼﻮﺻًﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺆدي اﻟﺘﺤﻄﻴﻢ اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻮﺛﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺣﻤﻮض ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ و ﻣﻐﻴﺮًا ﺑﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻣﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻌﻀﻮي اﻟﻜﻠ ﻲ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻠ ﻮل]‪ .[26-27‬ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﻳ ﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳ ﺪ اﻟﻨ ﻮاﺗﺞ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴ ﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻄ ﻴﻢ اﻹﺷ ﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﻤﻘﺎرﻧ ﺔ أزﻣﻨ ﺔ ﺧ ﺮوج اﻟﻨ ﻮاﺗﺞ ﻣ ﻊ ﻣﺜﻴﻼﺗﻬ ﺎ اﻟﻨﻘﻴ ﺔ ﻏﻴ ﺮ اﻟﻤ ﺸﻌﻌﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ ‪GC-‬‬
‫‪. HPLC, mass‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﺎ أن اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺤﺎﻣ ﻞ ه ﻮ اﻟﻤ ﺎء ﻓ ﺎن ﺗﻔﺎﻋ ﻞ اﻹﺷ ﻌﺎع ﻣ ﻊ اﻟﻤ ﺎء ه ﻮ اﻟﻤﺤ ﺮك اﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﻲ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋ ﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﻄﻴﻢ و\أو اﻟﺘﺒﺎدل ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﺮ واﻟﺠﺬور اﻟﺤﺮة )‪ .(٣٠-٢٨‬وﻳﺤﺪث اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ آﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪H2O‬‬ ‫‪+γ‬‬ ‫*‪H2O‬‬ ‫‪H. + OH.‬‬

‫‪H2O + + e-‬‬ ‫‪e-th + n H2O‬‬ ‫‪e-aq‬‬

‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺮدود اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ ) ‪ ( G – Values‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ pH = 7‬هﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪H2O‬‬ ‫‪→ e-aq , H , OH , H2 , H2O2‬‬ ‫‪, H+ , OH-aq‬‬

‫)‪(2.7) (0.6) (2.8) (0.45‬‬ ‫)‪(0.7‬‬ ‫)‪(3.2) (0.5‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ أن ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﺘﺸﻌﻴﻊ ﺗﻤﺮ ﺑﺜﻼث ﺣﺎﻻت ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻠﺤﻈﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ )وﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ اﻟﺠﺬور اﻟﺤﺮة(‪.‬‬

‫‪١٨‬‬
 ‫‪ -‬اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻠﺤﻈﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻄﻴﺌﺔ )وﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ إﻋﺎدة ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻟﺠﺬور اﻟﻤﺘﺸﻜﻠﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ )وﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ واﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻪ( ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻊ ازدﻳﺎد ﺟﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻌﻴﻊ ﻳﺒﺪأ اﻟﻤﺮآ ﺐ ﺑ ﺎﻟﺘﺤﻄﻴﻢ ﻋ ﻦ ﻃﺮﻳ ﻖ ﻓ ﻚ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ اﻷﺿ ﻌﻒ وﻳ ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺟ ﺬرًا ﺣ ﺮًا ﺗﺘﻨ ﺎﻓﺲ ﻋﻠﻴ ﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ اﻟﺠ ﺬور اﻟﺤ ﺮة اﻟﻤﺘ ﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺗ ﺸﻌﻴﻊ اﻟﻤ ﺎء وﺗﺒ ﺪءا رﺣﻠ ﺔ ﺗ ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت ﺗﺒﺎدﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮآﺐ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ أن ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒ ﺎت ﺿ ﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺗﺠ ﺎﻩ اﻟﺘ ﺸﻌﻴﻊ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻤﺮ وﺗ ﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫رﺣﻠﺔ ﻓﻚ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ وﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﺘﻤﺎآﺒﺎت ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺳﻠﺴﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻔ ﺎﻋﻼت و ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮﻋ ﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻜ ﺴﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺨ ﺎﺗﻢ اﻟﻌﻄ ﺮي ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻴ ًﺎ وﻳﺘﺠ ﺰأ إﻟ ﻰ أن ﻧ ﺼﻞ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ ﻣﺮآ ﺐ ﺛﺎﺑ ﺖ ﺗﺠ ﺎﻩ اﻟﺘ ﺸﻌﻴﻊ وﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ‪ .‬وﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ اﻟﺘﺮآﻴ ﺰ ﻃ ﺮدا ﻣ ﻊ زﻳ ﺎدة ﺗﺮآﻴ ﺰ اﻟﺰﻣ ﺮ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴ ﺔ اﻷآﺜ ﺮ‬
‫ﺛﺒﺎﺗًﺎ آﻤﺎ ﺗﻢ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻪ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ]‪.[31-32‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﺗﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺠﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳ ﺔ أن اﻟﺘﺤﻄ ﻴﻢ اﻹﺷ ﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻳﻤﺜ ﻞ أﺣ ﺪ ﺣﻠ ﻮل ﺗﺤﻄ ﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛ ﺎت اﻟ ﻀﺎرة‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻮدة ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤﻴ ﺎﻩ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠ ﺔ ﻋ ﻦ ﺻ ﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺰﻳﺘ ﻮن واﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺗ ﺪوﻳﺮهﺎ ﻟﻼﺳ ﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻨﻬ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ري‬
‫اﻷراﺿﻲ اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫آﻤﺎ أن ﺁﻟﻴﺔ وﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺤﻄﻴﻢ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻌ ﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻌ ﺪدة اﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺸﻌﻴﻊ ﻻ ﺗ ﺰال ﻣﻮﺿ ﻮع‬
‫دراﺳﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﺑﺮ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﺤﻄﻴﻢ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد أﻳﻮﻧﺎت آﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣ ﺴﺎﻋﺪة‬
‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاة ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺼﺮف )ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ و‪/‬أو ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫آﻠﻤﺔ ﺷﻜﺮ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺸﻜﺮ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ إدارة اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺘﺎذ اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر اﻟﻤ ﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻌ ﺎم ﻟﺘ ﺸﺠﻴﻌﻪ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻠ ﻰ إﺟ ﺮاء اﻷﻋﻤ ﺎل اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴ ﺔ ‪ .‬آﻤ ﺎ ﻧﺘﻮﺟ ﺔ ﺑﺎﻟ ﺸﻜﺮ اﻟﻌﻤﻴ ﻖ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻓ ﺴﻮر ‪W. J. Cooper‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﺮآﺰ أﺑﺤﺎث ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ و أﺳﺘﺎذ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ آﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬اﻳﺮﻓ ﺎﻳﻦ‪ ،‬أﻣﺮﻳﻜ ﺎ ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗ ﺸﺔ ﻧﺘ ﺎﺋﺞ ه ﺬا‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ و ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻤﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺪآﺘﻮر ﺗﻜﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﻟﻤﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺑﻌ ﺾ اﻷﻋﻤ ﺎل اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺑ ﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋ ﻞ وﺣ ﻀﻮر‬
‫اﻟﻤ ﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻹدارة وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻴ ﺎﻩ ﺑﺮﻋﺎﻳ ﺔ اﻟﻴﻮﻧ ﺴﻜﻮ ﻟﻌ ﺎم ‪ ٢٠٠٨‬ﻓ ﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ آﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴ ﺎ‬
‫اﻳﺮﻓ ﺎﻳﻦ‪ ،‬أﻣﺮﻳﻜ ﺎ‪ .‬واﻟ ﺸﻜﺮ أﻳ ﻀًﺎ ﻟﻠ ﺴﻴﺪ وﺳ ﺎم أﺑ ﻮ ﺧﻠﻴ ﻞ )هﻴﺌ ﺔ ﻣﺨﺒﺮﻳ ﺔ( ﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﻋﺪﺗﻪ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﺤ ﻀﻴﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت وإﺟﺮاء اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت‪.‬‬

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30-

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 SYRIAN ARAB REBABLIC
ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
DAMASCUS- P.O.BOX: 6091

Report on Scientific Study

Department of Nuclear Engineering

Radiation processing of the olive-press waste waters for

detoxifying the water from organic pollutants

Dr. S. Takriti
A. Al-kaid
S. Ibrahem

AECS – NE\RSS 818 Jun 2009

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