Science

Study Booklet
 Topic One- Cells
Parts of a plant cell:

nucleus
chloroplast

mitochondrion

cytoplasm

sap vacuole
cell membrane

cell wall
 Functions:

mitochondrion
All plant cells have mitochondria. Inside mitochondria, energy is released from food.

cytoplasm
All cells have cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is like clear jelly. Chemical reactions happen
inside the cytoplasm. These reactions keep the cell alive.

cell membrane
All cells have a cell membrane. The cell membrane is very thin and flexible. It is like
the thin skin of a soap bubble. It lies along the inner edge of the cell wall. The cell
membrane controls what goes in and out of the cell.

cell wall
Every plant cell has a cell wall. The cell wall is strong and stiff. It holds the plant cell in
shape. Plant cell walls are made of a substance called cellulose.

chloroplast
plant cells that are in the sunlight often contain chloroplasts. This is where plants make
their food. Chloroplasts look green because they contain a green substance called
chlorophyll.

sap vacuole
This is a large, fluid-filled space inside a plant cell. The liquid inside is a solution of
sugars and other substances dissolved in water. The solution is called cell sap.

nucleus
Most cells have a nucleus. The nucleus controls the activities of the cell.
 Parts of an animal cell:

nucleus

mitochondrion

cytoplasm

cell membrane
Specialised animal cells:
 Specialised plant cells:

Diagram of a leaf cut open:

 Extra notes from this section:

Red blood cells have haemoglobin in its cytoplasm, because the

haemoglobin carries oxygen (which is a red blood cell’s job).

Neurones have dendrites and axons to collect electrical signals, and let the
signals travel along it.

Ciliated cells have cilia hairs to make mucus, which traps dust and bacteria.
We then sweep the mucus to the back of our mouth and swallow it.

Root hair cells have long, thin extensions that allows water to move easily
from the soil to the cell.

A group of similar cells is called a tissue. An organ is a structure made of

many different tissues. An organ system is a group of organs that carry
out a particular function. An organism is a living thing. It may contain
many different organ systems, organs and tissues.

Extra questions for this section:

What is the job of a nucleus in a cell ?
What parts do both plant and animal cells have?

What is the haemoglobin in a red blood cell for ?

What is an organ system? Name three.

What is a tissue?
What are cell walls made of?

What do chloroplasts contain?

What is cell sap made of?
Topic Two- Materials
and their Structure
States of Matter:

solid liquid gas

Solids keep the Liquids take the Gases flow like liquids.
same shape. shape of the They will fill any closed
Solids take up container they container they are in.
the same amount are in. Liquids Gases are very easy to
of space. Solids cannot be compress. The volume of
keep the same compressed. a gas can change. Gases
volume. Solids Liquids take up weigh very little.
cannot be the same amount Generally, you cannot
compressed or of space, see or feel gases, but
poured. whatever shape you can sometimes smell
their container. them, and you can feel
air moving on your face.
Particle theory:
solid liquid gas

In solids the In liquids the In gases the

particles are particles touch particles do not
arranged in a each other. The touch each other.
fixed pattern. The particles are held They are a long
particles are held together weakly. way apart. The
together strongly The particles can particles spread
and are tightly move past one out themselves.
packed together. another, but they The particles can
The particles in a would still touch spread out to fill
solid can vibrate each other. up the space they
but they stay in Liquids can are in. Gases can
the same place. change shape. change shape.
 Particle theory:
Heating solids Boiling liquids Melting solids

When solids are When liquids are When solids are

heated they heated, they
expand. When a evaporate and boil.
solid is heated, The particles in
heat energy is liquids touch each
transferred to the other, and are held
particles in the together weakly.
solid. The more The particles move
energy the more as heat energy
particles have, is transferred to
the more they them, then some
vibrate. As the have enough energy
particles vibrate to break the weak
more, they take attractive forces
up more and holding them
more space. together, and can
now escape as gas
particles.
heated more
strongly, they melt,
and become liquid.
The particles in a
solid vibrate more
and more as heat
energy is
transferred to them,
and they vibrate so
much that the
attractive forces
between them are
not strong enough to
hold them in a fixed
pattern, so they now
slide past one
another.

Freezing liquids Cooling gases

When a liquid freezes it The particles in a gas are free

becomes a solid. The particles
in liquid can slide and move
past each other. As heat
energy is transferred to the
surroundings, the particles
move more slowly and the
liquid gets cooler. The cooler
the liquid, the less energy the
particles have. Eventually, the
particles have so little energy
they cannot move and flow
anymore- only vibrate.
to move anywhere and spread
out. There are no forces
holding them. When a gas gets
cooler it condenses to form a
liquid. When gas particles
reach a cold surface, some of
the heat energy from the
particles transfers to the
surface. The particles move less
and get closer together. They
form a liquid.
 First 20 Elements of the Periodic Table:
G
R
O
U
P H
S Hydrogen
He

Helium

G
O Li Be B C N O F Ne

Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon

T
H Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

I Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine Argon

S K Ca

W Potassium Calcium

A
Y PERIODS GO THIS WAY

Metal Non-
Metal

Naming Compounds:
If there is a metal in the compound, it goes first.
If there is a non-metal in the compound, the name is usually
changed, ending in ‘ide’.
If there are two elements in a compound, it usually ends in
‘ide’.
If there are three elements, which is always oxygen, then
the name ends in ‘ate’.

Sodium + Chlorine = Sodium chloride

Calcium + Carbon + Oxygen = Calcium carbonate

 Formulae:
S + Cl = SCl

Ca + C + O + O + O = CaCO3

Air is a mixture:

Nitrogen Oxygen Other

‘Other’ includes gases such as carbon

dioxide (CO2), argon (Ar), water vapour
(H2O), and others.
 Extra notes from this section:

Precipitation is the process of water in the atmosphere condensing and

falling to earth, coming down as rain, snow, hail, sleet, etc.

Accumulation is when all the precipitation is collected into bodies of water.

Evaporation is when a liquid turns to a gas.

Condensation is when a gas turns to liquid.

Melting is when a solid turns to liquid.

Freezing is when a liquid turns to a solid.

When measuring heat, use a thermometer.

When measuring volume, use a measuring cylinder.

The meniscus curves upwards against the sides of the measuring cylinder.

Extra questions for this section:

Use particle theory to explain what happens when
solids are heated.
What are the first ten elements of the Periodic Table?

What is a compound? Name two.

Write them as formulae.

 Topic Three-
Forces and Energy
The six basic forces:

gravity weight mass

The force that The force of The quantity of

pulls masses gravity on an matter in an
towards one object. object.
another.

contact force air resistance friction

The force that The force on a The resistance

acts from a moving object that a surface
surface in a caused by encounters
direction pushing against when moving
opposite to particles in the over another
weight from a air. object.
surface to
support an
object.

What is the difference

between weight and mass?
Weight is the force of gravity on an object, mass is the
quantity of matter in an object. Also, weight is measured
in newtons (N), and mass is measured in kilograms (kg).
The formula to convert newtons and kilograms:

W = m×10
How do scientists think the world was formed?
Scientists think that the small particles of dust and gas
have their own weak gravity, which joined together,
attracting more dust and gas with a stronger force. It
apparently started to get bigger, and became a planet
over millions of years.

Fill in the blank:

All the planets in the Solar System
orbit the Sun in the same direction.

What is a plane?
The plane is a flat surface that continues
in all directions, and can be imaginary.

How do tides happen?

The force of gravity on the Earth keeps the Moon in orbit.
As the oceans are made from water, the Moon can pull
more easily than the land. When the Sun, Moon and Earth
are all in a line, it makes a king tide.
 Energy types:

kinetic chemical

Energy stored Energy stored in

due to food, batteries and
movement of chemical fuels such as
an object. wood, oil, and coal.

thermal elastic potential

Heat energy Energy stored when

stored in hot things are stretched
objects and or squeezed to
transferred to change their shape.
colder objects.

gravitational potential electrical

Energy stored when The flow of

an object is lifted current in a circuit
away from a source transfers
of gravity. electrical energy.

sound light

Energy Visible energy

transferred from luminous
from vibrating objects that
objects. you can see.

What does dissipate mean?

Dissipating is when energy spreads out and becomes less useful.
 Extra notes from this section:

In a motorcycle, 75% of the energy is dissipated. The remaining 25% is used

for movement.

All the planets in the Solar System follow a path around the Sun in the same
direction. The path is often circular.

All of the planets in the Solar System spin on their axes in the same
direction, except Venus and Uranus.

A nebula is a cloud of dust and gas in space.

In space, objects have no air resistance to make them go slower.

Space is a vacuum, because it has very few particles.

Energy is always being changed or transferred to do something.

Extra questions for this section:

What is gravity? What is the contact force?

How do scientists think the universe was formed?

What is weight measured in?

What is the formula for converting weight and mass?

Why can objects move freely in space?

What does dissipate mean?
Topic Four- Grouping
and Identifying
Organisms
MRS C GREN:
Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity

Circulation

Growth
Reproduction
Excretion

Nutrition
 Viruses:
Viruses are very mall and can only be seen with
electron microscopes. They are not made of
cells, and do not have a cell membrane or
cytoplasm. They are just RNA covered in protein.
Viruses are not living. The cannot respire, feed,
excrete, grow, sense, or move. They have to get
inside a living cell before they can replicate.
Replicating is when a virus is inside a cell, bursts
open, copies the instructions on its RNA, and
makes new virus.

Species:
Species are two organisms that can produce
fertile offspring. They usually look similar to one
another. Other species might produce offspring
(lion and tiger- liger, horse and donkey- mule),
but the offspring is not fertile, meaning it cannot
produce more offspring.

Keys:
We use keys to identify organisms, objects, and
even food! You can use a key to identify almost
anything. Biologists use keys to help them to
identify organisms. A key is a set of questions
about the organism you want to identify. A
simple way is a dichotomous key, which means
‘branching into two’.
Some examples:

Dichotomous 1:

Dichotomous 2:
 Extra notes from this section:

Scientists dispute over whether viruses are living organisms, or non-living.

Even now, they still do.

Species will only reproduce with their own kind, but in a zoo, under forced
circumstances, two different species could reproduce.

There are seven characteristics of a living thing (eight if you count circulation).

A car is a lot like a living thing in a few ways.

Living organisms break down the food they eat, to provide them with energy.

Extra questions for this section:

What is a species?

How do viruses replicate?

What are the seven/eight characteristics of a living thing ?

Construct a key of your choice, identifying different sweets.

How is a car similar to a living thing?

Do you think viruses are living or non-living? Explain.
Use the keys you made in q.4, and pick a sweet.
Identify it using someone else’s key.
Name ten different species. If you can, say their
binomial names as well.
Topic Five- Properties
of Metals
Properties of Metals:

shiny malleable

Reflects light Can be bent or

well. hammered into
shape.

ductile sonorous

Can be drawn Makes a ringing

out into wires. sound like a bell.

conductors magnetic

They conduct heat Iron, nickel,

and electricity well. cobalt, steel.
 Properties of most Non-metals:

dull brittle

Doesn’t reflect Dropping may

light well. cause
shattering.

bad conductors

Insulators.

Properties shared by many non-metals:

Not as hardwearing as metals.

Many are gases.

Have low melting and boiling points.

Alloys:
A mixture of two metals. These include bronze (Cu+Sn-
copper+tin), steel (Fe+C- iron+carbon), and stainless steel
(Fe+C+Cr+Ni- iron+carbon+chromium+nickel). Alloys are
stronger than the pure element, because a different sized
atom disrupts the pattern of the atoms, making the atoms
not slide over each other as easily anymore.
 Alloys in everyday life:

Coins are not made of pure silver. First of all, the coin
would be worth more than the value on the coin itself.
Second of all, it would be too soft for people to keep with
them, because silver isn’t very durable. By adding copper
(which includes zinc and tin) and nickel, it is stronger and
more durable, yet still malleable.

Most gold jewellery is not pure gold, but an alloy of gold

and copper. It is soft, and if used for a wedding ring, it
wouldn’t stand the wear-and-tear. Pure gold is 24 carats,
and ladies will often wear jewellery with 18-21 carat gold.

Aeroplanes need to be light yet strong. Planes are usually

made of aluminium, because of its lightness, but it needs to
be stronger. By adding magnesium and copper, an alloy
called duralumin is formed. It is perfect for aeroplanes,
being both light and strong.

Artificial joints need to be very strong, and titanium is one

of the strongest metals out there. However, it is very
expensive, and used only for important purposes (bomb
shelters, rocket ships, etc.). Most artificial joints are often
made of titanium alloys, or plastic.

Some glasses are made of shape memory alloy, which

means that when heated, it will go back to its original
shape, if it has been changed (by bending, squeezing,
stretching, etc.) This alloy is called Nitinol, and is made of
nickel and titanium.
Brass and Bronze:
 Acids and Alkalis:

Acids= 7>
Alkalis= >7

When acids or alkalis are on your skin, dilute with water.

Hazard Symbols:

Flammable Serious health hazard

Oxidising Health hazard

Corrosive Toxic

Explosive Hazardous to the

environment
 Indicators:
Red cabbage juice

Acid Neutral Alkali

Litmus

Acid Neutral Alkali

Universal indicator

S. Acid Neutral S. Alkali

W. Acid W. Alkali
 Extra notes from this section:

The most common indicator is universal indicator, and then litmus paper.

There are twenty-four carats of measurement when measuring the purity of

gold.

To separate copper sulphate from water, you let the water evaporate, to
leave the crystals behind.

The pH scale is out of fourteen.

Metals are usually more hardwearing than non-metals.

Extra questions for this section:

What are some of the properties of metals?

What are some of the properties of non-metals?

What is an indicator?

What is an alloy?

What two elements is brass made of?

What two elements is bronze made of?
Name fifteen metals you know of. Try to use their
chemical symbols if you can.
Name five different non-metals. Try to use their
chemical symbols if you can.
Name three different alloys.
 Topic Six-
Earth Physics
Sound waves:

Sound waves vibrate through the air to reach your ear.

Sounds can vary in both pitch and volume. It moves
backwards and forwards, and travels best in liquid. The
substance that sound moves through is called a medium. It
must have particles, and a vibration. It reflects the sound,
and causes an echo. Echoes are best heard in rooms with
large flat walls.

Structure of the Earth:

The crust is the outer layer of solid rock. The mantle is

molten rock beneath the crust. The outer core is molten
metals, but mostly molten iron and nickel. The inner core
is solid metals, mostly iron and nickel.

Continental Drift:

Alfred Wegener suggested that all the land was one

large continent: Pangea. His evidence was that the
shapes of the continents fit together, and that the
different types of rock and fossils on the different
continents match up where they fit together. We now
know that the crust is made up of tectonic plates, that
move slowly on the magma beneath them (this is how
continental drift occurs).
 Movement of Plates:
Subduction- plates moving together.
Volcano- plates moving apart.
Earthquake- plates sliding past.

Eclipses:
Solar- Moon comes between Sun and
Earth.
Lunar- Earth comes between Moon
and Sun.

Direction of a sound wave:

 Extra notes from this section:

A volcano is formed when two plates move apart, and a volcano forms.

An earthquake is formed when two plates slide past each other, and cause a
pressure build-up under the Earth’s crust.

Fold mountains are when rocks crumple and fold upwards when tectonic
plates move together.

You can only ever see a solar eclipse in the day-time.

You can only ever see a lunar eclipse at night-time.

Extra questions for this section:

What are lunar eclipses?

What are solar eclipses?

What is continental drift?

What evidence supports continental drift?

What happens to the tectonic plates in an earthquake?

What state of matter does sound travel through best?
Where is an echo best heard?
What is an opaque object?
 Topic Seven-
Micro-organisms in
the Environment
What is a micro-organism?

Micro-organisms are tiny living things that the naked eye

cannot see. You have to use a microscope to see one.

Types of micro-organism:
bacterium fungus

A single-celled An organism
organism, with that gets its
a cell wall but energy by
no nucleus. decaying
organic matter.

protozoan alga

A small, single- A plant-like

celled, animal- organism that
like organism. grows in or
near water.
 Food chains:

The arrows in a food chain show the transfer of energy

from one organism to another. The first organism in a food
chain is a producer, meaning it gets its energy from the
sun. Consumers get their energy from eating other things.
There are three types of consumers. Herbivores, which eat
plants. Carnivores, which eat other animals, and
omnivores, which eat both.

Adding decomposers:

To add decomposers, just have everything in your food

chain point to a decomposer, as this is where the energy
goes after the animal/plant dies.
 Food webs:

Food webs are connected food chains. For example, a

termite might eat either grass or berries, and gets eaten by
either an aardvark or a mouse. Kiwi birds might eat
berries too. They both eat the same things, so you
intertwine them.

What are decomposers?

Decomposers get their energy from decaying or rotting

organic matter. Organic matter is alive.
 Extra notes from this section:

A virus is not a micro-organism because it isn’t an organism at all!

Micro-organisms are often single-celled.

Micro-organisms can be producers: algae is one.

There are over 100,000,000 bacteria in a human mouth!

Fungi include mushrooms, toadstools and yeast.

Extra questions for this section:

What are micro-organisms?

What are food chains?

Which direction do the arrows in a food chain go?

What is the difference between algae and protozoa?

Are viruses micro-organisms?

Draw a food web that includes at least two producers.
List three food chains inside your food web.
Can you name three herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores?