Grammar reference

Unit 1 Unit 2
1.1 Information questions
2.1 Verbs
1 What and which can be followed by a noun.
1 There are three classes of ve·rbs in English.
What colou·r are your eyes?
What size shoes do you take? Auxiliary verbs do, be, and have
What sort of music do you These are used to help form tenses of other verbs, and to show
like? forms suc:h as questions and negatives.
Which part of town do you live in? Modal auxiliary verbs
Which waydo wego?
Must, can, should, might, will, and would are examples of modal
Which one do you want? auxiliary verbs. They'help' other verbs, but unlike do, be, and

We use which when there is a limited choice. have, they have their own meanings. For example, must expresses
obligation; can expresses ability. (See Units S, 8, 9, 10)
Which one do you want, the red one or the blue one?
Full verbs
Which restaurant shall we go to?
These are all the other verbs in the language, for example,
We use what when there is (almost) unlimited choice. play, run, help, think, want, go, see, eat, enjoy, live, die, swim,
etc.
What language do they speak in Brazil?
2 Do, be, and have can also be used as full verbs with their own
What car do you drive?
meanings.
Sometimes th,ere is no differeince.
do I do my washing on Saturdays.
What/Which newspaper do you read?
be We are in class at the moment.
What/Which channel is the football on?
have They have three children.
2 Whose can be followed by a noun.
Whose book is this? Whose is this book? 3 There are two forms of have in the present, have and have got.

3 How can be followed by an adjective or an adverb. I have a job. Do you have a flat? He doesn't have a car.

How tall are you? I've got a job. Have you got a flat? She hasn't got a car.

How big is the hotel?

How far is it to the station? 2.2 Auxiliary verbs and tenses
How often do you go to the cinema? 1 beandthecontinuousfurms
Be+ verb+ -ing is used to mai e continuous verb forms which
How Jong does it take you to get ready?
describe activities in progress and temporary activities.
4 How can be followed by much or many. He's wash•ing his hair. (Present Continuous)
How many rooms are there? How much money do you have? We were·watching TV at 9.00. (Past Continuous.)
I've been learning English for two years. (Present Perfect Continuous)
1.2 What ... like? How ... ?
I'd like to be lying on the beach right now. (Continuous infinitive)
1 What ... like? asks about the perm1anent nature of people
and things. It asks for a general description. 2 be and the pa.ssivevoice
Be+ past participle is used to form the passive.
What's Indian food like? Really tasty.
What's Pete like? He'5 a great guy. Paper is made from wood. (Present Simple pass.ive)

2 How ... ? asks about the present condition of something. My car was stole.n yesterday. (Past Simple passive)
This condition can chang,e. The house has been redecorated. (Present Perffect passive)
This homework needs to be done tonight. (Passive infinitive)
How's work these days? It's better than last lhere is an irntroduction to the passive on p143.
How was the traffic this morning? year. It was worse than
usual.
3 have and the perfect forms
To ask about the weather, we can use both Have+ past participle is used to make perfect verb forms.
questions.
He has ·worked in seven different countries. (Present Perfect)
How's the weather

What's the weather Iike

where you are?
She was crying because she had r:eceived some bad news
(Past Perfect)
3 How ... ? asks about people's health and happiness and cam I'd like to have met Napoleon. (Perfect infinitive)
ask for reactions and feelings.
Perfect means 'completed; so Present Perfect means 'completed
How s Peter? He's fine. now'. Past perfect means 'cormpleted before ai time in the past'.
How's your How's your new job?
meal? 2.3 Auxiliary verbs and negatives
1 To make a negative, add -n't'to the auxiliary verb. If there is no
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auxiliary verb, use don't/doesn't/didn't. 3 a fact that is true for a long time (a permanent state).
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Positive Negative He works in a bank. I live in a flat.
He'sworking.
He isn't working. t Spelling of he/she/it forms
I was thinking. We've wasn't thinking.
seen the play. She 1 Most verbs add -s to the base form of the verb.
We haven't seen the play. She
works in a bank. He wants eats helps drives
doesn't work in a bank. He
went on holiday.
didn't go on holiday. 2 Add aes to verbs that e11d in ass, ~sh, ach,-x, and ~o.
2 It is possible to contract the auxiliaries be and have and use not. kisses washes watches fixes goes
He's not playing today.(;;;; He isn't playing today.)
3 Verbs that end in a consonant+ -y change tlhe-yto -ies.
We'renot going to Italy after all.(= We aren't going to Italy ... ) ..
I've not read that book yet. (- I haven't read that book yet.) carries flies worries tries
B.LJT I'm not working. NOT I emn't •1,1.;3fkiRg. But verbs that end in a vowel+ -y only add -s.

2.4 Auxiliary verbs and questions buys says plays en1•oys

1 To make a question, invert the subjec:t and the auxiliary verb.
If there is no auxiliary verb, use do/does/did. 3.2 Adverbs of frequency
Question 1 We often use adverbs of frequency with the Present Simple.
0% 50% 1100%
She's weoringjeans. You What is she wearing? never rarely hardly ever not often sometimes often usually always
were born in Paris. Where were you born? Has
Peter's been to China. I Peter been to China? Do I 2 They go before the main verb, but after the verb to be.
know you. know you? I usually start at 9.00. They're usually here by now.
They didn't go out. Why didn't they go out? I rarely see Peter these days. We're rarely at home at weekends.

2 There is usually no do/does/did in subject que·stions (when there is

no new, different subject introduced after the question word). 3 Sometimes and usuaffy can also go at the beginni ngi or the end.

Who wants ice cream? What flavour ice cream do you want? Sometimes we pfay cards. We play cards sometimes.
Who broke the window? How did you break the window? Usually I go to bed early. I go to bed early usually.

3.3 Present Continuous

2.5 Auxiliary verbs and short answers
Form
Short answers are very common in spoken English. If you just say Yes or
No, it c:an sound rude. To make a snort answer, repeat the auxiliary verb. am/is/are+ verb + -ing
In the Present and Past Simple, use do/does/did. I'm playing tennis. What's he doing?
Short answer He's cooking lunch. Where are you living? Aren't
I'm not enjoying my new job. they working today?

Are you coming with us? Yes, lam.

Slilort answer
Have you had breakfast? No, f haven't. No,
Does she like walking? she doesn't. Yes, Are you going by train? Yes, I am./No, I'm not.
Did Mary phone? she did.
Use
The Present Continuous is used to express:
Unit3
1 an activity that is happening now.
Don't turn the TV off. I'm watching it.
3.1 Present Simple
Form You can't speak to Lisa. She's having a bath.

The form is the same for I/we/you/they.
I work from 9'-5 p.m.
Where do you work?
He/She/It add -s or •-es, and
answers.
He doesn't work at weekends. Do
you five in Bristol?
Does he hav;e a car?
Use
2 an activity that is not necessarily happening at the moment
of speaking, but is happening around now.
They don't work full time.
Don't take that book. Jane's reading it.
I'm doing a French evening class this year.
use does/doesn't in questions and short
3 a temporary activity.
Peter is a student, but he's working as a waiter during the holidays.
Where does she live? t'm living with friends untrl I nnd a place of my own.
Yes, wedo.
4 a planned futurre arrangement.
No, he does·n't.
I'm having lunch with Glenda tomorrow.

Grammar reference 143

 The Present Simple is used to express:
1 an action that happens again and again (a habit or routine).
I go to work by car. She calls me every day.

2 a fact that is always true.

Rona/do comes from Brazil: My daughter has brown eyes.
 We're meeting at 1.00 outside the restaurant.

Spelling of verb+ -ing

1 Most verbs add -ing to the base form of the verb.
going wearing visiting eating