Cr

imi
nal
LawBook1Rev
iewer

Def
ini
ti
onofTer
ms

Abber
ati
oIct
us–mi
stakei
nbl
ow.

Whati
sthel
egal
eff
ectofaber
rat
ioi
ctus?

a.mayr
esul
tincompl
excr
imeort
wof
eloni
es

b.i
fcompl
ex,
appl
yAr
t.48-penal
tyf
ort
hemor
eormostser
ious

cr
imei
nit
smaxi
mum per
iod.

Absol
utoryCauses-wheret
heactcommitt
edisacri
mebutforsomereasonofpubli
cpoli
cy
andsenti
ment,ther
eisnopenal
tyi
mposed.Exempt
ingandj
usti
fyi
ngci
rcumstancesare
absol
utor
ycauses.

Accompli
ces-Personswhodonotactaspr i
ncipalsbutcooper
ateintheexecuti
onoft he
off
ensebyprevi
ousandsimultaneousact
s,whicharenotindi
spensablet
ot hecommi ssi
onof
thecr
ime.Theyactasmereinstrument
sthatperform act
snotessent
ialt
otheper pet
rati
onof
theof
fense.

Act–anover
torext
ernal
act
.Anybodi
l
ymov
ementt
endi
ngt
opr
oducesomeef
fecti
nthe
ext
ernal
worl
d.

Act
usMeI
nvi
toFact
usNonEstMeusAct
us–Anyactdonebymeagai
nstmywi
l
lisnotmyact
.

Agent-subordi
natepubl
i
cof f
icerchar
gedw/t
hemai
ntenanceofpubl
i
cor
derandpr
otect
ion
andsecuri
tyofli
feandproper
ty.

Aggravat
ingCi
rcumstances-Thosewhi
ch,i
fatt
endantint
hecommissi
onofthecri
me, ser
veto
havethepenal
tyimposedinit
smaximum per
iodprovi
dedbyl
awfortheof
fenseorthosethat
changethenat
ureofthecrime.
 Gener
ic-t
hosewhi
chappl
ytoal
lcr
imes.

Speci
fi
c-t
hosewhi
chappl
yonl
ytospeci
fi
ccr
imes.

Qual
i
fyi
ng-t
hoset
hatchanget
henat
ureoft
hecr
ime.

I
nher
ent-whi
chofnecessi
tyaccompanyt
hecommi
ssi
onoft
hecr
ime,

t
her
efor
enotconsi
der
edi
nincr
easi
ngt
hepenal
tyt
obe

i
mposed.

Speci
al-t
hosewhi
char
iseunderspeci
alcondi
ti
onst
oincr
ease

t
hepenal
tyoft
heof
fenseandcannotbeof
fsetby

mi
ti
gat
ingci
rcumst
ances.

Al
ternat
iveCi
rcumstances–Thosewhi
chmustbetakeni
ntoconsi
derat
ionasaggrav
ati
ngor
mit
igati
ngaccordi
ngtothenat
ureandef
fect
soft
hecrimeandtheothercondi
ti
onsatt
endi
ng
i
tscommi ssi
on.

Amnesty–i
sanactofthesover
eignpowergr
ant
ingobli
vi
onorgeneral
par
don.I
twi
pesal
l
tr
acesandv
est
igesoft
hecrimebutdoesnotext
ingui
shciv
ill
i
abi
li
ty.

Ast
ucia–( Cr
aft
)inv
olvedt
heuseofi nt
ell
ect
ualt
ri
cker
yorcunningonthepar
toftheaccused.
Achicaner
yresor
tedtobytheaccusedtoaidint
heexecut
ionofhiscr
imi
naldesi
gn.I
tis
employedasa

schemei
ntheexecut
ionoft
hecr
ime.

Bi
l
lOfAt
tai
nder–Al
egi
slat
iveactwhi
chi
nfl
i
ctspuni
shmentwi
thoutt
ri
al.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofCr
imi
nal
Law

1.Gener
al

2.Ter
ri
tor
ial
3.Pr
ospect
ive

Ci
rcumst
ancesThatAf
fectCr
imi
nal
Liabi
l
ity

1.Just
if
yingci
rcumst
ances

2.Exempt
ingci
rcumst
ances

3.Mi
ti
gat
ingci
rcumst
ances

4.Aggr
avat
ingci
rcumst
ances

5.Al
ter
nat
iveci
rcumst
ances

Commut at
ion–changei
nt hedeci
sionoft
hecourtbythechi
efr
egar
dingt
hedegr
eeoft
he
penal
tybydecr
easi
ngthelengthofthei
mprisonmentorf
ine.

Consummat
edFeloni
es-whenal
ltheel
ement
snecessar
yfori
tsexecut
ionand
accompl
i
shmentarepr
esent
.

Conti
nuedCri
me–r efer
stoasingl
ecri
meconsisti
ngofaseri
esofact
sbutal
lar
isi
ngf r
om one
cri
minalr
esol
uti
on.Al
thought
hereisaser
iesofacts,
ther
eisonl
yonecri
mecommitted,soonl
y
onepenalt
yshal
lbeimposed.

Cr
ime–act
sandomi
ssi
onspuni
shabl
ebyanyl
aw.

Cr
imi
nall
aw-Abranchofmunici
pal
lawwhi
chdef
inescr
imes,
treat
soft
hei
rnat
ureand
pr
ovi
desf
ort
hei
rpunishment
.

TheFol
l
owi
ngar
enotsubj
ectt
otheoper
ati
onofPhi
l
ippi
neCr
imi
nal
Law

1.Sov
erei
gnsandot
herheadsofst
ate

2.Char
gesd'
aff
air
es

3.Ambassador
s
 4.Mi
nist
erspl
eni
pot
ent
iar
y

5.Mi
nist
ersr
esi
dent

Cruel
ty–therei
scruel
tywhenthecul
pri
tenj
oysanddel
i
ghtsinmaki
nghi
svict
im suff
erslowl
y
andgradual
ly
,causi
ngunnecessar
yphysi
cal
paini
ntheconsummati
onoft
hecriminalact
.

Degr
ee–onewholepenal
ty,oneenti
repenal
tyoroneuni
toft
hepenal
ti
esenumer
atedi
nthe
gr
aduat
edscal
esprov
idedforinArt
.71

Despobl
ado–(Uninhabi
tedPlace)onewher
ether
earenohousesatal
l,
apl aceata
consi
der
abledi
stancefr
om town,wheret
hehousesar
escatt
eredatagreatdist
ancef
rom each
other
.

Di
scer
nment-thement
alcapacit
ytoful
l
yappr
eci
atetheconsequencesoft
heunlawfulact
,
whi
chisshownbythemannerthecri
mewascommi t
tedandtheconductoftheof
fenderaft
er
i
tscommissi
on.

Di
sfr
az(
Disgui
se)–r
esor
ti
ngt
oanydev
icet
oconceal
ident
it
y.

Dur
ess-useofv
iol
enceorphy
sical
for
ce.

Dwell
ing-mustbeabui l
dingorstr
uctur
eexcl
usivel
yusedf orr
estandcomfort(
combinat
ionof
houseandstorenotincl
uded)
,maybet emporar
yasi nt
hecaseofguestsinahouseor
bedspacer
s.I
t.incl
udesdependenci
es,t
hefootofthestai
rcaseandtheencl
osureundert
he
house.
Elqueescausadelacausaescausadel
malcausado-Spani
shmaxi
m whi
chmeans:
"Hewho
i
sthecauseofthecausei
sthecauseoft
heevi
lcaused.

EnCuadri
ll
a–(Band)whenev
ert
her
ear emor
ethan3ar
medmal
efact
orst
hatshal
lhav
eact
ed
toget
heri
nthecommissi
onofanof
fense.

Ent
rapment-waysandmeansareresor
tedtofort
hepur
poseoft
rappi
ngandcapt
uri
ngt
he
l
awbreakeri
ntheexecut
ionofhi
scri
minalpl
an.

Er
rori
nper
sonae–mi
stakei
nident
it
y.

Whati
sthel
egal
eff
ectofer
rori
nper
sonae?

a.i
fsamecr
imer
esul
ts,
li
abl
efort
hesamecr
ime

b.i
fdi
ff
erentcr
imer
esul
ts,
appl
yAr
t.49-penal
tyf
orl
esser

cr
imei
nit
smaxi
mum per
iod

ExemptingCir
cumstances-gr
oundsforexempti
onfr
om puni
shmentbecauset
hereiswant
ing
i
nt heagentofthecr
imeanyofthecondit
ionswhi
chmaketheactvol
untar
yornegl
igent
.

ExPostFactoLaw-Anactwhichwhencommittedwasnotacr
ime,cannotbemadesoby
st
atut
ewithoutvi
olat
ingt
heconst
it
uti
onal
inhi
biti
onast
oexpostfactol
aws.

Fel
oni
es–act
sandomi
ssi
onspuni
shabl
ebyt
heRev
isedPenal
Code.

Fence–i saper sonwhocommi tstheactoffencing.Afencewhor

eceiv
esst
olenproper
tyas
above-providedisnotanaccessor
ybutapr i
ncipalinthecri
medef
inedi
nandpunishedbythe
Anti
-FencingLaw.

Fenci
ng–i sanact,wi
thint
entt
ogai n,
ofbuyi
ng,sel
li
ng,
recei
ving,
possessi
ng,
keeping,
ori
n
anyothermannerdeal
inginany
thingofval
uewhichapersonknowsorshouldhaveknownto
bederiv
edfrom t
heproceedsofthecri
meofrobberyort
heft.

Fr
aud(
fraude)–insi
diouswordsormachi
nat
ionsusedt
oinducet
hev
ict
imt
oacti
namanner
whi
chwouldenablet
heof f
endert
ocarr
youthisdesi
gn.
Goodconductal
l
owancedur
ingconf
inement–Deduct
ionf
ort
het
erm ofsent
encef
orgood
behav
ior
.

HabitualDel
inquencyorMul t
i-
reci
div
ism –Whereapersonwithi
naperi
odoftenyear
sfrom t
he
dateofhisreleaseorlastconvi
cti
onofthecri
mesofser i
ousorl
essser
iousphysi
cal
inj
uri
es,
robbery,
theft,est
afaorfal
sif
icati
on,i
sfoundguil
tyoft
hesaidcr
imesathir
dti
meorof t
ener
.
Thisisanextraordinar
yaggravati
ngcir
cumstance.

Habi
tual
Delinquent-Aper sonwho,wit
hinaperi
odoftenyearsfrom t
hedateofhi
srel
easeor
l
astconvi
cti
onoft hecri
mesofser i
ousorlessseri
ousphy
sicali
njuri
es,r
obber
y,t
heft
,est
afa,
or
f
alsi
fi
cat
ion,isfoundgui
ltyofanysaidcri
mesat hi
rdti
meorof t
ener.

I
gnomi
ny–isacircumstanceper
tai
ningt
othemor
alor
der
,whi
chaddsdi
sgr
aceandobl
oquyt
o
t
hemater
ial
inj
urycausedbythecri
me.

I
mbecil
e-onewhi
l
eadvancedi
nagehasamentaldev
elopmentcomparablet
othatofchi
l
dren
bet
ween2and7year
sold.Hei
sexempti
nal
lcasesfrom cr
imi
nall
iabi
l
ity
.

I
nsane-onewhoact swit
hcompletedepr
ivat
ionofi
ntell
i
gence/r
easonorwi
thoutt
heleast
discernmentorwitht
otal
depri
vat
ionoffr
eedom ofwil
l.Mereabnor
mali
tyofthement
al
facult
ieswil
lnotexcl
udeimput
abi
lit
y.

I
nsti
gati
on-I
nsti
gatorpr
act
ical
l
yinducest
hewoul
d-beaccusedi
ntot
hecommi
ssi
onoft
he
of
fenseandhi
mselfbecomesaco-pri
nci
pal
.

I
nsuper
abl
eClause-somemot
ive,
whi
chhasl
awf
ull
y,mor
all
yorphy
sical
l
ypr
event
edaper
son
t
odowhatthelawcommands.

Ir
resi
sti
bleForce-Theof
fenderusesv
iol
enceorphy
sical
for
cet
ocompel
anot
herper
sont
o
commi tacri
me.

Just
if
yingCi
rcumst
ances-wher
etheactofaper
soni
sinaccor
dancewi
thl
awsucht
hatsai
d
per
soni
sdeemednott
ohav
evi
olat
edt
hel
aw.

Mal
aInSe-act
soromi
ssi
onst
hatar
einher
ent
lyev
il
.

Mal
aPr
ohi
bit
a-act
smadeev
ilbecauset
her
eisal
awpr
ohi
bit
ingi
t.

Mi
sdemeanor-ami
nori
nfr
act
ionofl
aw.

Mist
akeofFact-mi
sapprehensi
onoff
actont
hepar
toft
heper
sonwhocausedi
njur
yto
anot
her.Hei
snotcr
iminall
yli
abl
e.

Miti
gati
ngCi
rcumst
ances-t
hosewhichi
fpresentint
hecommi ssi
onofthecri
mereducest
he
penal
tyoft
hecri
mebutdoesnoter
asecri
mi nall
i
abil
i
tynorchangethenat
ureoft
hecrime.

Mot
ive-i
tist
hemov
ingpowerwhi
chi
mpel
sonet
oact
ionf
oradef
ini
ter
esul
t.

Nul
l
um Cr
imen,
Nul
l
aPoenaSi
neLege–Ther
eisnocr
imewhent
her
eisnol
awpuni
shi
ngi
t.

Obscur
idad–(
Nightt
ime)t
hatper
iodofdar
knessbegi
nni
ngatt
heendofduskandendi
ngat
dawn.

Of
fense-acr
imepuni
shedunderspeci
all
aw.

Omi
ssi
on–f
ail
uret
oper
for
m adut
yrequi
redbyl
aw.

Par
don–anactofgraceproceedi
ngfr
om t
hepowerentr
ustedwitht
heexecuti
onofl
aws,
whi
chexempt
stheindiv
idualf
rom t
hepuni
shmentt
helawinfl
ict
sforthecr
ime.

Parole–consistsi
nthesuspensi
onoft hesentenceofaconv ictaf
terservi
ngt heminimum
term ofthei
ndeter
minatepenal
ty,
withoutgranti
ngpardon,prescri
bingthetermsuponwhi ch
thesentenceshall
besuspended.Incasehisparolecondit
ionsarenotobser v
ed, aconvi
ctmay
ber et
urnedtothecust
odyandcont i
nuetoservehissentencewi t
houtdeductingtheti
met hat
elapsed.

Penal
ty–suf
fer
ingi
nfl
i
ctedbyt
heSt
atef
ort
het
ransgr
essi
onofal
aw.

Peri
od–oneof3equalport
ions,
min/
med/maxofadiv
isi
blepenal
ty.Aperi
odofadi
vi
sibl
e
penal
tywhenpr
escr
ibedbytheCodeasapenal
tyf
orafel
ony,i
sinit
selfadegr
ee.

PersonI
nAuthor
it
y-publ
icauthor
it
y,orper
sonwhoi
sdi
rect
lyv
est
edwi
thj
uri
sdi
cti
onandhas
thepowert
ogovernandexecutet
helaws.
Pl
urali
tyOfCri
mes–consist
sinthesuccessiv
eexecuti
onbythesameindi
vi
dual
ofdi
ff
erent
cr
iminalact
suponanyofwhichnoconvict
ionhasyetbeendecl
ared.

Pr
aet
orI
ntent
ionem -l
ackofi
ntentt
ocommi
tsogr
aveawr
ong.

Whati
sthel
egal
eff
ectofpr
aet
eri
ntent
ionem?

-ami
ti
gat
ingci
rcumst
ance(
Art
.13,
par
.3)

Pr
escri
pti
onOfACrime–isthel
oss/f
orf
eit
ureoft
her
ightoft
hest
atet
opr
osecut
ethe
of
fenderaf
tert
hel
apseofacert
aint
ime.

Prescr
ipt
ionOfPenal
ty-meanstheloss/f
orfei
tur
eoft
her
ightoft
hegov
ernmentt
oexecut
ethe
fi
nalsent
enceaft
erthelapseofacert
ainti
me.

Probation-adisposi
ti
onunderwhi
chadefendantaft
erconvi
cti
onandsentencei
sreleased
subjecttocondit
ionsi
mposedbythecour
tandt othesuper
visi
onofaprobati
onoff
icer.

Pr
oReo-whenev erapenall
awi st
obeconstruedorappli
edandthelawadmitsoftwo
i
nterpr
etati
ons,oneleni
enttotheoff
enderandonestr
icttotheof
fender
,thati
nter
pret
ati
on
whichisleni
entorfavor
abletotheoff
enderwil
lbeadopted.

Proxi
mateCause-thecause,
whichinthenatur
alandconti
nuoussequenceunbrokenbyany
eff
ici
enti
nter
veni
ngcause,pr
oducestheinj
ury,
withoutwhi
chtheresul
twouldnothave
occurr
ed.

Quasi
-Reci
div
ism –Whereapersoncommitsafel
onybef
orebegi
nni
ngtoserv
eorwhil
eservi
ng
asent
enceonapr ev
iousconv
icti
onforaf
elony
.Thisi
saspecial
aggr
avat
ingcir
cumst
ance.

RA75-Thi
slawpenal
i
zesact
swhi
chwoul
dimpai
rthepr
operobser
vancebyt
heRepubl
i
cand
i
tsi
nhabi
tant
soft
heimmunit
ies,
right
s,andpr
ivi
l
egesofdul
y-
accr
edi
tedf
orei
gndi
plomat
ic
r
epr
esent
ativ
esi
nthePhi
l
ippi
nes.

Rank-Thedesignati
onort i
tl
eofdist
inct
ionusedtofi
xtherel
ati
veposi
ti
onoftheoff
ended
part
yinref
erencetoothers(Ther
emustbeadi ffer
enceint
hesocial
condit
ionoft
heoffender
andtheoff
endedparty).

Reci
divi
sm –Wher
eaperson,onsepar
ateoccasi
ons,i
sconvi
ctedoftwoof
fensesembr
acedi
n
thesameti
tl
eint
heRPC.Thisisagener
icaggrav
ati
ngcir
cumstance.

Reci
div
ist–onewhoatt heti
meofhi
str
ialf
oronecri
me,shal
lhavebeenpr
evi
ousl
yconv
ict
ed
byfi
naljudgmentofanot
hercri
meembr
acedinthesameti
tl
eoftheRPC.

Reit
eracionorHabit
uali
ty–Wheretheoffenderhasbeenpr ev
iousl
ypuni
shedf
oranoffenset
o
whichthelawat t
achesanequalorgr
eaterpenaltyorfort
wocr i
mestowhichi
tat
tachesa
l
ighterpenal
ty.Thi
sisageneri
caggravat
ingcircumstance.

Requi
sit
esofDol
oorMal
i
ce

1.Fr
eedom

2.I
ntel
l
igence

3.I
ntent

Requi
sit
esofCul
pa

1.Fr
eedom

2.I
ntel
l
igence

3.Negl
i
gence,
Impr
udence,
LackofFor
esi
ght
,LackofSki
l
l

Negl
i
gence-i
tindi
cat
esadef
ici
encyofper
cept
ion;
fai
l
uret
opay
 pr
operat
tent
ionandt
ousedi
l
igencei
nfor
eseei
ngt
hei
njur
yor

damagei
mpendi
ngt
obecaused;
usual
l
yinv
olv
esl
ackoff
oresi
ght
.

I
mpr
udence-i
tindi
cat
esadef
ici
encyofact
ion;
fai
l
uret
otaket
he

necessar
ypr
ecaut
iont
oav
oidi
njur
ytoper
sonordamaget
opr
oper
ty;

usual
l
yinv
olv
esl
ackofski
l
l.

Rul
esonj
uri
sdi
cti
onov
erpr
ivat
eormer
chantv
essel
swhi
l
eint
het
err
it
oryofanot
hercount
ry

1.Fr
enchRul
e

2.Engl
i
shRul
e

StandGroundWheni nTheRight-t
helawdoesnotr
equi
reapersont
oret
reatwhenhi
s
assai
lanti
srapi
dlyadvanci
nguponhim wi
thadeadl
yweapon.

St
agesI
nTheExecut
ionOfACr
ime

1.Att
empt edStage-astageintheexecut
ionofacr
imewheretheoff
endercommences
commi ssi
onofaf el
onydir
ect
lybyoveracts,
anddoesNOTperfor
m al
lactsofexecut
ionwhi
ch
shoul
dpr oducethefel
onybyreasonofsomecauseoracci
dentot
herhisspont
aneous
desi
stance.

2.Frust
ratedStage-ast
ageintheexecuti
onofacrimewheretheoffenderperf
ormsallt
he
actsofexecuti
onwhichwoul
dpr oducethefel
onyasaconsequencebutwhi ch,
never
thel
ess,
do
notproduceitduetosomecauseindependentoft
hewil
loftheperpetr
ator.

3.Consummat edSt
age-astageintheexecutionofacr
imewher
eal
ltheel
ement
snecessar
y
fori
tsexecut
ionandaccompl
ishmentar
epr esent.

Tr
eachery–whent heoff
endercommi t
sanyoft hecri
mesagai nstt
heperson,employi
ng
means,methodsorfor
msi ntheexecut
ionthereofwhi
cht enddir
ectl
yandespecial
lytoensure
i
tsexecut
ionwit
houtri
sktohimselfari
singfr
om thedefensewhichtheoffendedpart
ymi ght
make.
Uncont
rol
l
abl
eFear-of
fenderempl
oysi
nti
midat
ionort
hreati
ncompel
l
inganot
hert
ocommi
ta
cr
ime.

Unl
awf
ulEnt
ry-whenanent
rancei
sef
fect
edbyawaynoti
ntendedf
ort
hepur
pose.

Yout
hful
off
ender–ov
er9butunder18att
het
imeoft
hecommi
ssi
onoft
heof
fense.