SECTOR SPECIFIC

1. Computer System - The complete computer made up of the CPU, memory and related electronics
(main cabinet), all the peripheral devices connected to it and its operating system. Computer
systems fall into two broad divisions: clients and servers. Client machines fall into three categories
from low to high end: laptop, desktop and workstation. Servers range from small to large: low-end
servers, midrange servers and mainframes.

2. Computer Network, or simply a Network, is a collection of computers and other hardware

interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information. Where
at least one process in one device is able to send/receive data to/from at least one process residing
in a remote device, then the two devices are said to be in a network. It is a group of devices
connected to each other. Networks may be classified into a wide variety of characteristics, such as
the medium used to transport the data, communications protocol used, scale, topology, benefit, and
organizational scope.

3. Configuration - The makeup of a system. To "configure" is to choose options in order to create a

custom system. "Configurability" is a system's ability to be changed or customized.

4. Connector - Any plug and socket that links two devices together. Although taken for granted and
rarely in the limelight, connectors are a huge industry, and the quality of these components is more
critical than most people would imagine. When not designed or constructed properly, they often
become the weakest element in an electronic system.

5. Display Adapter - A plug-in card in a desktop computer that converts the images created in the
computer to the electronic signals required by the monitor. It determines the maximum resolution,
refresh rate and number of colors that can be displayed, which the monitor must also be able to
support. On many PC motherboards, the display adapter circuits are built into the chipset, and an
AGP or PCI card is not required.

6. Expansion Board - A printed circuit board that plugs into an expansion slot and extends the
computer's capability to control a peripheral device. All the boards (cards) that plug into a
computer's bus are expansion boards, such as display adapters, disk controllers, network adapters
and sound cards. 7. Expansion Bus - An input/output bus typically comprised of a series of slots on
the motherboard. Expansion boards (cards) are plugged into the bus. ISA and PCI are the common
expansion buses in a PC.

8. Graphical User Interface - A graphics-based user interface that incorporates movable windows,
icons and a mouse. The ability to resize application windows and change style and size of fonts are
the significant advantages of a GUI vs. a character-based interface. GUIs have become the standard
way users interact with a computer, and the major GUIs are the Windows and Mac interfaces along
with Motif for Unix and the GNOME and KDE interfaces for Linux.
9. LAN - a local area network (LAN) is a computer network that interconnects computers in a
limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, or office building using network media.
The defining characteristics of LANs, in contrast to wide area networks (WANS), include their
usually higher data transfer rates, smaller geographic area, and lack of a need for leased
telecommunication lines.

10. Motherboard - Also called the "system board," it is the main printed circuit board in an
electronic device, which contains sockets that accept additional boards. In a desktop computer, the
motherboard contains the CPU, chipset, PCI bus slots, AGP slot, memory sockets and controller
circuits for the keyboard, mouse, disks and printer. It may also have built-in controllers for modem,
sound, display and network, obviating the need to plug in a card.

11. Networks - see Computer Network.

12. Operating System - The master control program that runs the computer. The first program
loaded when the computer is turned on, its main part, the "kernel," resides in memory at all times.
The operating system sets the standards for all application programs that run in the computer. The
applications "talk to" the operating system for all user interfaces and file management operations

13. Peripheral -Any hardware device connected to a computer, such as a monitor, keyboard, printer,
disk, tape, graphics tablet, scanner, joy stick, paddle or mouse

14. Server - A computer system in a network that is shared by multiple users. Servers come in all
sizes from x86-based PCs to IBM mainframes. A server may have a keyboard, monitor and mouse
directly attached, or one keyboard, monitor and mouse may connect to any number of servers via a
KVM switch. Servers may be also be accessed only through a network connection as well. 15. Sound
Card - Also called a "sound board" or "audio adapter," it is a computer expansion board that records
and plays back sound, providing inputs from a microphone or other sound source and outputs to
speakers or an external amplifier. The de facto standard for sound card compatibility in PCs is
Creative Labs' Sound Blaster.

16. User Interface - All graphics based today, the user interface includes the windows, menus and
method of interaction between you and the computer. Prior to the Mac, Windows and Motif (UNIX)
interfaces, all interaction was based on commands entered by the user. Operating systems may
support optional interfaces and allow a new shell, or skin, to be used instead.

17. Virus - Software used to infect a computer. After the virus code is written, it is buried within an
existing program. Once that program is executed, the virus code is activated and attaches copies of
itself to other programs in the system. Infected programs copy the virus to other programs.

18. WAN - a Wide Area Network (WAN) is a network that covers a broad area (i.e., any
telecommunications network that links across metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries) using
private or public network transports. Business and government entities utilize WANs to relay data
among employees, clients, buyers, and suppliers from various geographical locations. In essence,
this mode of telecommunication allows a business to effectively carry out its daily function
regardless of location
19. WEEE Directives - the prevention of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), and in
addition, the reuse, recycling and other forms of recovery of such wastes so as to reduce the
disposal of waste. It also seeks to improve the environmental performance of all operators involved
in the life cycle of electrical and electronic equipment, e.g. producers, distributors and consumers
and in particular those operators directly involved in the treatment of waste electrical and
electronic equipment.
Microphone - is a device that translates sound vibrations in the air into electronic signals and scribes them
to a recording medium or over a loudspeaker. Microphones enable many types of audio recording devices for
purposes including communications of many kinds, as well as music vocals, speech and sound recording.

Digital Visual Interface (DVI) - DVI stands for Digital Visual Interface, which is a type of video connector
used to transmit digital video signals from a computer or other device to a display screen. It was introduced
as a replacement for the analog VGA connector and has since become one of the most commonly used video
connectors for desktop computers and other devices.

Line Out - Alternatively called audio out and sound out, the line out jack is found on computer
sound cards. It allows external speakers, headphones, or other output devices to connect to the
computer, transferring computer generated audio to the devices so that it can be heard.
LAN Port - A LAN port, also known as a network port or network connection, is a socket used to connect
computers, servers, video game consoles, and other devices to the internet. They’re typically located on the
back of both computers and network devices and are used solely to establish a wired, as opposed to a
wireless, internet connection.

Southbridge - South Bridge chips usually provide dual IDE ports for connecting up to and disks, two in
each channel. South Bridge chip also controls USB support on a motherboard. South Bridge keeps a
watch over overall electrical power consumption by different parts of PC to save power.

DRAM Memory slots - is a type of Random Access Memory (RAM) and is volatile memory, meaning
it loses the stored data when the power is removed. DRAM stores the data in a charge on a
transistor and capacitor pair. DRAM is configured in modules that are fitted into a slot on a
computer motherboard.
CPU Socket - also known as a CPU slot, the CPU socket is used to connect a microprocessor with a
printed circuit board (PCB) without soldering, allowing for the CPU to be installed or replaced more
easily on the motherboard.
VGA- Video Graphics Array is an analog interface between a PC and monitor that was widely used
prior to DVI, HDMI and DisplayPort. VGA was introduced on the IBM PS/2 in 1987, replacing the
previous digital CGA and EGA interfaces, which had lower resolution and fewer colors. New LCD
monitors may include a VGA port for legacy PCs, and PCs may have a VGA port for legacy monitors..
IDE - integrated development environment (IDE) is a software application that helps programmers
develop software code efficiently. It increases developer productivity by combining capabilities such
as software editing, building, testing, and packaging in an easy-to-use application.
AGP - accelerated graphics port, AGP is an advanced port designed for video cards and 3D
accelerators. Developed by Intel and introduced in August 1997, AGP introduces a dedicated point-
to-point channel that allows the graphics controller direct access to the system memory.
URL - URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. A URL is nothing more than the address of a given
unique resource on the Web. In theory, each valid URL points to a unique resource. Such resources
can be an HTML page, a CSS document, an image, etc
CPU fan - a fan on top of a computer processor. It helps pull and blow hot air off the processor,
helping keep it cooler.
PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect is a common connection interface for attaching computer
peripherals to the motherboard.
JPEG - is a standard file format for compressing pictures so they can be stored or sent by email
more easily. JPEG is an abbreviation for ' Joint Photographic Experts Group'.
IC - Integrated circuits are made up of several components such as R, C, L, diodes and transistors.
They are built on a small single block or chip of a semiconductor known as an integrated circuit (IC).
All of them work together to perform a particular task. The IC is easily breakable, so to be attached
to a circuit board, it is often housed in a plastic package with metal pins.
Northbridge - Alternatively called the PAC (PCI/AGP Controller) and nb, the northbridge is an
integrated circuit responsible for communications between the CPU (central processing unit)
interface, AGP (accelerated graphics port), and the memory. Unlike the southbridge, the northbridge
is directly connected to these components. It acts as a "bridge" for the southbridge chip to
communicate with the CPU, RAM (random-access memory), and graphics controller.
ATX 24- power connector is the main power connector that connects the PSU to the motherboard.
It supplies power to the CPU, memory, chipset, and other onboard devices. It has 24 pins, arranged
in two rows of 12.
PCI Slot - is a built-in slot on a device that allows for the attachment of various hardware
components such as network cards, modems, sound cards, disk controllers and other peripherals.
Parallel Port - is a type of computer interface that allows you to connect devices for data transfer. It
was commonly found on older computers and used for connecting printers, scanners, and other
peripherals.
HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a method for encoding and transporting
information between a client (such as a web browser) and a web server. HTTP is the primary
protocol for transmission of information across the Internet.
DIMM - DIMM stands for dual in-line memory module; more commonly, it is called a RAM stick. It is
a long, thin strip of printed circuit board containing RAM (random access memory) chips, with pins
that connect it directly to a motherboard.
CPU - The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the primary component of a computer that acts as its
“control center.” The CPU, also referred to as the “central” or “main” processor, is a complex set of
electronic circuitry that runs the machine’s operating system and apps. The CPU interprets,
processes and executes instructions, most often from the hardware and software programs running
on the device.
Line In - is a jack found on computer sound cards enabling users to connect an external audio
device. These devices include CD (compact disc) players, audio mixers, musical instruments, and
microphones. They're used to record, play, and modify the incoming audio.
USB 3.0 - The third-generation USB interface introduced in 2008. Called "SuperSpeed USB"
(SS USB), USB 3.0 increased speed from 480 Mbps to 5 Gbps and reduced CPU overhead by no
longer continuously polling devices. In practice, USB 3.0 devices do not achieve a 10x speed
increase. For example, a USB 3.0 storage drive may deliver a 50% improvement over its USB
2.0 counterpart.
CMOS - complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) is the semiconductor technology used
in most of today's integrated circuits (ICs), also known as chips or microchips. CMOS transistors are
based on metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) technology.
USB 2.0 - USB device can be plugged into a USB port to accommodate easy device connection.
In many cases, it can also be used as a power supply for direct current (DC), in connecting
equipment such as speakers or battery chargers to “anchor” devices like laptop computers.
PS/2 (Personal System/2) port - is a type of port used by older computers for connecting input
devices such as keyboards and mice
Computer Formatting Using Windows 7/10
1. Change the settings/Set USB Drive as your Priority: This step typically involves accessing your
computer's BIOS/UEFI settings and setting the boot priority to give preference to the USB drive.
This ensures that the computer boots from the USB drive when it's inserted.
2. Format: You might need to format your system's drive or partition to remove the existing
installation and data. Be very cautious with this step, as it deletes all data on the drive.
3. Insert Windows 7 USB Flash drive: Insert the bootable Windows 7 USB flash drive into a USB
port on your computer.
4. Go with the Flow: This may refer to following the on-screen prompts and instructions that
Windows 7 provides during the installation process. Simply follow the steps as they appear.
5. Restart then press F2: After you've prepared your computer for booting from the USB drive,
restart your computer and press the appropriate key (F2 in this case) to access the BIOS/UEFI
settings.
6. Type of installation: During the Windows 7 installation process, you'll be asked to select the
type of installation. This typically includes options like "Custom" or "Upgrade." Choose the one that
suits your needs.
7. Wait: The installation process can take some time, and you'll need to be patient as Windows 7
installs on your computer.
8. Driver options: You may be prompted to select specific driver options during the installation,
such as RAID drivers or other device drivers that are needed for your hardware.
9. Select: Follow the prompts and select the appropriate driver options as necessary to complete
the installation.
Creating Bootable Media
1. Diskpart: This command opens the Diskpart utility, which allows you to manage disk partitions
and volumes.
2. List Disk: This command lists all the available disks on your system. You'll use this list toidentify
the disk you want to use for creating the bootable media.
3. Select Disk 1: Selects the specific disk you want to use. You should replace "1" with the number
that corresponds to your USB drive.
4. Clean: This command removes all partitions and formatting from the selected disk. It effectively
wipes the disk clean.
5. Create Partition Primary: After cleaning the disk, you create a primary partition on it. This is
the basic partition needed for the OS to be installed.
6. Format FS-Fat32 Quick: Formats the partition with the FAT32 file system. This is a common file
system for creating bootable media. The "Quick" option performs a fast format.
7. Assign: Assigns a drive letter to the newly created partition.
8. Active: Sets the partition as ‘active, which is necessary for it to be bootable.
9. Exit: Exits the Diskpart utility.
10. Copy and Paste the OS: After preparing the bootable media using the above steps, you can copy
the necessary files from your operating system installation source (such as an ISO file) to the newly
created partition. This will make the bootable media contain the OS installation files.