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"Citizenship"
Author(s): Thomas S. Bateman and Dennis W. Organ
Source: The Academy of Management Journal , Dec., 1983, Vol. 26, No. 4 (Dec., 1983), pp.
587-595
Published by: Academy of Management
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Apparently the dust has settled over what once was a controversial issue:
the satisfaction-performance linkage. Organizational psychologists (Lawler
& Porter, 1967) generally endorse the view that any covariance between
job satisfaction and job performance emerges only when satisfaction results
from performance-contingent rewards. Any notion that satisfaction
"causes") performance is regarded as naive folk wisdom, not supportable
by the empirical record.
Organ (1977) has cautioned that such a position might prematurely re-
ject something of value in lay psychology that endorsed the satisfaction-
causes-performance proposition. He suggested that a clue to the possible
reconcilability between the phenomenology of countless practitioners and
the noncorroborating empirical record might lie in the meaning of "per-
formance.'" Defined narrowly as quantity of output or quality of crafts-
manship-as perhaps operationalized in most of the formal research ad-
dressed to this issue-performance does not consistently or appreciably
follow from satisfaction in a direct functional relationship. But there are
1An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 42nd National Academy of Management meet-
ings, New York, 1982.
587
supervision in particular
that the immediate superv
in events that arouse a fe
affect. Also, citizenship b
"for" (i.e., benefiting) the
resenting the organization.
Method
Measures
Data Analysis
Table 1
Means and Standard Deviations at Time 1 and Time 2
ti t2
Variable X SD X SD
Table 2
Static Correlations (t1 and t2)
Between Facets of Job Satisfaction and Citizenship Behaviors
Job Satisfaction
Work Co-worker Supervision Promotions Pay Overall
ti t2 ti t2 ti t2 ti t2 ti t2 ti t2
Citizenship
behaviors .09 .19* .24* .18 .46** .36* .37** .40** .16 .25* .41** .41**
*p<.05
**p <.01
Results
Table 1 presents descriptive statistics for the study variables at both times
surveyed. Table 2 then shows the static correlations between citizenship
behaviors and the specific facets of satisfaction. There are indications that
each dimension of job satisfaction may be positively related to citizenship
behavior, with two facets-supervision and promotional opportunity-
reliably more important than pay, co-workers, and the work itself.
Subsequent cross-lagged analysis was conducted between citizenship be-
havior and each measure of satisfaction. The patterns of relationships were
virtually the same in all instances. As a summary example, Figure 1 dis-
plays the cross-lagged analysis surrounding the relationship between job
related citizenship behaviors and overall job satisfaction. The test-retest
reliabilities are fairly high for both variables. Both static correlations are
positive and strongly significant and are particularly substantial when com-
pared to most previous studies of the satisfaction-performance relation-
ship. Inspection of the cross-lagged statistics, however, failed to discriminate
a single causal direction. Both raw correlations are highly significant, the
relative magnitudes are in the predicted direction, and the predicted causal
correlation is slightly greater than the two static correlations. However,
the two cross-lagged correlations are fairly comparable to one another. Fur-
ther, both path coefficients (shown in parentheses) are positive, yet much
smaller than the correlations; they also are comparable in magnitude to
one another and are statistically insignificant.
Figure 1
Cross-Lagged Relationships Between Overall Satisfaction
and Citizenship Behaviorsa
.71*
SATISFACTION, SATISFACTION2
43* (.12)b
.41* .41*
.39* (.11)
BEHAVIOR, .80* BEHAVIOR2
aCross-lagged patterns of relationships between citizenship behavior and specific facets of job sat-
isfaction reveal essentially the same results as overall satisfaction. These data are available from the
first author on request.
bPath coefficients are in parentheses.
*p<.001
Thus, evidence for the predicted direction of causality was not obtained.
However, the results do reliably suggest that job satisfaction is indeed strong-
ly and positively related to a "citizenship" dimension of role performance.
Discussion
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