ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS

1. Total charge possessed by a body Q =  ne

1 q1 q2
2. Coulomb’s law: F =
4πϵ0 r2
q
3. i) Surface density of charge σ =
A
q
ii) Linear charge density λ =
L
q
iii) Volume charge density ρ =
V
4. Dielectric constant K = Fa / Fm
∈
Also, K = ∈r =
∈0
5. Electric Intensity: E = F/q
1 q
6. Electric intensity at a point: E =
4πϵ0 r2
7. Electric flux:  = E.dS.cos
8. Gauss’s theorem:  = q/0
1 2q
9. Electric intensity on the axial line due to dipole is E =
4πϵ0 r3
1 q
10. Electric intensity along the equatorial line due to dipole is E =
4πϵ0 r3
11. Torque,  = pE sin
12. Work done in moving a dipole through an angle  in a uniform electric field is W = – pE cos
13. Work done in rotating the dipole from angle 1 to 2 in a uniform electric field is W = – pE
(cos 1 – cos 2)
1 q
14. Electric intensity outside a spherical charged conductor is E =
4πϵ0 r2
σ
15. Electric intensity at a point on the surface of spherical charged conductor is E =
ϵ0
16. Electric intensity at a point near the uniformly charged infinitely long straight conductor is
λ
E=
2πϵ0 r
σ
17. Electric intensity at a point near the uniformly charged infinite plane sheet is E =
2ϵ0

ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITORS

1. Electric potential: V = W/q

2. W = q (VA–VB) where VA > VB
dV
3. E = − (relation between electric intensity and potential)
dl
1 q
4. Electric potential at point due to isolated point charge, V= ( )
4πϵ0 r
1 p cosθ
5. Electric potential at point due to an electric dipole, V =
4πϵ0 r2
6. Potential energy of system of charges in the absence of external electric field
1 q1 q2
i) System of two charges: – U =
4πϵ0 r

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 1 q1 q2 q2 q3 q3 q1
ii) System of three charges: – U = { + + }
4πϵ0 r12 r23 r31
7. Potential energy of system of charges in the presence of external electric field
i) Single charge: – U = Vq
1 q1 q2
ii) Two charges: – U = V(r1)q1 + V(r2)q2 +
4πϵ0 r12
iii) Electric dipole: – U = – pE (cos 0 – cos 1)
8. C = Q/V
ϵ0 ϵr A
9. Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor: C =
r
2
10. Energy stored in capacitor, E = ½ CV
1 1 1 1
11. Series combination of capacitors, = + +
CS C1 C2 C3
C1 C2
i) For two capacitors connected in series, Cs =
C1 +C2
C
ii) For n identical capacitors connected in series, Cn =
n
12. Parallel combination of capacitors, Cp = C1 + C2 + C3
i) For two Capacitors connected in parallel, Cp = C1 + C2
ii) For n identical capacitors connected in parallel, Cp = nC
13. Dielectric polarization P = χ E where χ is electric susceptibility

CURRENT ELECTRICITY
1. I = q/t
2. I = nAevd
3. V = IR
ρL
4. R =
A
5. J = I/A
6. J = E
eE
7. a = −
m
eEτ
8. vd = −
m
m
9. ρ =
ne2 τ
vd eτ
10. μ = =
E m
11. ρ = ρ0 [1 + α(T − T0 )] and R = R 0 [1 + α(T − T0 )]
V2
12. P = VI = I2 R =
R
13. Resistances in series: Rs = R1 + R2 + R3 +…
1 1 1 1
14. Resistances in parallel: = + + +⋯
RP R1 R2 R3
15. V =  – Ir (Cell discharging)
εR ε
16. V = and I =
R+r R+r
17. Cells in series: i) εeff = ε1 + ε2 ii) reff = r1 + r2
εeff ε1 ε2 1 1 1
18. Cells in parallel: i) = + ii) = +
reff r1 r2 reff r1 r2
19. KCL: ΣI = 0

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20. KVL: ΣV = 0 (OR) Σε = ΣIR
R1 R3
21. =
R2 R4
SL
22. R =
100−L
ε1 L1
23. =
ε2 L2
L1
24. r = R ( − 1)
L2

MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM

1. Force experienced by a charged particle moving in a magnetic field: F = qvB sin

2. Force experienced by a current carrying conductor placed in magnetic field: F = ILB sin
3. 1 gauss = 10-4 T
mv2
4. For a charged particle undergoing circular motion in an external magnetic field, = qvB and
r
qB
angular frequency is ω = 2πf =
m
5. For a charged particle undergoing helical motion in an external magnetic field, pitch = v∥ T =
2πmv∥
qB
6. Velocity selector, v = E/B
1 q2 B2 R2
7. Cyclotron: mv 2 =
2 2m
μ0 I dl sinθ
8. Biot-Savart’s (OR) Laplace’s law: dB =
4π r2
μ0 2NπIr2
9. Magnetic field at a point on the axis of circular coil carrying current: B = 3
4π (r2 +x2 ) ⁄2
μ0 NI
10. Magnetic field at the centre of the circular coil carrying current: B =
2r
11. Ampere’s circuital law: BL = μ0 Ie
μ0 I
12. Magnetic field at a point due to long straight conductor: B =
2πr
13. Magnetic field at the centre inside a long solenoid and magnetic field inside the toroid is B =
μ0 nI
where n = N/L = number of turns per unit length.
F μ0 I1 I2
14. Force between two straight parallel conductors carrying current: FL = =
L 2πd
15. Torque on a rectangular current loop in a uniform magnetic field is  = mB sin and max =
NIAB where m = NIA
nhe
16. Magnetic dipole moment of revolving electron is m = . For n = 1, m is minimum.
4πme
he
Therefore mmin = = 9.27 x 10-24 Am2. This is called Bohr’s magneton.
4πme
m e
17. Gyromagnetic ratio = = = 8.8 x 1010 Ckg-1 (For electron)
L 2me
k
18. Moving coil galvanometer: I = ( ) θ (OR) I α 
NBA
Ig G
19. Conversion of G → A: Shunt resistance, S =
I−Ig

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 V
20. Conversion of G → V: R = −G
Ig
θ NBA
21. Current sensitivity: =
I k
θ NBA
22. Voltage sensitivity: =
V Kr

MAGNETISM AND MATTER

i 4π2 i
1. Magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field: T = 2π√ (OR) B = where i is moment of
mB mT2
inertia.
2. Magnetic potential energy U = mB (cos 1 – cos 2) (OR) U = – mB cos 
3. Most stable position ( = 00), magnetic potential energy is minimum. Umin = – mB
4. Most unstable position ( = 1800), magnetic potential energy is maximum. Umax = + mB
μ m
5. Magnetic field on the equatorial line of bar magnet is B = − 0 3
4π r
μ0 2m
6. Magnetic field on the axial line of bar magnet is B =
4π r3
7. Gauss law in magnetism:  = 0
8. Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field is HE = BE cos θ and vertical component of
earth’s magnetic field is ZE = BE sin θ
B
9. Earth’s magnetic field: B 2 = BH2 + BV2 and θ = tan−1 ( V )
BH
mnet B0
10. Magnetization: M = and Magnetic intensity: H = where B0 is external magnetic field.
V μ0
11. M =  H where  is magnetic permeability.
12. r = 1 + 
13. Diamagnetic material:  is negative and low
14. Superconductors: r = 0 and  = – 1
15. Paramagnetic material:  is positive and low
16. Ferromagnetic material:  is positive and high
B0 μ0
17. Curie’s law: M = C (OR) χ = C where C is Curie’s constant (For paramagnetic material)
T T
C
18. Curie or transition temperature: χ = (For ferromagnetic material)
T−TC

ELECTRO MAGNETIC INDUCTION

1.  = NBA cos
dϕ
2. ε = −
dt
ε Blv
3. Motional emf ε = Blv; Also I = =
R R
dI
4. ε = − L
dt
5. Self-inductance of a long solenoid is L = μ0 n2 Al
6. Energy stored in the self-inductance coil; E = ½ LI2

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 dI
7. ε = − M
dt
8. Mutual inductance between two co-axial solenoids is M = μ0 n1 n2 πr12 l
9. Induced emf due to rotating coil in magnetic field V = V0 sin t
10. V0 = NAB; V0 – maximum emf induced
V V0 sin(ωt) V0 NABω
11. I = = = I0 sin(ωt) where I0 = =
R R R R

ALTERNATING CURRENT

1. Vrms = Vm / 2 and Irms = Im / 2

Vrms
2. Inductive reactance: XL =  L= 2  fL =
Irms
1 1 V
3. Capacitive reactance: Xc = = = rms
c 2fc Irms
Vrms
4. Impedance of series LCR circuit: Z = R 2 + ( X L − X c )2 =
Irms
 VL − Vc  X − Xc 
5. Phase difference  = tan-1   or  = tan-1  L 
 VR   R 
1
6. Condition for resonance XL = XC or  L = .
c
1
7. Resonant frequency, fo =
2 LC
8. Band width = 2f = f2 – f1
f0 f0
9. Sharpness = =
2∆f f2 −f1

ω0 L 1 1 L
10. Q – factor = = = √
R ω0 CR R C
11. Power in AC circuit, P = Vrms Irms cos 
12. Power factor = cos  = R/Z
Vs NS
13. = = transformer ratio or turns ratio
Vp NP
Vs IP
14. For ideal transformer, VsIs = VpIp (OR) =
Vp IS

RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

1. Spherical mirror: f = R/2

1 1 1
2. Mirror formula: + =
u v f
v hi
3. Magnification in mirror: m = − =
u h0
sin i
4. Snell’s law: n21 =
sin r
v1 λ1
5. n21 = =
v2 λ2
6. n = c/v

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7. Relation between absolute RI and critical angle; n = 1/sin C
8. d = i1 +i2 –A and A = r1 + r2
A+D
sin( )
2
At minimum deviation position; d = D, i1 = i2 and r1 = r2 and n = A
sin( )
2
−n1 n2 n2 −n1
9. Refraction formula: + =
u v R
10. If f is focal length of a lens, then its power is P = 1/f
1 n2 1 1
11. Lens maker’s formula: = ( − 1) ( − )
f n1 R1 R2
12. If P1 and P2 power of spherical surface then, total power, P = P1 + P2
1 1 1
13. Lens formula: − =
v u f
v hi
14. Linear magnification for lens, m = =
u ho
1 1 1
15. Two lenses in contact, then focal length of combination: = +
f f1 f2
D
16. Magnification of simple microscope: m = 1 +
f
LxD
17. Magnification of compound microscope: m = mo me =
fo X fe
fo
18. Magnification of refracting telescope: m =
fe

WAVE OPTICS

INTERFERENCE
1. Condition for constructive interference,
Phase difference = 2nπ and Path difference = n, where n = 0, 1, 2, 3…
2. Condition for destructive interference,
Phase difference = (2n+1) π and Path difference = (2n+1) /2, where n = 0, 1, 2, 3…
3. Resultant amplitude, R = √A2 + B2 + 2AB cos ϕ
4. Resultant Intensity; I = I1 +I2 +2√I1 I2 cos
5. Intensity  (Amplitude)2
λD
6. Fringe with width, β =
d
2
7. Maximum resultant intensity, Imax α (A + B)2 (OR) Imax = (√I1 + √I2 )
2
Minimum resultant intensity, Imin α (A – B)2 (OR) Imin = (√I1 − √I2 )
nλD
8. Distance of nth bright fringe from central bright fringe is xn = = n
d
(2n+1)λD (2n+1)β
9. Distance of nth dark fringe from central bright fringe is xn= =
2d 2
DIFFRACTION
0.61λ
1. Limit of resolution of telescope = d =
a
1 a
2. Resolving power of telescope RP = =
dθ 0.61λ
1.22λ
3. Limit of resolution of microscope = dx =
2nsinβ
1 2nsinβ
4. Resolving Power of microscope RP = =
dx 1.22λ
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 λ
5. Condition for secondary maxima: path difference = a sin = (2n+1) where n =1, 2, 3…
2
6. Condition for diffraction minima: path difference = a sin = n where n = 1, 2, 3…
2λD
7. Linear width of central maxima =
a
2λ
8. Angular width of the central maxima =
a
th nλD
9. Distance of n minima from central maximum is xn =
a
th (2n+1)λD
10. Distance of n secondary maxima from central maximum is xn =
2a
POLARISATION
1. iB + r = 90º
2. Brewster’s law: n = tan iB
3. Unpolarised light of intensity I is passed through first polaroid, the intensity of light
transmitted is I/2 and intensity of light after second polaroid is (I/2) cos2,  → angle between
pass axis of first and second polaroid. This is Malus law.

DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

1. 1eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J

2. Kmax = eVS
3. E = 0 + Kmax (OR) h = h0 + ½ mv2max
h h h h 1.227
4. λ = = (OR) λ = (OR) λ = = nm (only for electron)
P mc √2Mk √2mqV √V

ATOMS

h
1. Bohr’s quantum condition, mvr = n( )
2π
E2 −E1
2. Bohr’s frequency condition, ν =
h
ϵ0 n2 h2
3. Radius of the orbit, rn =
πmZe2
Ze2
4. Velocity of electron, vn =
2ϵ0 nh
−Ze2
5. Potential energy of the electron, U =
4πϵ0 r
Ze2
6. Kinetic energy of the electron, K =
8πϵ0 r
−mZ2 e4
7. Total energy of the electron, E =
8ϵ20 n2 h2
1 1 1
8. Wave number, ν̅ = = R ( − )
λ n21 n22
me4
9. R = ; R = 1.097 x 107 m-1 = Rydberg constant
8ϵ20 h3 c
10. Lyman series; n1 = 1 and n2 = 2, 3, 4………  (UV region)
11. Balmer series; n1 = 2 and n2 = 3, 4, 5……...  (Visible region)
12. Paschen series; n1 = 3 and n2 = 4, 5, 6………  (IR region)
13. Brackett series; n1 = 4 and n2 = 5, 6, 7……….  (IR region)
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14. P-fund series; n1 =5 and n2 = 6, 7, 8 ……….  (IR region)

NUCLEI

3m
1. Nuclear density, ρ =
4πR30
2. Nuclear charge q = + Ze
3. Mass of the nucleus M = Zmp + (A – Z) mn
4. E = mc2
5. 1 amu = 1.66 x 10-27 kg = 931 MeV
6. Mass defect,  m = [Zmp + (A – Z)mn] – M
7. Binding energy, Eb =  m c2 = Δm x 931 MeV
Binding energy Eb
8. Specific binding energy (binding energy per nucleon) Ebn = =
Mass number A
-t 2.303 N0
9. N = N0 e (OR) t = log
λ N
dN
10. R = N =
dt
-t 2.303 R0
11. R = R0 e (OR) t = log
λ R
12. Half-life, T = 0.693/
13. Mean life,  = 1/
14. T = 0.693 
15. 1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 disintegration / second
16. 1 Bq = 1 disintegration / second (SI)

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