Program Studi Teknik Mesin

Fakultas Teknik Mesin dan Dirgantara

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG

MS6000 Sistem Pembangkit Daya

Sistem Penyimpanan Energi

Oleh: Ari D. Pasek, T. A. Fauzi Soelaiman,

Gea F. Mu'min & Firman B. Juangsa
References

2
Outline
• Introduction to Energy Storage
• Electrochemical Storage (Battery)
• Capacitive Energy Storage
• Kinetic (Flywheel) and Potential (Pump) Energy Storage
• Thermal Energy Storage
• Ammonia as Energy Storage

3
Challenge: Intermittency of RE
solar wind

Non-
dispatchable RE
ocean/tidal

http://www.euanmearns.com/

Dispatchable Relatively stable

RE output (controllable)

4
https://www.behance.net
 Energy Storage in RE
• Energy storage system (ESS) is essential technology in development of renewable
energy utilization
Energy
Storage
Energy Supply-demand
System balance
Intermittent Storage
output
(ESS)
System • Fast demand
(ESS) response
Stable output • Load levelling (less
“Peaker”, optimum
operation)

5
https://www.mjrcontrols.com/2018/04/marine-energy-storage/
RE-Energy Storage Application:
Distributed generation Local-generation
Local-consumption Community (LCC)
Large scale black out, due to
concentrated power
generation

Energy Storage
System
(ESS)

concentrated
distributed

Distributed power generation reduce the risk of

large scale power shortage during natural
disaster
Soma IHI Green Energy Center
6
http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp
ESS Classification

Challenges for ESS classification

• Only a few reports provide the basis of ESS classification,
mostly only provide illustration of classification result
• Variation of classification method from different studies
• Wide range reports on various ESS gives wide range of
system parameters

Schoenung, S. M. (2001). Characteristics and technologies for long-vs. Nikolaidis, P., & Poullikkas, A. (2018). Cost metrics of electrical energy 7
short-term energy storage. United States Department of Energy. storage technologies in potential power system operations. Sustainable
Energy Technologies and Assessments, 25, 43-59.
8
 Literature survey
• Maximum values of each ESS are plotted
for better visualization
• Discharge time refers to maximum
operation time at rated power, provided by
of reports/studies
• Compared with reference chart, the
classification has similar trend
energy storage technology options: a
white paper primer on applications,

• Based on output power, most of ESS has mid-range of

costs and benefits. Electric Power
Rastler, D. M. (2010). Electricity

maximum power at around 100~1000 MW, covering the

requirement for load shifting/levelling.
Research Institute.

• Not a perfect way to classify the ESS, as SMES is

included as bulk storage
9
Literature survey result (ESS
Classification)
• Energy capacity of ESS are reported in wide range of value.
• Most of ESS has capacity and power in the range for
renewable matching and load shifting, suitable for micro grid
application.
• SMES has large energy capacity. However, due to its short
discharge time, it is commonly used for power quality
• Function-based classification requires 3 parameters: capacity,
power, typical discharge time

• Efficiency refers to the ratio of energy discharged to the

charged energy.
• Well-developed Li-ion battery system has the highest
maximum efficiency of almost 100%
• Despite the advantage of long discharge time, hydrogen
system has relatively the lowest energy efficiency due to 10
chemical reaction conversion
 ESS classification overview (Max value)
H2-FC PHES
CAES-U
days
RFB
CAES-A
Lead-acid
NaS Lithium-ion
Discharge time (hrs)
hours

EDLC

Flywheel
sec~min

SMES

10 100 1000 10000

*diagonal lines do not represent the actual energy storage capacity. Power (MW) 11
They refer to classification of low-medium-large energy capacity ESS
Ragone Plot

12
Electrochemical Storage
(Battery)

13
Main parameters
• The amount of charge transferred by a charging device to a battery can be
determined
• The capacity is a measure of how much charge a battery can deliver to a
load. It is an imprecise number because it depends on temperature, age of
the battery, state of charge, and the rate of discharge.
𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
• The ratio of variously called charge acceptance or coulombic
𝐶𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
efficiency, and is a function of the type and state of the battery, of the
temperature, and of the charging and discharging rates.

14
• Primary batteries (only discharge, constant current)
• Leclanché Cell (1865)
• Zinc-Carbon Cell (1886)
• Alkaline Cell (1950)
• Lithium-Manganese Oxide Cell (1950)

• Secondary batteries (rechargeable)

• Lead-Acid Cell (1859)
• Nickel-Iron Cell (1898)
• Nickel-Cadmium Cell (1899)
• Nickel-Metal Hydride Cell (NiMH) (1986)
• Lithium Cells
• Lithium-Ion Cell (1991)
• Lithium-Air Cells
• Lithium Titanate Cells
• Lithium-Sulfur Cells
• Flow Batteries
15
Redox Flow Battery

A. Z. Weber, et al., J. of Apl. Electrochem.,

41, 10. pp. 1137–1164, 2011.

B. Dunn, et al., Science (80-. )., vol. 334,

no. 6058, pp. 928–935, Nov. 2011.
M. George, “Vanadium redox flow batteries:
design and experimentation,” 2018.

• Liquid-phase charge storage materials such that the system power, which scales with reactor area, and
energy, which scales with tank volume, can be specified independently.
• All-vanadium RFB (VRFB) has been most widely researched and appears to be the closest to broad
commercial implementation
Capacitive Storage

17
 Capacitors
• Storage of electricity means accumulation of electrons in a
nonequilibrium situation.
• Two metallic plates near one another but separated by a thin
nonconducting space (vacuum, a gas, or a solid or liquid
nonconductor)
• The large capacitances necessary for the storage requires
materials with high dielectric constant, κ
• Supercapacitors take the idea of
using large areas to an extreme.
Unfortunately (up to now) with very
small operating voltages, typically
2.7 V.
18
Flywheel and Pump

19
 Kinetic Energy Storage
• Flywheel is the most ancient form of Kinetic Energy:
energy storage; the Neolithic potter
wheel implements the flywheel
concept.
• The maximum stored energy in a
flywheel is limited by the maximum
allowable tensile strength of the
material, σm. For rotational form:
• It is customary to express the
gravimetric energy density (or
specific energy) limit as the ratio of
the maximum rotational energy to the
mass of the flywheel
With Moment Inertia I:
• Ksh is a geometry-dependent shape
factor.
• For thin-rim flywheels Ksh = 0.5 and
tends to 1 for a constant stress disc
20
Example Problem for Flywheel

21
Gravitational Potential Energy Storage

22
Thermal Energy Storage

23
 Sensible and Latent Heat
• Thermal energy storage systems are classified as sensible or latent systems.
• The storage medium in sensible systems is usually a solid or liquid. The energy stored by raising the
temperature of a mass m from Ti to Tf

• Latent storage systems use a phase-changing material (PCM) as storage medium. The material experiences
a phase transition in the temperature range of interest

• Ice banks are an example of cold storage systems that use latent heat storage. They can be used to shift
peak power demand in commercial buildings when integrated with air conditioning units.
• Besides finding materials that offer high gravimetric and volumetric energy densities for a specific
application, it is important to consider the containment or encapsulation of the PCM, in order to maintain
structural integrity.
24
 Ammonia (and H2)
2NH3 ⇔ 3H2 + N2

Water is electrically split into hydrogen (H2) and

oxygen, subsequently the H2 and nitrogen from air are
converted into NH3.

http://epi.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/
NH3 has a potential to be used as a chemical storage
Fuel Base (MJ/liter) Reformed (MJ/liter)
medium due to high efficiency, energy density and
low cost of nitrogen sourcing. H2 (5000 psia) 4.0 4.0
H2 (liq.) 9.9 9.9
NH3 (liq.) 15.3 13.6
A concern is the safe handling of NH3, however with Methanol 1.9 10.2
the large amount of experience in the chemical
Ethanol 23.4 9.1
industry this appeared very well manageable.
Propane (liq.) 29.4 8.6
25
Gasoline 36.2 9.2
Ammonia as Fuel
Up-stream Mid-stream Down-stream
Production Transportation Utilization

Vaporize
Reforming
Gasification Fuel Cell Vehicle
Natural Gas Liquid Hydrogen
Oil H2 LH2 (Liquid:-253℃) H2
Coal

Power Generation
Carbon Fixation
Methylcyclohexane
(Liquid:ordinary temp&pres) H2
Fuel Cell
Dehydrogenate
Renewable
Energy
H2 <Toluene> <MCH>
Gas Turbine
Direct Use

Hydrogen production
Ammonia / NH3
by electricity & heat (Liquid:ordinary pres, -33℃) NH3

PLTU Co-firing
 Ammonia properties as fuel
Properties Ammonia Hydrogen Methane Propane • As a gas, ammonia has a moderate
Chemical formula NH3 H2 CH4 C3H8
boiling point, easy to store as liquid
Molar mass (g/mol)
Octane number
17.03
130
2.016
-
16.04
120
44.097
111
• Compared to other gaseous fuel
Density at STP (kg/m3) 0.73 0.09 0.66 2.01 ammonia has lower heating value,
Heat capacity (J/mol·K) 35.06 28.84 35.7 73.60 higher auto-ignition temperature,
Boiling point (°C) -33.3 -253 -161.5 -42.2
higher flashpoint, higher minimum
Critical temperature (°C) 132.4 -240.21 -82.59 96.67
Critical pressure (MPa) 11.28 1.29 4.60 4.25
ignition energy, and lower laminar
Higher heating value (MJ/kg) 22.5 141.9 55.5 50.4 burning velocity.
Lower heating value (MJ/kg) 18.8 120 50.05 46.4
Auto-ignition temperature (°C) 651 585 537 470 • Can be decomposed (cracked) to
Explosive limits (%) 15–28 4–75 4.4–17 2.37–9.5 produce the desired hydrogen (H2) a
Flashpoint (°C) 132 -253 -188 -104
non-toxic, non-greenhouse gas.
Minimum ignition energy (mJ) 8.00 0.011 0.28 0.26
Laminar burning velocity (m/s) 0.07 3.51 0.38 0.455
Adiabatic flame temperature (°C) 1850 2483 2223 1980
Gravimetric hydrogen density (wt%) 17.8 100.0 25.0 18.2
Heat capacity ratio 1.32 1.41 1.32 1.13
28
 Ammonia Properties

To store in bulk, it requires

liquefaction either by
compression to 10 times
atmospheric pressure or chilling
to -33°C. In this state, the energy
density of ammonia is about 3
kWh/litre which is less than but
comparable with fossil fuels

29
 NH3 M A R K E T A N A LYS I S
CHINA
INDIA
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
UNITED STATES
INDONESIA
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
UKRAINE
CANADA
SAUDI ARABIA
EGYPT
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000

10 BIGGEST AMMONIA PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY

PROJECTION OF AMMONIA DEMAND 2020*

WORLD CONSUMPTION OF AMMONIA No Industry Demand (tons)
1 Ethylene 2,100,000

AMMONIA MARKET SHARE : 2 Propylene 1,900,000

3 Polyethylene 1,740,000
▪ Agriculture ▪ Pharmaticeutical
4 Polypropylene 1,770,000
▪ Textiles ▪ Refrigeration
▪ Mining ▪ Other End-user Industrial 5 Methanol 2,400,000
6 Urea 8,900,000
7 Ammonia 1,500,000
* source: Dit. Industri Kimia Hulu, Kemenperin
 GHG emission from NH3 Blend Fuel Combustion
as Power Generator
• In all of the blends
the increase in NH3
ratio seems to
decrease the
amount of CO2
emitting as a result
of the combustion
process.

31
Al-Breiki, M., & Bicer, Y. (2020). Comparative life cycle assessment of sustainable energy carriers including production, storage, overseas transport and utilization.
Journal of Cleaner Production, 279, 123481