INTERNATIONAL INDIAN SCHOOL

RIYADH

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
A PHYSICS PROJECT ON
TRANSFORMERS

In Partial Fulfilment of All India

Senior Secondary Certificate
Examination

Submitted by: GUIDED BY:

Name: Amina Asjad MR. TAUHEED
Class: XII-I P.G.T PHYSICS
ROLL NO: 34440

PAGE: 1
 Acknowledgement
I would like to express my
special thanks and
gratitude to my physics teacher
Mr. TAUHEED who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this
project on the topic
"TRANSFORMERS". It helped me in
doing a lot of Research and I
came to know about a lot of
things related to this topic.
I would also like to thank my
parents for their guidance and
helped me in finalizing this
project within the limited time
frame.

Thank You

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 INDEX
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

1 COVER PAGE 1

2 CERTIFICATE 2
ACKNOWLEDGE
3 3
MENT

4 INDEX 4

5 OBJECTIVE 5

6 AIM 6
PROJECT
7 BODY
7-14

8 CONCLUSION 15

9 BIBLIOGRAPHY 16

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 OBJECTIVE
TRANSFORMERS

PAGE: 5
 AIM

To investigate the relation between

the ratio of -–
Input and output voltage.
Number of turnings in the secondary coil
and primary coil of a self made
transformer

PAGE: 6
 INTRODUCTIONS
The transformer is a device used for converting a
low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage
or vice-versa.

A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual

induction according to this principle, the amount of
magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is
induced in the neighbouring coil.

A transformer is an electrical device which is used

for changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is
most widely used device in both low and high
current circuit. As such transformers are built in an
amazing strength of sizes. In electronic,
measurement and control circuits, transformer size
may be so small that it weight only a few tens of
grams where as in high voltage power circuits, it
may weight hundred of tones.

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 TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS

STEP UP TRANSFORMER: A transformer

which increases the voltages.

STEP DOWN TRANSFORMERS: A transformer

which decreases the A.C. voltages.

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 THEORY AND MATHEMATICAL
DERIVATIONS

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an

alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a
good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced
e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that
induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the
instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and
the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary
, secondary coils of the transformer and

dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this

instant, we have

Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1)

and
Es = -Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by

dividing 2 by 1, we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)

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 As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the
primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of
the applied and back

e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil,

then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given

by

Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E
= output e.m.f / input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn on transformation ratio

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 SIMPLE CIRCUIT DAIGRAM

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 CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
FOR STEP UP TRANSFORMERS

In a step-down transformer is one who secondary windings are

fewer than the primary windings. In other words, the transformer’s
secondary voltage is less than the primary voltage. So, the
transformer is designed to convert high-voltage, low-current
power into a low-voltage, high current power and it is mainly used
in domestic consumption.

A common case of step-down application is in the case of door

bells. Normally, door bells use 16 volts, but most household power
circuits carry 110-120 volts. Therefore, the doorbell’s step-down
transformer receives the 110 volts and reduces it to lower voltage
before supplying it to the doorbell.

Step-down transformers are mostly used to convert the 220 volts

electricity to the 110 volts required in most domestic equipment

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 APPAratus required to make our
own transformer.
Iron Rod
Copper Wire
Hot Wire Ammeter
Hot Wire Voltmeter
procedure
Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and
wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick
paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the
transformer.
Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and
wound relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of
thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.
Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input
voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and
ammeter respectively.
Similarly, measure the output voltage and current
through s1and s2.
Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure
voltage and current through primary and secondary
coil of step up transformer.
Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by
changing number of turns in primary and secondary
coil.

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 uses of transformers
In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator,
computer, air conditioner, etc.
A step down transformer is used for
welding purposes.
A step down transformer is used for
obtaining large current.
A step up transformer is used for the
production of x-rays and NEON
advertisement.
Transformers are used in voltage
regulators and stabilized power supplies.
Transformers are used in the
transmissions of a.c. over long distances:

Small transformers are used in Radio sets,

telephones, loud speakers and electric
bells etc.

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 CONCLUSIONS
Most simply, the transformer can be described
as a thing that steps up or steps down voltage. In
a step-up transformer, the output voltage is
increased, and the output voltage is decreased in
a step-down transformer. The step-up
transformer will reduce the output current, and
the step-down transformer will increase the
output current for keeping the input and the
output power of the system equal.

The transformer is a voltage control device used

widely in the distribution and transmission of
alternating current power. Michael Faraday first
discussed the idea of a transformer in 1831.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.org
Physics NCERT
Pradeep’s Physics

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