PART Il. OF COMMONWEALTH. CHAPTER XVI "Da inl cause, end or design of men, who natue PARE sally IoveIberty, and dominion over others, in the —™— {introduction of thot restraint upon themselves, in ew svhich we se them live im eommonveals, is the a of thei own preservation, end af = more = contented life theroby ; that is toy, of getting thomelves out from that miserable condition of war, which i nocessrily consequent, as hath been ‘own in chapter x11, to tho uattal passions of tmen, when thare is no visible power to keep them in awe and tia thom by fear of punishment tothe performance of their covenants, and observation of theze laws of mature sat down inthe fourtoeath sd Seer chapts Yor the laws of nature, at justicn, equity, mo- whine, deaty, mercy, a, in sum, doing te others, as we iret ‘would Be done to, of themes, without the tertor = ‘of some power, 9 eause them to be observed, are contrary fo out natural passion, that earry ws to ul14 (oF common aan, rawr 1 partiality, pride, revenge, and tie lke, And eove- 4.2 nants, without the sword, ar bt words and of no strength to secure a maa a all. ‘Therefore no ‘withstanding the lowe of natu, which every one Juth then ep, when he ns the wl to keep ther, when he ean do it safely, if there be no pomer erecta, oF not grent enough for our security: ‘rery span will, and may lewilly rely on his own sength and at, for caution aginst ll other men. ‘And inal plaoes, where men save lived by small, families, to rob and spol one another, bas been a trade, and so far from being eputed ageing the law of nature, that the greater spoils they gained, the greatne Wes thale honour; aud gen observed no other In therein, but the ews of honour Ut 1 to abstain from cruelty, leeving to men their lives, nd instruments of hisedy. And ax small families did then so now do ates and kingdom ‘hich are but greater fale, for thelr own soa rity, enlarge their dominions, upon all pretences of danger, and fear of invasion, or uistance that may bbe given to invaders, and endeavour as much a8 ‘they can, to aubo, oF weaken their neighbour, by open fore, and seret arts, for want of other nation, justly and are remembered for tin ater ges with honour ‘Nor is it the joining together of «small number cof men, that gives them this srurty; beeuse fo ‘sll namers, small adtions on the one side for the other, make the advantage of strength #0 great, as is wficient to carry the victory and ‘therefore gives encouragement to an invasion. The multitude euficient to confide for ot acarty, isnot determined by any certain number, but bycomparison with the enemy we fear, and it then. eunr sufiient, when the odds of te enemy isnot of 10 = vsble and conspicuous moment, to determine the vent of war, a8 to move hi to attrpt. ‘Aube there never wo great x malta yet foe their ation be dered ozordng tn thei aris alr judgments, end particular appetites, they can iia? fxpect thereby no define, nor protection, nether ‘gaint «commen enemy, nor agains: the injures of ove another. Por being distractal in opinions ‘eoncering the best 1so and sppliation of thelr strength, they do not help but hinéer one aua- ‘her; aud reduce thelr strength Dy mutual eppo- sition to nothings whereby they are eal, nat ‘only subdued by a very few thst age together ‘bt also when there i no common enemy, they ‘make war upon each other, for ther particular interests. Por if we cold suppose a great mmult- ‘tude of men to consent in the obsrvtion of jie tice, and athe laws of nature, without a common ‘pow to kep them all in awes we might ax well, ‘oppose all mankind to do the tame; and then there neither would be, nor need to be any ev government, or commonwealth al ally besaase thore would be peace without subjeation, [Nori it enough for the scurty, which men Soin Aesreshoald last all tho time of ther, ehat“™™ they be governed, and directed by on judgment, for alimited tie a8 in ono bul, or one wae ‘or though they obtain a vietory by their unsai- vagus endeevour against forelgn enemys yet ‘ferwards, when either thoy have no edumen ‘enemy, or he that by one part isheld fran enemy, i by another pert eld for e friend, they must186, ov commonWRAi. rant n, needs by th difteence of thir interests dissolve, cud fall gain into a war amongt themselves. wijeenh, "It in tru, that certain living eeatres, es ees, ‘Siege ead ant, live soiably one wih nother, which are SEGuIe, therefore by Aristotle numbered among palin) ERE. creatures; and yot have wo sther dren, than speenh, whereby ane of tham ean signly to ano- ther, what he thinks expedient for the common Tenet: and therefore some man may perhaps desire to know, why mankind cannot do the same, ‘To which Lanswer, ‘int, that men are continually ia competition for honour and dignity, which thse eretares are not; and eosoquanty amongst men ther arseth fon that ground, envy and hatred, and filly wa Dut amongst these not so ‘Seeonly, hat auongst thos creatures, the com- mon good dffereth nat fom the privates and being thy nature inclined to their private, they procure ‘hereby the common benefit. Butinan, whose joy consistath in comparing himeslf with other men, ‘an relish nothing but whet is eminent "Third, that these creature, having nt 8 man, the use af reeson, do not see, nor think they see say fal, in the administretion of their eonmon Dsiness; whereas amongst men, there are very any, that thinle ehermeelves wiser, and ser to ‘govern the public, bettr than the ret; and these ‘rive to reform and innovate, one this wey, sno- ‘her that ways and thereby being i into distesc- tom end civil war. ‘Fourthly, that these creature, though they have some use of voice, in making known to one anther‘oaUsRS, ere, OFA COMMONWEALTH, 157 ‘heir dss, and other affections yt they’ wnt nak Chat artof words, Uy wich some'm ean ep Sent to other that which goo in the ikenes of evil; and ev in tho Tens f good; and fugment, or timinsh the apparent greatness of fo and ot cacouteting' ten, aa troubling heir pence at ce pleanare Fithly, iratonal restares cannot dtingsh Ietmcen ijery, aud damage ; and therefore 0s Tega they be tease thoy are nt offended with thet feows wheres ma is hen west tolo- some, wien he is mow tease: fr thn i hat Ihe lovato show Bi winiom, and cata the a= tions of thon that govern the comme “Lastly, the agreement of thee erecta ena sol; Ghat of men, la by covenant only which is ttl: end threo ea no onde i there be fomewhat else required, besides coves mse thet agresment constant and Tasting whi ie ‘ormmon pomer, to keep them n yan to direst {heir ations to the commen benef "The only way to erect mich ecommon power, ai exes runy be able to defn them fron tn snvanon of Toregues, nd the injuries of one snother, and thereby to securethem in such sot as that by their ‘om industry and by the fruits of the erty they ray noni themselves and live content is to confer all thelr power and strength upon one rman, OF pon one assombly of men tha may 26 hoo ll hee wil by larly of ves unto one tills which iat tmuch an to ay, to appoint ne ‘am, or asey of en to bear tei person ad every ave to own, andeckuowedge bse o be ator of whatsoever he Bat so bea thelr pee168 7 counonwzatsH, 74a 0, som shal et, or caite to be acc ab gs 2 ‘whi concern the commen pews an ity 5 and there fo abit their will, erry oe ois wil, ond their judgeents, his judgment. This is tore than consent, or concord isa vel unity of them alin one ad the sme penn, sade by fovenat of every ttn wth every meni wich ‘anne, exif everyman should say to everyman, Tauthorise nd give up my right of gocersing sume to thie man, or fo this assembly of mem ‘on this condition, that thow ite wp thy Fight © ‘im, and eathoite al is actions tn ike mamer. "The done, the lind vo sted in one pron, is alot « cowonweasrn, in Latin eivian ‘his isthe generation ofthat great Lava HAN, ot rather, m speck more reverent, of Out mortal ‘ged, to which we owe under the insortal God, far peace and defence. For by thin withorty, ver hm by every partir ma nthe common Frente hath the uso of s0 much power ad strength conferred on hn, th: by tear there, he is enabled to perform the vila of thea al ‘ence athome, and mataal aid agent ther eoe- Iie breed, And jn his corssteth the emenco ‘cite ofthe commonwealth; which, to define i, is one SEEM™ person ofthe acte 1 preat multitude by uta evcnant one with another, hae made themsloe ‘wery one the author, to the end he may ute the Siremgth ond meas of hem al rhe shal Cink ‘epedien, for their peace and common defence. “Aud he that caieth this penon, i caled ‘sovention, and sid to have sovercige power; fd every one bese hin soncxcr. "The ating o this sovereian power, i by twoOne, by netaral feos et when a man rake. ‘maketh his children, €o submit themselves, and ‘har children to his government, at Deing able to destroy them if they vefe ; oF by war subdue Is enemies to hie wil, giving them tele lives on that condition. "The other, ie when meagre smongit themselves, t9 eobmit to kame many oF assembly of men, voluntarily, on conidesce tobe proteoted by him against all ‘ochre. This later, may be called politcal commonvesth, oF com: rmonvealth by inaittion; and the foumer, «com: rmonweath by aoguinition, And ft, Isha pele of commonwealth by institation, (CHAPTER XVII. sid to be inated, when ‘ maltitde of men do agree, and covenant, every Se ‘one, with every one, that Uo whatsoever mm, ‘assombly of men, sll be given by the major pat, {hp righ to present the person of them ll, thst tose, tobe thee repreventatve; everyone, x5 ell he that voted for if, a3 he that eted againt fy shall authorize all the aetions and judgments, ‘ofthat maa, or assembly of men nthe same mao- ver, anf they were his ove, &0 the end, to lve Desouibly amonget themacves, and be protected “enn other men From this insition of « commenwealth are ste evived all the right, und facndticr of him, or Ee ‘them, on whom sovereign power is conferred by = ‘the consent of the people name.