Republic ofthe Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna inant hare LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM) Mathematics in the Modern World 1* Semester A.Y 2021-2022 i Introduction to Mathematics and Logic &. Learning Outcomes ‘Students should be able to meet the following intended learning outcomes: + Explain the nature of mathematics and appreciate mathematics as an essential tool in understanding the world. * Discuss the language of mathematics and translate mathematical expression to English statements and vice versa. ‘* Distinguish correct from incorrect reasoning and should be able to appreciate the importance of logic in our daily lives. + Represent real life situations using sets, functions, and relations. ‘At the end of the lesson, students should be able to: * Define mathematics Perceive mathematics as much more than just solving mathematical ‘equations Identify the similarities and difference of mathematical language and English language Classify different expressions based on their form and uses Formulate arguments rigorously and to analyze them critically. ‘Symbolize propositions. Give the truth value of an argument. Construct a truth table. Define sets, infinite and finite sets. Differentiate set operations. Define functions, and relations. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Mathematics in the Modern World 1Republic ofthe Philippines J Laguna State Polytechnic University an Province of Laguna GA) student Leaning Strategies 1. Synchronous classes via Google Meet The google meeting link is posted on google classroom (see our class calendar). “Note that we will be using the same link throughout the semester. 2. Asynchronous Online Discussion Thread (25 points) Choose one question and submit your answer on google classroom. You should also reply to at least two answers from your classmates. - What should be your attitude towards Mathematics? - What is the importance of mathematics that are not mentioned above? - What is the importance of logic in our society today? Chapter 1: Introduction to Mathematics and Logic 1.1 Overview of Mathematics 1.2 Language of Mathematics 1.3 Logic and Reasoning 1.4 Sets and Functions 1.1 Overview of Mathematics Merriam-Webster dictionary defined mathematics as the science of numbers and their operations, interrelations, combinations, generalization, and abstraction and of space configurations and their structure, measurement, transformations, and generalizations. Oxford Languages defined mathematics as the abstract science of number, quantity, and space. Mathematics may be studied in its own right (pure mathematics), or as it is applied to other disciplines such as physics and engineering (applied mathematics) Mathematics is the study of patterns. Many mathematics come generalizations of patterns in numbers and shapes. Those who recognize, generalize, and use patterns around them are better at solving problems, have deeper appreciation, mathematics, equipped mathematics than those who do not. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Mathematics in the Modern World 2Republic of the Philippines J Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna 150 gooxessCetied ‘Almost everyone uses mathematics every day. Chefs and bakers use mathematics in accurately measuring the ingredients to cook the perfect dish. Sari-sari store owners use addition and subtraction in computing their daily profit. Athletes use mathematics to count the repetition and sets, and calculate calories burned. They use it to track the scores and figure out what plays, and points are needed to win the game. Painters and artist use mathematics to analyze symmetry of a scene and patterns in their artwork. Many more people use mathematics every day. These different people use different mathematics at different times, for different purpose using different tools. We can see mathematics everywhere. Mathematics can be found in nature, in businesses, and even ‘on our home. We live in an era of universal mathematics. Mathematics is important because it helps us understand the world more by unraveling the puzzles of nature and organizing patterns. It provides tools for calculations and provides new questions to think about. Without mathematics, there will be not much development in our society and world. Patterns are repeated designs that follows a rule. We see pattern every day and everywhere, From the floor tiles, stripes and checkered shirts, to constellations, planting patters. Patterns are all around us. When we study patterns, we can understand the relationship between objects and phenomenon and predict the future, discover new things, and understand the world better. We take their relationship and find a logical connection between them to from the generalizations and predictions. Examples: a. Color Patterns LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Mathematics in the Modern World 3¥y) Laguna State Polytechnic University @O) Republic of the Philippines we Province of Laguna 150 gooxessCetied What do you think will be the next color in the sequence? You may have noticed the pattern is made up of the colors green and red. The sequence started with the color green, followed by the color red, and then the color green, and so on. Logically, the color that should follow the last color is? The pattern is green, red, green, red, green, red. What is the next shape in this sequence? b. Shape Patterns You may have noticed that the pattern is made up squares and circles. One square followed by two circles. Logically, the next shape would be? It would be the square. c. Number Patterns 1,1,2,6, 24, Looking at the given sequence, itis increasing exponentially, each term is multiplied by the numbers 1,2,3,4 respectively. 1x1=1, 1x2=2, 2x3=6, 6x4=24. Therefore the next term should be 24x5=120. The next term in the sequence is 120. One of the most famous patterns is the Fibonacci Sequence. The numbers in the sequence are called the Fibonacci numbers. It is an integer found in the infinite sequence, 1, 1, 2, 3,5, 8, 13,21... The first two terms are 1 and 1 and the next term is the sum of the two immediate previous numbers. These numbers are named after Leonardo of Pisa or Leonardo Pisano. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Mathematics in the Modern World 4Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polptechnic University Province of Laguna 150 gooxessCetied Figure 1.1 shows the visualization of the Fibonacci sequence Each of the square illustrates the area of the next number in the sequence. The Fibonacci spiral is drawn inside the squares by connecting the corners of the boxes. Each squares fit together in a perfect ratio because the ratio between the numbers in the Fibonacci sequence is so close to the golden ratio. Hence, the larger the numbers in the sequence, the closer it gets to the golden ratio. One of the important contributions of the Fibonacci sequence is that it helped spread the use of Hindu systems of writing number in Europe (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 in place of Roman numerals) The Origin of the Fibonacci Sequence In the discovery of the Fibonacci sequence, Leonardo Pisano posed the following question: If a pair of rabbits is placed in an enclosed area, how many rabbits will be born there if we assume that every month a pair of rabbits produces another pair and that rabbits begin to bear young two months after their birth? ‘© Start: At the start no rabbits are born, as the initial pair has not had time to be pregnant and born (0) ‘o The first month: One pair of rabbits are born (1) © The second month: Again, one pair of rabbits are born as the new rabbits have not yet matured to bear young (1). © The third month: Two pairs of rabbits reproduce, and one pair is not ready, so two pairs of rabbits are born (2). LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Mathematics in the Modern World 5Republic of the Philippines J Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna 150 gooxessCetied ‘© The fourth month: Three pairs of rabbits reproduce and 2 pairs of rabbits are not ready, so three pairs of rabbits are born (3). ‘© The fifth month: Five pairs of rabbits produce and three are not ready, so five pairs of rabbits are born (5). © Andsoon, We can now see how the famous sequence is observed in nature. Some applications includes the array of sunflower seeds, shape of galaxies and tornadoes. Image source: http://www.zlechien.ca/fibonacci-project.html The Golden Ration The number phi (#) symbolizes the golden ratio. It is a number found by taking a stick and breaking it into two portions. The ratio between the two portions is the same as the ratio between the original stick and the larger segment, the portions are said to be on the golden ratio. a b oe YY atb atbis toaasais tob LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Mathematics in the Modern World 6Republic ofthe Philippines 9 Laguna State Polptechnic University Province of Laguna 150 gooxessCetied In equation form, =£= = 1618034 You can use the Golden Ration for design. * It can be used in typography and hierarchy, in choosing the font size of headers and body. «It can also be used to identify the white space to cut out when cropping an image. You use the golden ratio to balance after resizing a photo * If you are designing a logo, this ratio will help sketch the proportions and shapes of your design. - Gy ~ 6 1.2 The Language of Mathematics Consider the English language, knowing the context of the word in the sentence helps us decide the meaning of a certain word. A word represents an idea, it is defined as a single distinct meaningful element of speech or writing, used with others to form a sentence. Words helps the readers and listeners understand the intention of the writer or speaker. Similarly, in the language of mathematics, there are mathematical words that convey a particular meaning. In order to decipher the language of mathematics, students have to determine the meaning from contextual use. Mathematics is more than just numbers and symbols. It is delivered in a straight to the point manner, without hidden agenda and biases. The challenge here is how we translate the English language into a mathematical statement. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Mathematics in the Modern World 7Republic of the Philippines J Laguna State Polptechnic University Province of Laguna 150 gooxessCetied * Characteristics of Language of Mathematics The mathematics language should be precise, concise, and powerful. It should be able to make an accurate expression and a very fine distinctions (precise). It should also be able to say things briefly (concise) and express complex thoughts with a comparative event (powerful). This language can be learned but requires hard work and practice. You should put an effort to practice enhancing your ability to read, write, speak, and understand mathematics. "= Expression Versus Sentences Every language has its collection of words (nouns), its own vocabulary (words), and rules for combining words for a complete thought (sentence). Mathematics is no exception, it also its own collection of words and vocabulary. In the English language, nouns are used to name things; it can be a person, place, or thing and sentences are used to express a complete thought. When we translate these into a mathematical language, we get its counterpart. Consider this analogy between the English and Mathematics Language English Mathematics Name Noun Expression + Person, place, or thing | + Examples Examples: * 9, -1,3x, 4x7, 241 + Patricia, Manila, shoes, students, home, modules Complete Thought eon + Patricia went to Manila to buy shoes. + The students are patiently studying their modules at home. Mathematical Expression does not express a complete thought. Mathematical Sentence express a complete mathematical thought. It also have the notion of truth, it can either be true or false. Truth is of fundamental importance in the mathematical language LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Mathematics in the Modern World 8Republic of the Philippines J Laguna State Polptechnic University Province of Laguna 150 gooxessCetied * Note that equations are mathematical sentences use the equal sign (=) which means that there are two sides of an equation and that two expressions are equal or have the same value. * Italso uses inequalities such as >, <, =, «which means that the value of expressions on two sides are not balanced, not equal, or do not have the same value Mathematical Expression Mathematical Sentence 9 9is an odd number that is divisible by 3 5 + (100-1) 5+ (100 - 1) = 104 1x11 12x11 = 132 Writing Mathematical Expressions and Sentences One and a number is five. Step 1: Identify the variables and constants. Step 2: Determine the connectors. Step 3: Perform the translation of the phrase into symbols. Variables - a number Constant - One, five Connectors - and, is One and anumber is five 1 + x = 5 Thus, we get the mathematical sentence 1 + x= 5. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Mathematics in the Modern World 9») 150 gooxessCetied Republic of the Philippines 9 Laguna State Polptechnic University Province of Laguna More examples: English phrase or sentence Mathematical Expression or Sentence Thrice a number 3x Mark’s age is twice the age of John M=2) Twenty-three more than seventy 23470 Anumber decreased by four is equal to n-4=8 eight The ratio of 54 and a number is six 54 —=6 y The product of a number and fifteen is 15x = 45 forty-five ‘Twice a number less than ten is ten 2a-10=10 The quotient of five hundred and a 500 number is five —=5 b LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Mathematics in the Modern World 10Republic ofthe Philippines J Laguna State Polptechnic University Province of Laguna 150 gooxessCetied Important Vocabulary in the Language of Mathematics [Addition Subtraction | Multiplication | Division Equal sum less multiplied divide is/are plus minus per quotient same as add decrease or |of split equals decreased by more than less than as much Part equal to raise left twice per result combined loss by ratio inal lost area out of additional subtract from | volume average together diminished | product each both doubled Added to tripled 1.3 Logic and Reasoning Why do we study logic? According to thoughtco.com and Ronald C. Pine. 1. Knowing if an argument is valid, is a valuable skill 2. Good logic is an effective tool for persuasion. 3. Logic helps you spot fallacies and make you a better citizen. 4. Logic can be viewed as a defensive tool to defend ourselves in our daily lives. What is logic and reasoning? Logic may be defined as the science of reasoning. It is also the study of principles and methods used to distinguish good (correct, valid) reasoning from bad (incorrect, invalid) reasoning. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Mathematics in the Modern World "Republic of the Philippines J Laguna State Polptechnic University Province of Laguna 150 gooxessCetied Reasoning a special kind of thinking in which inference takes place, where conclusions are drawn from premises. All reasoning is thinking, but not all thinking is reasoning. Remarks: Logic is not the science of the laws of thought (refers to any process that occurs in the mind) because psychology also is, and logic and psychology are two different fields of study. Logic and Mathematics Mathematics and logic always have been intertwined. + The study of logic is considered a fundamental field of mathematics. + Just as logic is used to test the validity of arguments, mathematics is used to establish the truth of mathematical propositions. Proposition or statement is a declarative sentence that is either true or false but not both. It is also the building blocks of a logical argument. Examples of a proposition: Filipinos are hospitable. Ifa vaccine for COVID 19 will be developed, then no one will die. She is pretty. The earth is flat. Roses are red and violets are blue. ARENS Kinds of Proposition 1. Compound proposition is composed of several simple (or prime) propositions joined by logical connectors. Simple proposition is a proposition that is not compound, it expresses no more than a single idea. From the examples above, 1,3, and 4 are simple propositions. 2 and 5 are compound proposition. These are all propositions. Examples of statements that is not a proposition: * Jump! (Command) * Are you okay? (Question) LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Mathematics in the Modern World 12Republic of the Philippines J Laguna State Polptechnic University Province of Laguna 150 gooxessCetied * God Bless you! (Wish) * I never say the truth. (Paradox) Remarks: A declarative sentence may not be a proposition if it is a paradox. Paradox is a declarative sentence which could neither be true nor false or could be both true and false. Argument is a proposition or a sequence of propositions which has a definite structure- it has a premise and a conclusion. Examples of an argument: If avaccine for COVID 19 will be developed, then no one will die. Premise Conclusion Sally owns either a lipstick or a lip balm. Sally does not own a lip balm. Therefore, Sally owns a lipstick, Premise 1 Premise 2 Conclusion Allbirds can fly. An ostrich is a bird. Therefore, an ostrich can fly. Premise 1 Premise 2 Conclusion All humans live on Earth. | live on Earth. Therefore, | am human. Premise 1 Premise 2 Conclusion Validity of an argument ‘An argument is valid if: Case 1 The conclusion follows from the premise, Case 2 Whenever the premise is true, the conclusion is also true An argument is invalid if the premise is true, but the conclusion is false. Avi argument may have a true or a false conclusion. Now, let us test the validity of the examples above. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Mathematics in the Modern World 13Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polptechnic University Province of Laguna 150 gooxessCetied * The premise is true, we are sure that a vaccine will be developed for COVID 19. However, the conclusion is false because we are certain that all will die. Therefore, the argument is invalid. * The argument is valid because the conclusion follows from the premise, (Case 1) * The conclusion follows from the premise. This is a valid argument with false premise and false conclusion. (Case 1) « The two premises are true, and the conclusion is also true. Therefore, it is a valid argument (Case 2) Philosophical foundation According to Aristotle, the truth can be based on three laws: 1. The law of identity A thing is itself. 2. The law of the excluded middle A statement is either true or false. 3. The law of non-contradiction No statement is both true and false These are the basic Aristotelian Laws. From the previous section, we have learned that compound propositions are joined by logical connectors. Logical connectors Symbols 1. Not (negation) ~ 2. And (conjunction) a 3. Or (disjunction) a 4. If... then (conditional) = 5. If and only if (biconditional) o To symbolize the prepositions using these connectors. 1. Identity the premise/s in the argument. 2. Label each premise with different letters. 3._Use the logical connector that is appropriate for the proposition. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Mathematics in the Modern World 14Republic of the Philippines J Laguna State Polptechnic University Province of Laguna 150 gooxessCetied Example: 1. Twenty-five is not even. Premise: Twenty-five is even. (P) ‘Symbol: ~P 2. Nadine Lustre is an actress and James Reid is a girl. Premise 1: Nadine Lustre is an actress. (P) Premise 2: james Reid is a girl. (Q) ‘Symbol: P.AQ Practice Exercise: 1. Write a compound proposition with the remaining logical connectors. 2. Identify the premises and symbolize it. Truth table Using truth table, we can assess if the proposition or argument is true or false. Since in the previous section we learned that an argument can be valid even if it has a false conclusion, now we must learn how to differentiate a true from false arguments so that we can have a better judgement when arguing To construct a truth table, we must 1. Symbolize the proposition. 2. We need to consider all possible combinations of truth values. For example, if we have a statement P, the possible truth values are true or false.so the truth table will look like this: P 7 F LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Mathematics in the Modern World 15150 gooxessCetied Republic of the Philippines 9 Laguna State Polptechnic University Province of Laguna 3. To determine how many possible truth values we have, we can use this formula, 2” where n is the number of premises. Example if we have statements P and Q, this means that we have 2 premises so 2? = 4. Our truth table would look like this, Truth table for the logical connectors: Negation (~P) the truth value of a premise will be negated. P T F Conjunction (P A Q) Pp ama Q m4 ~P For the statement P A Q to be true, both P and Q must be true. Otherwise, it is false. PQ TT TOF = 1 FOF PaQ T F F F LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Mathematics in the Modern World 16Y) Republic of the Philippines 9 Laguna State Polptechnic University 150 gooxessCetied Province of Laguna Disjunction (P v Q) For P v Q to be true, we require that one of them be true but allow for the possibility that both are true, Q mana4 70 TANAO mMAAaA< Conditional (P —> Q) P — Qis true unless P is true, and Q is false, PQ P+Q TT T maa aan F T T Scan this for the Biconditional ( P + Q) (P +Q) is true if p and q have the same truth values. It is false otherwise. PQ «Q) TT OT TOF F FT F FOF T Example: LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Mathematics in the Modern World 7Republic of the Philippines J Laguna State Polptechnic University Province of Laguna 150 gooxessCetied 1. Twenty-five is not even. Premise: Twenty five is even. (P) ‘Symbol: ~P Truth value: True, since the premise is false, and when negated it became true. 2. Nadine Lustre is an actress and James Reid is a gir. Premise 1: Nadine Lustre is an actress. (P) Premise 2: James Reid is a girl. (Q) AQ ‘alse since premise 1 is true and premise 2 is false Practice exercise Make a truth table for Pv QA [~ (PA Q)]. 1.4 Sets and Functions A set is a collection of objects, called the elements or members of the set. A set is typically determined by its distinct elements, or members, by which we mean that the order does not matter, and if an element is repeated several times, we only care about one instance of the element. We typically use the bracket notation { } to refer to a set. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Mathematics in the Modern WorldRepublic of the Philippines J Laguna State Polptechnic University Province of Laguna 150 gooxessCetied Example: The sets {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and {1, 3, 5, 2, 4) are the same, because the ordering does not matter. The set {1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5}. is also the same set as (1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, because we are not interest in repetition: we only can whether an element is in the set, or it is not, we do not count how many times it appears. The objects inside the brackets are called the elements. Roster Method It specifies a set explicitly, by listing all the elements of the set. It is separated by commas and surrounded by brackets. It can contain any number of elements from no elements to an infinite number. The elements are usually listed in increasing order, and not repeated. Examples: {} denotes an empty set {5} is a set containing 5 {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10} is a set of even integers from 0 to 10 {1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, ...}is the set of natural numbers Set Builder Notation It specifies a set implicitly, using a predicate description. It gives specific details about a set and may appear in a variety of forms. The symbol “ | “ is read as “such that” and < is read as “element of Examples: {x|x = 3}is the set containing 5 {x |x > Gfis the set of all x’s such that, x is greater than 0. {x €Z*|x < 11} is the set of even real number that is less than or equal 11 Nis the set of natural numbers We can denote x € X if x is an element of the set X and x ¢ X if x is not an element of X. Empty set or null set is the set with no elements denoted by @ or { }. Otherwise, if a set has. elements, it is called non-empty set. Note that @ # {2} Finite sets are sets that have a finite number of members. If the elements of a finite set are listed one after another, the process will eventually “run out” of elements to list. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Mathematics in the Modern World 19Republic ofthe Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna 150 gooxessCetied The number of elements in a finite set A is denoted by n(A) Examples: A={0, 1, 2,3, 4, ..., 100} and n(A) = 101 C= {x: xis an integer, 1 4 41 ——_» 2 0 — > 0 1 2 —> Each x-value is related to only one y-value. For instance, if (1, 2) is an ordered pair associated with the function f, we can say that f(2) Relation is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called the domain) to a second set of values (called the range). A relation is the set of ordered pairs (x, y). LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Mathematics in the Modern World 22Republic of the Philippines | NEI) Laguna State Polytechnic University roan ones Province of Laguna This mapping is not a function because the input for -2 has more than one output. domain range = " ; o ——» 4 1 5 All functions are relations, but not all relations are functions. Functions as a representation of real-life situations. It can often be used to model real situations. Identifying an appropriate functional model will lead to a better understanding of various phenomena. Examples: 1. Give a function C that can represent the cost of buying x number of meals, if one meal costs 40. Answer: Since each meal cost 40, then the cost function is C(x) = 40x. 2. Contaminated water is subjected to a cleaning process. The concentration of pollutants is initially 10 mg per litter of water. If the cleaning process can reduce the pollutant by 5% each hour, define a function that can represent the concentration of pollutants in the water in terms of the number of hours that the cleaning process has taken place. Answer: After 1 hour, the concentration of pollutants is (10) * (0.95). after 2 hours, it is the value, times 0.95, or {(10) * (0.95) (0.95)}. In general, after t hours, the concentration is C() = (10)(0.95)r mg per liter of water. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Mathematics in the Modern World 23