4

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the following physics project on FULL WAVE

RECTIFIER for
All India Senior School Certificate Ea!ination "AISSE# $%&'(
$%&) original and a*thentic wor+ of ,(

-A.E ,( AS/IS/ 0U.AR

CLASS ,( 1II 2 A$

3f 4elhi 5*6lic School7 0ar!i+ -agar7 4han6ad

Roll -o,(

To the 6est of !y +nowledge and has 6een satisfactorily done and

s*6!itted *nder !y s*per8ision9

SU:;ECT TEAC/ER E1A.I-ER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:-
 4

I would like to thank my school Delhi Public

School, Dhanbad for giving me an opportunity
to carry out this project. I have learnt a lot in
this process and hope that the knowledge I
have gained will be helpful in future.

With great pleasure I would like to epress my

deep sense of gratitude towards my parents for
their immense support and guidance. !hey
have heaped me throughout. I would like to
thank both "r.Sukumar Patra and #$% $sst. "r.
%hudev &oswami for guiding me on step by
step basis and ensuring that I completed all my
eperiments with ease.

I would be failing in my duty if I do not thank

my classmates for their creative and useful
ideas that I have tried to implement in this
project.

#ast but not the least I am indebted to internet

sources such as &oogle, Wikipedia and many
more without which my project would not have
been complete.
 4

INDEX

 AIM
 INTRODUCTION
 THEORY INVOLVED
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 WORKING
 OBSERVATION
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 4

AIM

!o construct a full wave

recti'er and show that the
$lternating (omponents are
recti'ed into a direct
current.
 4

INTRODUCTION:-

A full wave rectifier is a device which is used to rectify all the

alternating current components in an alternating supply and make
it purely a direct current. The two alternating halves of an
alternation current are rectified in a full wave rectifier which is an
advantage over a half wave rectifier. Most electronic devices
cannot withstand very high voltage or alternating current due to its
intense high power. The use of batteries in all devices is not
practical as their replacement and durability is a huge problem as
the device has to be dismantled each time for such a replacement.
So these rectifiers are used in most of the electronic devices like
TV’s !adios "hargers #ightings etc. There are several stages in a
rectifier. $ased on their rectification they are classified into two.
The single staged % multi staged.
 4

&n the multi staged rectifiers more than two diodes are used and
these are used in the above'mentioned devices. The singled staged
rectifier has only ( diodes the one we are to discuss in this pro)ect.
The multi diode rectifier has only ( diodes the one we are to

discuss in this pro)ect. The multi diode rectifiers has an efficiency

* +4.,- while that of the single is only /.(-

 4

THEORY INVOLVED:-

The input transformer steps down the A." mains from (01V
2nominal3 to ,V between the center tap and either of the two ends
of the secondary winding. The transformer has a capability of
delivering a current of 11 mA. The ,V A." appearing across the
secondary is the !MS value of the waveform and peak value
would be ,× ( = .48olts. The diodes rectify the A." waveform
appearing across the secondary with the help of alternate forward
and reverse biasing. The capacitor further filters ++- of the
resident components and this is let to pass through the resistance
and emerges out as 5ve and 6ve. The bulb connected verifies the
output as it works on 7irect "urrent and if used on an Alternating
"urrent the fluctuation will burn out the bulb.
 4

Materials reqire! i" t#e $%"str$ti%":-

"onnecting wires a plug single lead wire ' (m 0 6 nuts % $olts
of ( to 0 cm length "ircuit board of mica a small bo8 to place the
model a transformer A capacitor A !esistor 2/ 9 Ω 3 :'; )unction
diodes &nsulation tape $lades soldering wa8 soldering lead
soldering iron % sand paper.

Details %& t#e 'aterials se! →

i( "onnecting wires and a plug → A normal insulated

copper wire able to withstand (01 6 (1 v is re<uired.

ii( Single lead wire → Thin wire with one single strand of
copper well &nsulated and able to conduct a current of /
ampere or a 7." current efficiently.

iii( A circuit board → A normal board of mica facilitated with

clips to simplify the connection.

i)( ;uts and bolt → &n order to fi8 the board % transformer
firmly. Si=e ( 6 0 cm.
 4

)( Soldering wa8 % lead → The wires are to be soldered

firmly to make the connection tight so for this a thin lead
wire is re<uired to affi8 the connections and wa8 to make the
lead to hold on when soldered.

)i( A small bo8 → To place the e<uipments safely.

)ii( A bulb → To test the output voltage whether 7irect or not.

Specification → (.( 6, v it will get burnt on

application of A.".

)iii( A ,'1', transformer

Transformer is a device used to change the voltage of an

alternating current. The transformer which converts low voltage
to high voltage is called a step up transformer whereas the one
which converts high voltage to low voltage is called a step down
transformer. &t consists of a laminated core consisting of two
coils a primary % a secondary coil. &n a step up the number of
turns in the secondary is greater that that of the primary and the
reverse in a step down transformer. >ere we use a step down
transformer which steps down (01V to ,V between the
secondary terminals and the center tap .

i*( A "A:A"&T?! →
 4

The ability of a metal to store electric charges measures the

capacitances of a conductor. &t provides high impedance to
Alternating "urrent and stores them while all the 7."
components are let to pass. There are different types of
capacitors 6

a3 :A!A##@# :#AT@ "A:A"&T?!

b3 S:>@!&"A# "A:A"&T?!
c3 "#&;7!&"#A# "A:A"&T?!

>ere we deal with a "ylindrical "apacitor. &t consists of two

coa8ial conducting cylindrical shells.

&t does not dissipate any power % the energy stored in it e<ual to B
"V( . &n a capacitor Voltage does not change instantaneously. &t
leads current % voltage by an angle different of +11 .

The capacitor can be connected in ( ways

/3 &n Series C
 / = / + / + / + .....
 
 C C/ C ( C 0 
%
(3 &n :arallel C
2" C "/ 5 "( 5 "0 DD3

>ere we use capacitor of /111 µ E % ( v.

 4

*( A !esistor →

A resistor is an electronic components whose resistance value

tells us about the opposition it offers to the flow of electric
current. !esistance is measured in ohms 2 Ω 3.

!esistance can be connected in ( ways 6

&n series
! C 2!/ 5 !( 5 !0 D..3
%
&n :arallel
/ = /
+
/
+
/
+ ..... 

R R/ R( R0 

*i( +-N ,"$ti%" Di%!es →

Fhen one side of a semiconductor crystal 2Germanium or

silicon3 is doped with acceptor impurity atoms and the other
side with donor impurity atoms a :'; )unction is formed. &t is
also called a semiconductor or crystal diode. Fhen diffusion of
the two regions occur a resultant potential barrier is created
between the two sides due to migration of electrons and holes.

Fhen the diode is connected with : side to positive terminal of

a battery % ; side to 6ve terminal it is said to be forward biased
% reverse biased when reversed. &n forward biasing the applied
positive potential repels the holes and turns a current is made to
 4

flow overcoming the &nternal potential $arrier. Fhile in reverse

biasing the 6ve electrons / st attract the holes and widen the
$arrier and then only the repulsion between the inner electrons
occur and current flows. So theoretically no current flows
through due to the widening of the :otential barrier but
practically a very small current does flows through.

7ifferent types of diodes are present 6

/. Hener diode
(. :'; )unction diode
0. #@7
4. #A7
. Solar cell

>ere we use a :'; )unction diode. The grayish ring indicated

the ; side and the $lack colouration the : side.

*ii( Einally small e<uipments such as a soldering iron to

solder the lead $lades holders insulation tapes 6 to
insulate the wire from shocking and sand paper 6 to rub
the o8idi=ed wire ends are used.
 4

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

C%""e$ti%" !etails

"onnections are done as in the circuit. The A.". supply is given to

both the input wires of the transformer and the two ends of the
secondary coil is given to the : side of the two diodes and the ; side
of the diodes are twined and then connected to one end of the
capacitor and the other end to the center tap lead and to the resistor.
Eurther the other end of capacitor with the diode connection is
connected to the other end of the resistor . "onnect ( leads on both
the ends of the resistor to measure the output and this is connected to
the 5ve % 've terminals of the bulb.
 4

WORKING:-

/st when the A.". is supplied to the transformer it steps down the
(01V main supply to , volts. &t has a capability of delivering a current
of 11mA. The , volts A.". appearing across the secondary is the
!MS valur and the peak value is , × ( or .4 volts. 7uring the / st
half cycle of the A.". input 7iode 7/ is forward biased and a current
I&’ flows in the circuit in the direction S/7/A$@?S/. 7uring this
time diode 7( is reverse biased. So it does not conduct any electric
current. 7uring the ne8t half cycle the diode 7( is forward and 7/ is
reversed. >ence 7( conducts current in the direction S(7(A$@?S(
and 7/ does not conduct any current. &n subse<uent half cycles of the
A." current the above processes are repeated. &n both the half cycles
it is clear that current flows through the resistor in only one direction
A$@. @ven though the voltage across !# is unidirectional it will still
contain a few A." components. This is filtered and made smooth
using a capacitor which filters ++- of the A." current. A resistor is
then used to ad)ust the output voltage. Fe can then test the oJp Voltage
using a multi'meter.

@fficiency of !ectification '

η C 7." power output

Total A." input power

Eor a half wave rectifier η * 1.41, C 41., -

Eor a full wave rectifier the one used here is η * 1./( C /.( -
 4

$y the use of more number of diodes the efficiency can be increase to

a ma8imum of +4.,-. >ere we only use ( diodes. The use of multiple
capacitors also nearly filters all A." components from the supply and
resistance is ad)usted for the re<uired output. As this is a simple
circuit only one capacitor and a resistance is being used. $ut there
will be slight factor of A.". current still left in the output but it is
negligible.

RECTIFIED DC VOLTAGE

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O./ERVATION:

"apacitance 2"3 2 µ E3 !esistance 2!3 29 Ω 3 ?utput Voltage 27"3

/111 1 /.10
/111 (+., /0./
/111 ,,/., /4.,+
/111 ,0., /4.,

Reslt:

A full Fave rectifier is constructed % output voltage for different

output resistance is measured and tabulated.
 4

.I.ILIOGRA+HY:-

/3@lectronic pro)ects for beginners by

A.9 Manini

(3www.google.com

03www.wikipedia.com

43;cert te8tbook for class K&&

3"omprehensive practical book for class

K&&