(OEL, EM Lab)

List of Experiments

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Sr. List of Experiments CLO PLO Taxono
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Determination of vector nature of forces for static
01 1, 3 4, 10 P3, A2
equilibrium by using coplanar concurrent force
Determine and relate the Principle of Moments for
02 number of co-planer forces acting on a body by using 1, 3 4, 10 P3, A2
Principle of Moments apparatus
To find tension in hanging rope loaded at various
03 1, 3 4, 10 P3, A2
points by using hanging rope apparatus
To determine and verify Force Polygon Method for
04 various Co-planer forces by coplanar concurrent 1, 3 4, 10 P3, A2
force apparatus
Determine and relate the Coefficient of Friction of
05 different solid materials by using Laws of Friction 1, 3 4, 10 P3, A2
apparatus
Measurement of the Coefficient of Friction between
06 1, 3 4, 10 P3, A2
Cord and Drum by using Cord and Drum apparatus
Determine the Mechanical Advantage, Velocity
07 Ratio and Efficiency of Screw Jack by using Screw 1, 3 4, 10 P3, A2
Jack apparatus
Determine the Mechanical Advantage, Velocity
08 Ratio and Efficiency of worm and worm wheel by 1, 3 4, 10 P3, A2
using worm and worm wheel apparatus
To determine the Relationship between Linear and
09 Angular speed by using Linear and Angular moment 1, 3 4, 10 P3, A2
apparatus
10 To find the forces in Tie and Jib crane apparatus 1, 3 4, 10 P3, A2
Determine the Mechanical Advantage, Velocity
11 1, 3 4, 10 P3, A2
Ratio and efficiency of Weston Differential Pulley
Determine the Relationship F = mrω2 for
12 Centrifugal force by using centrifugal force 1, 3 4, 10 P3, A2
apparatus
13 Open-Ended Lab 2, 3 3, 10 P4, A2

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Open Ended Lab, Grading Rubrics
Excellent
Evaluation scale
100 %
Representation/
Excellent representation of
outlook of the task
the task
(Marks:100)
Have excellent ability to
Design/structure of
Psychomotor
design and build the bridge
the truss bridge
within limits of parameter
(Marks:100)
and can carry the load
All figures, tables are
Results: correctly drawn/ explained,
data, figures, tables, are labeled, numbered,
etc. (Marks:100) units and contain
titles/captions.
Uses straightforward
language that skillfully
Affective
Communication
communicates meaning to
Skills
audience members with
(Marks:100)
clarity and fluency and is
virtually error free
Good
80 %
Good representation of the
task
Have good ability to design
and build the bridge with
minor errors
All figures, tables are
correctly drawn/explained,
but some have minor errors
Uses straightforward
language that generally
conveys meaning to
audience members with
minor errors
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(OEL, EM Lab)
Average Poor
60 % 40 % and below
Average representation of Poor representation of the
the task task
Very little ability to design
Average ability to design
and build the bridge and
and build the bridge with
missing several important
some missing
steps during design and
steps/calculation
development
Figures, tables contain
Most figures, tables OK,
errors or are poorly
but missing several
constructed/explained or
important or required
incorrect, etc.
features
Uses language that Uses language that
generally conveys meaning sometimes impedes
to audience members with meaning because of error in
some errors usage
 (OEL, EM Lab)

Open Ended Lab

1. Title
Design and develop a bridge or a tower using truss structure for given parameters

1.1 Objective
To evaluate the nature of forces and moments and design the bridge (length
20-24 inches, width 4-6 inches, height 4-6 inches) or tower (length 4-6
inches, width 4-6 inches, height 20-24 inches) using Popsicle sticks which
can withstand certain load/vibrations.

1.2 Introduction
All the structures experience forces in their physical environments. The force of
gravity acts on all bodies. Right now, gravity is pulling down on you, and your
chair or whatever is supporting you supplies an equal force in the upward
direction, resulting in equilibrium. A clear understanding of forces is necessary in
order to appreciate how various living things are affected by the forces in their
environments.
• R x = Σ Fx (N)
• R y = Σ F𝑦 (N)

The principle of moments states that, when an object is in equilibrium, the sum of
anticlockwise moments about any point equals the sum of clockwise moments
about the same point. The moment of a force is the product of the force and the
perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation and the line of action of the
force.
• 𝜏 = 𝑟 × 𝐹 (𝑁𝑚)

1.3 Apparatus
1. Popsicle sticks (plain or colored)
2. Craft glue or hot glue gun
3. Ruler or measuring tape
4. Pencils or markers
5. Optional: Sandpaper (for smoothing edges)

1.4 Procedure
a. Research and familiarize yourself with different types of truss structures
commonly used in bridge/tower design, such as Warren, Pratt, or Howe
trusses.
b. Use graph paper or plain paper to create preliminary sketches of your
bridge/tower design. Experiment with different truss configurations,

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considering factors like aesthetics, load distribution, and ease of

construction.
c. Based on your design sketches, start constructing the truss bridge/tower
using Popsicle sticks and glue.
i. Use the ruler or measuring tape to ensure accuracy in stick placement
and alignment.
ii. Apply glue at the joint connections and press the sticks firmly
together.
iii. Allow sufficient drying time for the glue to set and strengthen the
structure.
d. Identify critical sections or weak points in the truss design.
i. Reinforce these areas by adding additional Popsicle sticks or using
techniques like triangulation.
ii. Ensure that the truss remains symmetrical and well-balanced.
e. Set up a load-testing apparatus or use weights to apply a gradually increasing
load to the center of the bridge.
i. Continuously monitor and record the load at which the bridge begins
to deform or fail.
ii. Note any observations regarding the behavior of the truss during the
load test.
f. Analyze the performance of your Popsicle stick truss bridge/tower during the
load test.
i. Identify areas where the structure failed or experienced excessive
deformation.
ii. Modify and optimize the design by reinforcing weak sections or
making adjustments to member placement or configurations.
iii. Repeat the load testing process with the improved design to assess its
performance.
g. Evaluate the success of your Popsicle stick truss bridge/tower design based
on its ability to withstand the specified load and exhibit desired strength and
stability.
h. Reflect on the challenges faced, lessons learned, and possible improvements
to the design or construction techniques.

1.4.1 Observations and Calculations

Sr. Truss Length Load Angle Force Torque

Member (L) (F) (θ) Calculation Calculation

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• Detailed forces and torques calculation (One sample)

1.5 Discussion and Conclusion

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Experiment: Design and develop a bridge using truss structure for given parameters
Student’s Section / Reg. No.: ___________________________________________
Student Name: ______________________________________________________

Grading Rubrics
Excellent Good Average Poor
Evaluation scale
100% 80 % 50 % 40% or below
Representation/
outlook of the
task
(Marks:100)
Psychomotor

Design/structure
of the truss
bridge
(Marks:100)
Results:
data, figures,
tables, etc.
(Marks:100)
Affective

Communication
Skills
(Marks:100)

Total