Impact of Hazards

1Chemical Safety
Safety - Safety is not the concern of one but of
everyone. Think safety first then act.
Chemical Safety - The condition of being safe from
undergoing hurt or harm during an occurrence of
chemical incident.
Chemical incident - An unintentional event that may
threaten to expose or do expose members of the public
to a chemical hazard.
Chemical Hazard - Any source of potential harm,
damage or adverse effect on someone or something.
Risk - The probability or likelihood that a person or a
thing is harmed or damaged when exposed to a hazard.
Acute hazards - Hazards that have obvious
and immediate impact
Chronic hazards - Hazards that have more
hidden, cumulative, and long-term impact.
GHS: GLOBALLY HARMONIZED SYSTEM OF
CLASSIFICATION AND LABELING OF CHEMICALS
➢ It is an internationally agreed-upon system
created by the United Nations that requires
manufacturers, importers and downstream
users and distributors of chemical substances
and mixtures.
GHS label template:

1. Product Name / Identifier

Hazards & Classifications 2. Signal Word
Physical hazards - Factors within the 3. Precautionary Symbols / Pictograms
environment that may cause harm on the body 4. Physical, Health and Environmental Hazard
even without touching it and they are generally Statement
discernible and perceptible. 5. Precautionary Measures
Chemical hazards - Chemical substances that 6. Supplier Identification
may cause harm upon exposure to them. 7. Supplemental Information
Ergonomic hazards - Physical factors in the
environment that may cause problems on the
musculoskeletal system.
Safety hazards - Working conditions that can
cause injury, illness, or death.
Psychological hazards - The aspects of the
working environment that may affect the
mental health of the individuals such as
workload, stress, and discrimination.
Biological hazards - Biological substances
such as viruses, bacteria and animals that may
threat the health of living organisms when
exposed to it.

Hazardous Substance - Any chemical that

presents physical or health hazard.

Physical Hazard Substance - Chemical

reagents or substances that are combustible
liquids, compressed gases, explosives,
flammable, organic peroxides, oxidizers,
pyrophoric, unstable, or reactive or water-
reactive. Physical hazard substances are
classified as fire hazard, reactive hazard, and
explosion hazard.
Health Hazard - Substance a chemical
that may cause acute or chronic health
effects to exposed personnel. Health hazard
are classified as either systematic effect or
target organ effect.

Oxidizers - Substances which can either be
solids, liquids, or gases. They are materials that
are not necessarily combustible but may
generally yield oxygen which may contribute to
or cause combustion reactions.
Flammable solids - Solid substances which
can either be readily combustible or may cause
or contribute to fire through friction. They can
be in the form of granules, powder and pastry
which is easily ignited when encounter an
ignition source.
Flammable liquids - Liquid substances with
flash points of not more than 93°C.
Flammable gases - Gases with flammable
range in air at 20°C and at standard pressure of
101.3kPa.
Flammable aerosols - Gas that (1) was
compressed, liquefied, or dissolved under
pressure within a non-refillable container that
was made up of metal, glass or plastic and (2)
contains any component classifies as flammable
solid, liquid or gas.
Emits flammable gas - Substances that can
either solids or liquids that are liable to become
spontaneously flammable or to give off
flammable gases when get in contact with
water.
Pyrophoric - Substances which can either be
solids or liquids that are liable to ignite within
five minutes after having been in contact with
air even at very small quantities.
Self-heating substances - Solid or liquid
substances that are not classified as pyrophoric
but is liable to self-heat when encounters air
even in the absence of energy.
Self-reactive substances - Substances that
are either (1) thermally unstable liquids or (2)
solids that may undergo strong exothermal
decomposition even in the absence of the
participation of oxygen but (3) are not classified
as corrosives, explosive or organic peroxides
under the GHS.
Organic peroxides - Substances which are
either solid or liquid substance that contains
bivalent O-O structure. These substances may
be liable to explosive decomposition, burn
rapidly, be sensitive to impact or friction or
react dangerously to other substances.
Corrosive to metals Substances that
materially damaged metals through chemical
reaction.
Explosives - Substances or mixtures of
substances that can either be solids or liquids
which in their selves are capable to produce a
gas, by a chemical reaction, at such speed as to
cause damage to the surroundings.
Gases under pressure - Gases that are
contained inside a receptacle with a pressure of
not less than 280 Pascal at 20°C
Carcinogens - Chemical substances that
induce cancer or increase its incidence.
Respiratory sensitizers - Chemical
substances that cause the airways to be
hypersensitive after inhalation of the substance.
Reproductive toxicity - Chemical substances
may cause infertility, adverse effects on sexual
functions and/or developmental toxicity on the
offspring.
Target organ systemic toxicity - Substances
that may cause either reversible or irreversible
damages on specific body organs which affects
their functions.
Germ Cell Mutagenicity - Substances that
may cause gene mutations of organisms to
occur.
Aspiration toxicity - Substances that may
have severe acute effects of varying degrees of
pulmonary injury or death following aspiration.
Acute aquatic toxicity - Substances that may
cause injury to aquatic organisms after a short-
term exposure to the substance.
Chronic aquatic toxicity - Substances that
may cause adverse effects to aquatic organisms
during exposures based on the organism’s life
cycle.
NFPA Diamond & SDS: Hazard
Communication
NFPA Hazard Identification System -
The National Fire Protection Agency Hazard
Identification System is a quick visual
representation of a chemical substance in
terms of its reactivity, flammability, health
hazard and special hazards.
GHS Safety Data Sheet
The GHS Safety Data Sheet (SDS) provides
comprehensive information on the chemical
substance being handled. It comprises of the
following minimum elements:
1. Identification of the substance or mixture
and of the supplier
2. Hazards identification
3. Composition or information of ingredients
4. First aid measures
5. Firefighting measures
6. Accidental release measures
7. Handling and storage
8. Exposure controls and personal protection
9. Physical and chemical properties
10. Stability and reactivity
11. Information toxicological
12. Ecological information
13. Disposal considerations
14. Transport information
15. Regulatory information
Hazards Control
1. Elimination - This is the most effective means
of minimizing the exposure of personnel to a
chemical hazard. In here, the hazard is physically
removed from the work environment.
2. Substitution - If elimination is not possible, a
chemical that is less hazardous is used to
replace the existing more hazardous one.
3. Engineering Controls - If the above measures
are not available, isolating the people away
from the hazard can be done such as the
establishment of a safety compartment that
separates or limits the exposure of the
personnel from the hazard.
4. Administrative Controls - The way people
handle the chemicals can also be a means to
minimize the effects of being exposed to the
harmful substance. Changing the way people
work is what comprise the administrative
controls.
5. Personal Protective Equipment - Protecting
oneself from a hazard with appropriate personal
protective equipment is the first line of defense
when limiting the exposure from a hazard.
However, this method of exposure control is the
least efficient of them all.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
can be classified according to the part
of the body that it intends to protect.
1. Eye and face protection
Safety spectacles
Eye goggles
Face shields
2. Respiratory protection
Filtration respirators
Chemical cartridge devices
Air-supplying equipment
3. Hand and arm protection
Gloves
4. Foot and leg protection
5. Torso protection
Laboratory gowns and coats
Constraints of Hazard Controls
1. The use of PPE does not change the fact
that the hazard still exists.
2. Wearing a defective PPE offers no
protection.
3. Improper wearing of PPE may not give
maximum protection.
4. The PPE may be a cause of additional
hazard.
Prepping for Emergencies
1. In case of burns and small cuts, look for a
laboratory first aid kit and treat self
accordingly. Go to the nearest clinic or
hospital, as the need arises.
2. In case of laboratory spillage, know the
property of the substance that you are to
deal with. Make sure to use the appropriate
spill kit available. Protect yourself with
appropriate personal protective equipment.
Confine the spill clean it up and properly
dispose.
3. In case of chemical splashes, head to the
nearest eye wash or eye shower and follow
proper procedures as indicated on the
product’s SDS.
4. Check on the labels of the available fire
extinguishers near the workplace. In case of
fire, make sure that you are using the
appropriate type.
5. Always put SAFETY FIRST.

2INTRODUCTION TO
CHEMISTRY
Domains of Chemistry
MACROSCOPIC DOMAIN – Things large
enough to be sensed by human sight and touch.
MICROSCOPIC DOMAIN - Things too small to
be seen even with standard microscope often
must picture in the mind.
SYMBOLIC DOMAIN - The specialized language
used to represent the components of the
macroscopic and microscopic domain.
CHEMISTRY: THE SCIENCE OF MATTER &
HOW IT CHANGES
Matter - Anything that occupies space & has mass.
SPACE - Limited or calculable three-dimensional realm
or expanse in which all material objects are located and
occur.
MASS - The amount of matter.
States of Matter
Changes in Matter
Physical Change - Change in state or
properties of matter without any accompanying
change in its chemical composition.
Chemical Change - Change of one type of
matter to another type with accompanying
change in chemical composition.
Law of Conservation of Matter - There is no
detectable change in the total quantity of matter
present when matter converts from one type to
another, whether it is a chemical change or a physical
change of solid, liquid, and gaseous states.
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
Properties of Matter
Physical Property - Property not associated
with the change in its chemical composition.
Chemical Property - Associated with the
ability or inability to change from one type to
other type.
Categories of the Properties of Matter
Extensive Property - The property that
depends on the amount of matter present.
Intensive Property - The property that does
not depend on the amount of matter present.
Measurement
Provides the properties of macroscopic matter
which is the basis of most of the hypotheses,
theories, and laws.
Provides three (3) kinds of information about
the matter: a) the size or magnitude of the
measurement in number; b) a standard of
comparison for the unit of measurement; and c)
an indication of the uncertainty of the
measurement.
Quantity
The amount or number of materials.
Fundamental quantity or Derived quantity
Fundamental or base quantity is measured
directly by using an acceptable instrument
Derived quantity is derived from the base or
fundamental quantity.
Basic or Fundamental Quantity
Quantity measured directly by using acceptable
measuring tools.
Base Units UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS of
the SI System
Common Unit Prefixes
Conversion Factors & Dimensional
Analysis
Unit Conversion Factor - Ratio of two equivalent
quantities with different measurement units.
Dimensional Analysis or factor-label method
Unit of measurements of quantity is subjected
to the same mathematical operations as their
associated numbers.
Derived Quantities
Quantity obtained from basic quantities.
3THE ATOM & ELEMENT
The Atom
Building blocks of matter.
The smallest particle of an element
Defines the unique characteristics of an
element.
Neil Bohr’s model of atom is composed mainly
of positively charged nucleus at the center and
negatively charged one or more electrons, 𝑒 −
revolving at certain shells.
Nucleus is composed of positively charged
protons, 𝑝 + and no charge neutrons, 𝑛.
Properties of the Sub particles of the Atom
Isotope
A variant of chemical element in possession of
the same number of protons and electrons but
a different number of neutrons.
A variant of an element that differ in nucleon
number due to number of neutrons.
Ion
variant of atom or group of atoms that carries a
positive or negative charge because of having
lost or gained one or more electrons.
Electrolyte
Positively charged ion or cation and negatively
charged ion or anion
Simple ion is formed from single atom and
polyatomic ion is formed from more than one
atom
Antimatter
A twin matter but composed of sub particles of
opposite charge.
Antiproton for proton; antielectron or positron
for electrons; and antineutron for neutrons.
Element

The simplest form of matter.

The purest of all pure substances

Symbol of Chemical Element

One-lettered symbol - First letter of the name of

the chemical element in capital letter; H, B, C, N,
O
Two-lettered symbol - First and the second
letter of the name of the chemical element; First
in capital letter, the second in small letter; He, Alkali metals
Ca, Li, Br, Al
Group 1 elements except H.
Two-lettered symbol - First and the third letter
Do not exist as free metal and exist as earth
of the name of the chemical element; First in
minerals.
capital letter, the third in small letter; Mn, Mg,
Oxidation state is 1+.
Cr, Zn, Cs
Good reductants or reducing agent
Derived from Latin, Greek, or Swiss name; Au
(Aurum), Ag (Argentum), W (Tungsten), K Alkaline earth metals
(Kalium), Na (Natrium) Group 2 elements
Oxidation state is 2 +
Periodic Table of Chemical Elements Transition metals

Dimitri Mendeleev, the father of Periodic Table Partially filled d orbitals.

of Chemical Elements.
Henry Moseley proposed Modern Periodic Law
– The properties of the chemical element are
functions of their atomic numbers.
118 chemical elements; 92 naturally occurring;
26 laboratories synthesized.
Chemical elements are arranged in order of
increasing atomic number.
Chemical elements are denoted by unique
symbol using one, two or three letters.
Chemical elements are arranged in vertical
columns or Groups and Families and horizontal
rows or Periods.
Nonmetals
First transition series: elements of Period 4
group 3-11.
Second transition series: elements of Period 5
group 3-11.
Third transition or Lanthanide series: elements
of Period 6 group 3-11; and
Fourth transition or Actinide series: elements of
Period 7 group 3-11.
Show variable oxidation states.
Have colored ions and compounds.
Form compound with profound catalytic
activity; and
Form stable complexes.

Groups 13 – 18.
Forms negative ions (anions) except noble
gases.
Group 15 - Pnictogen or nitrogen family.
Group 16 – Chalcogen or oxygen family.
Group 17 – Halogen family
Group 18 - Noble gases or inert gases.

Mnemonic Device for Electronic Configuration

Functions of Electronic Configuration