HW1

TOPICS Student
1 Absorption and Adsorption Sıla Çinbilgel
2 Ion Exchange Separations W4 24.10.2023 Adsorption, Absorption Large Scale Chromatography in
Large Scale Chromatography in Industry
3 Emir Akcan
Industry W5 31.10.2023 Dialysis and Electrodialysis Azeotropic Distillation
5 Azeotropic (Molecular)Distillation Sena Altun
6 Dialysis and Electrodialysis Orhan Uzun W6 7.11.2023 Sedimentation and Fluidasation Drying Processes
Processes
7 Drying Processes Berkin Gültekin
W7 14.11.2023 Gas Separation Processes Ultrafiltration-Reverse Osmosis
8 Gas Separation Processes Kevser Akkoyun
9 Ultrafiltration-Reverse Osmosis Naz Nusreti W8 21.11.2023 Supercritical Extraction Sedimentation
10 Supercritical Extraction Burak Dünder
Sedimentation and Fluidasation W9 28.11.2023 Crystallization Processes Centrifugal Separation
11 Feyzullah Kesgin Processes
Processes
12 Crystallization Processes Meryem Ece Arık W10 5.12.2023 Stripping and Adv Oxidation Electrochemical Separations
13 Centrifugal Separation Processes Görkem Öztabak
14 Stripping and Adv Oxidation Deniz Batu Kara
15 Electrochemical Separations Sedef Başörenlioğlu
Presentation Structure for Homework 1
Select one of the separation methods.
-Write a report on them at least 5 pages. Be careful with formatting
and references (reports due to W10).
-Present your separation process with detail:
Why it is used?
Which separation driving force is used?
What type of compounds can be separated with this process?
Is it harmful for environment?
Is there any alternative for this process?
Which type of industries we can see this process?
Chromatography
Special Case: Ion Exchange Separations
Chromatography
Chromatography is an important technique that
enables
-the separation,
-the identification, and
-the purification
of the components of a mixture for qualitative
and quantitative analysis.
Chromatography is a precise analytical
technique, used to separate components of a
mixture on the basis of relative affinity. This
separation takes place between two phases i.e,
the stationary phase and the mobile phase. In
brief, quantification, purification, and
identification of components of the mixture can
be done using various chromatographic
techniques.
Chromatography-Principle
“Relative affinities of components of the mixture toward mobile phase and
stationary phase”
In general, it is the distribution of analyte between the mobile phase and stationary phase or
the interaction of the sample with the mobile phase and stationary phase. Greater the
interaction of the analyte with the mobile phase faster would be separation and greater the
interaction of the analyte with the stationary phase slower would be separation.

https://byjus.com/chemistry/column-chromatography/
Chromatography-Types of Chromatography

https://psiberg.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/classification-of-chromatography-1.svg
Chromatography-Liquid Chromatography-Analytical

https://www.shimadzu.com/an/service-support/technical-support/analysis-basics/basic/what_is_hplc.html
Chromatography-Gas Chromatography-Analytical

https://www.ssi.shimadzu.com/service-support/faq/gas-chromatography/what-is-gas-chromatography/index.html
Chromatography-Types of Chromatography
Chromatography-Adsorption Chromatography
Adsorption Chromatography involves the analytical
separation of a chemical mixture based on the
interaction of the adsorbate with the adsorbent. The
mixture of gas or liquid gets separated when it passes
over the adsorbent bed that adsorbs different
compounds at different rates.

https://byjus.com/chemistry/adsorption-chromatography
Chromatography-Partition Chromatography
The separation of the components from the sample
mixture is carried out by the process of partition of
the components between 2 phases. Both phases are in
liquid form. In this process, the immiscible solid
surface coated with the liquid surface on the
stationary phase is in the mobile phase. The liquid
surface is immobilised by a stationary phase which
results in making it a stationary phase. The mobile
phase moves from the stationary phase and
components get separated. The separation depends
on different partition coefficients.

https://byjus.com/chemistry/partition-chromatography
Chromatography- Exclusion Chromatography
This type of chromatography involves the separation of
different components of the mixture based on their sizes.
In size exclusion chromatography, components of the
mixture are filtered based on their hydrodynamic volume
or hydrodynamic diameters. It can be noted that size
exclusion chromatography is also known as gel
permeation chromatography or gel filtration
chromatography.

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-7735-4_9
https://byjus.com/chemistry/classification-of-chromatography/
Chromatography-Ion Exchange Chromatography
Ion chromatography (or ion-exchange
chromatography) is a form of chromatography that
separates ions and ionizable polar molecules based
on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
It works on almost any kind of charged molecule—
including small inorganic anions, large proteins,
small nucleotides, and amino acids.

Charged compounds are adsorbed and retained by an

ion exchanger having the opposite charge, whereas
compounds that are neutral or have the same charge
as the media pass through the void volume and are
eluted from the column. The binding of the charged
compounds is reversible, and adsorbed compounds are
commonly eluted with a salt or pH gradient. Ion
exchange media are available in various particle sizes,
ionic forms, and purity ranges.
Chromatography-Affinity Chromatography
Affinity chromatography is a separation technique where the
components of a mixture are seperated based on their affinity towards
the stationary phase of the system.
-the substrate/ligand are bound to the stationary phase so that the
reactive sites for the binding of components are exposed.
-the mixture passed through the mobile phase where the components
with binding sites for the substrate bind to the substrate on the
stationary phase while the rest of the components are eluted out with
the mobile phase.
-the components attached to the stationary phase are then eluted by
changing the pH, ionic strength, other conditions.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/affinity-chromatography
Which type of chromatography we can apply to industry?
Small Laboratory Usage:
Analysis of purity (Mining Industry or Cosmetic Industry)
Purification of products (Pharmaceutical Industry-
purifying drug)
Identification of contaminants (Food industry-heavy metal
content of water)
Quantification (Food composition-capsaicin)
Big Industrial Applications:

https://www.lab1st.com/industrial-chromatography
Ion Exchange Separations

https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11030815
Ion Exchange -Principle
Ion Exchange

https://www.shimadzu.com/an/service-support/technical-support/analysis-basics/basic/ion_exchange_chromatography.html
Ion Exchange Chromatography-Example
Different types of ions in the sample interact differently with the ion exchange groups, resulting in differences in
the speed at which they move through the column. This difference is used to separate the ions in the sample. Ions
with a smaller valence interact less with the ion exchange groups and therefore elute from the column faster.
However, ions with the same valence or homologous elements will still elute faster if they have smaller ionic
radiuses.

https://www.shimadzu.com/an/service-support/technical-support/analysis-basics/basic/ion_exchange_chromatography.html
Ion Exchange
Ion Exchange -Terms
The analyte: is the substance to be seperated
during chromatography
The eluate: is the mobile phase leaving the
column
The eluent: is the solvent that will carry the
analytes
The mobile phase: is the phase which moves in a
definite direction
The stationary phase: is the substance which is
fixed in place for the chromatography procedure.
(silica layer)
Ion Exchange -Process
In order for the ion exchange process to occur, the equipment must contain a micro-
porous exchange resin. This resin is saturated with a solution that’s very loosely held.
When the process is being used for water softening purposes, sulfonated polystyrene
beds are placed within the unit. These beds are saturated with a sodium solution that
covers the surface of the bed.
When water is passed through the resin bed, the ions will attach directly to the beads,
which releases the aforementioned solution into the sample water.
Over time, the beds will become saturated with contaminants, which is when the
exchange resin will need to be recharged or regenerated. In order to complete the
regeneration process, it’s important that a salt brine solution is used to flush the
exchange resin.
The salt brine solution consists of sodium ions. These ions will replace the contaminants
that coat the resin bed, after which the contaminants will be flushed out with all of the
wastewater.
Because of how the ion exchange process works, it can be used to soften hard water that
contains high levels of magnesium and calcium while also being used for the water
treatment process.
https://www.isws.illinois.edu/health-
environmental-applications/home-water-
testing/water-treatment/water-softeners
https://sensorex.com/ion-exchange-and-industrial-applications/
Ion Exchange -Optimization
Flow Rate
Surface Area
Contact Time
Concentration
Regeneration type and time
Type of ion exchanger
Ion Exchange Resins
Strong ion-exchange functional
groups can always be ionized, while
ionization conditions of weak ion-
exchange groups can vary
depending on the pH of the mobile
phase.
The appropriate stationary phase is
selected according to the charge
and properties of the analyte.
Note that when ion exchange
chromatography is applied, cations
and anions cannot be separated
within a single analysis.

https://www.shimadzu.com/an/service-support/technical-support/analysis-basics/basic/ion_exchange_chromatography.html
Ion Exchange Chromatography-How does it work?
Samples: ionic compounds
Method: difference of charge states between the mobile phase and analytes from the
stationary phase in the column
Steps: adsorption step and then regeneration
ADSORPTION:
impurities are removed/valuable constituents are recovered
REGENERATION:
shorter than adsorption step
Industrial System: batch, semi cont, continuous
a single column may be satisfactory if unit can be shut down for regeneration
for continuous streams, more columns needed
Ion Exchange Applications in Industry
Water softening
Water demineralization
Decolorization of sugar solutions
Recovery of urinium from leach solutions
Recovery of vitamins from fermentation broth
Water Softening
Household water softeners are ion exchange
devices. Ion exchange involves removing the
hardness ions calcium and magnesium and
replacing them with non-hardness ions,
typically sodium supplied by dissolved sodium
chloride salt, or brine.

https://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/html/g1491/build/g1491.htm#:~:text=10.5%20%26%20over-
,Treatment%20Principles,sodium%20chloride%20salt%2C%20or%20brine.
Water Demineralisation
In demineralization or deionization the ion-exchange concept is extended to complete removal of inorganic salts from water
by a two-step process. In the first step a cation resin is used to exchange hydrogen ions for cations such as calcium,
magnesium and sodium. In the second step, an anion resin exchanges hydroxyl ions for sulfate, nitrate and chloride anions.

The particular plan and components of a ion

exchange (IX) demineralization system can
fluctuate starting with one application then
onto the next dependent on process
conditions and piece of the stream to be dealt
with. In any case, most demineralization
systems will incorporate the accompanying
components:
i. One on more IX columns
ii. Regenerate dozing systems
iii. Chemical feed storage tanks
iv. PLC, control valves and piping
v. IX resins

https://www.shubhamtanks.com/demineralization-of-water/
Decolorization of sugar solutions

https://www.dupont.com/content/dam/dupont/amer/us/en/water-solutions/public/documents/en/IER-AmberLite-Cane-Sugar-
Decolorization-Br-45-D02221-en.pdf
Recovery of urinium from leach solutions
This work studies the removal of uranium
ions from chemically leached solutions by
sorption using two weak and two strong
base anionites. Batch sorption
experiments were performed to evaluate
the optimum conditions at pH 1.2–2.2, 1.0
g resin dose for 1–12 h contact time at
room temperature.

https://doi.org/10.3390/min10080689
Recovery of vitamins from fermentation broth

https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-021-00384-4
Ion Exchange Considerations
+ the resin you use can be
regenerated
https://sensorex.com/ion-exchange-and-industrial-applications/
- Operating costs can be high
- Maintenance can be hard
- Regeneration process will create
considerable amount of waste
water
- Waste water need to be treated
also
- Can not seperate biohazards
Recent Papers
Ion Exchange Membranes are out of scope for today.
References
• Haan, A., Bosch, H., Industrial Separation Processes, 2013, Germany.
• Sensorex. “The Process of Ion Exchange and Its Industrial Applications.” Sensorex Liquid Analysis Technology, April 27, 2022. https://sensorex.com/ion-exchange-and-
industrial-applications/.
• Din, Nur Akmal Solehah, Seng Joe Lim, Mohamad Yusof Maskat, Sahilah Abd. Mutalib, and Nurul Aqilah Mohd Zaini. “Lactic Acid Separation and Recovery from
Fermentation Broth by Ion-Exchange Resin: A Review.” Bioresources and Bioprocessing. Springer Science+Business Media, April 20, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-021-00384-4.
• Baigenzhenov, Omirserik, A.T. Khabiyev, Brajendra Mishra, M. Deniz Turan, M. S. Akbarov, and Tatyana Chepushtanova. “Uranium (VI) Recovery from Black Shale
Leaching Solutions Using Ion Exchange: Kinetics and Equilibrium Studies.” Minerals. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, July 31, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.3390/min10080689.
• Stlpl, Team. “Demineralization of Water: Application & Process | Shubham Tanks and Liners,” n.d. https://www.shubhamtanks.com/demineralization-of-water/.
• “Ion Exchange Chromatography,” n.d. https://www.shimadzu.com/an/service-support/technical-support/analysis-basics/basic/ion_exchange_chromatography.html.
• Sensorex. “The Process of Ion Exchange and Its Industrial Applications.” Sensorex Liquid Analysis Technology, April 27, 2022. https://sensorex.com/ion-exchange-and-
industrial-applications/.
• lab1st-scientific. “Industrial Chromatography | Lab1st-Scientific,” n.d. https://www.lab1st.com/industrial-chromatography.
• Hage, David S. “LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY | Affinity Chromatography.” Elsevier eBooks, January 1, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-369397-7/00321-6.
• Mojsiewicz‐Pieńkowska, Krystyna. “Size Exclusion Chromatography a Useful Technique For Speciation Analysis of Polydimethylsiloxanes.” Springer eBooks, November 13,
2013. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7735-4_9.
• Admin. “Classification of Chromatography - Types of Chromatography with Classification.” BYJUS, August 16, 2020. https://byjus.com/chemistry/classification-of-
chromatography/.
• “What Is Gas Chromatography?,” n.d. https://www.ssi.shimadzu.com/service-support/faq/gas-chromatography/what-is-gas-chromatography/index.html.
• “What Is HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) ？,” n.d. https://www.shimadzu.com/an/service-support/technical-support/analysis-
basics/basic/what_is_hplc.html.

https://quillbot.com/