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CHAP TER-2 a CASsIFICATION OF GLemEats & PenoplerTy 2% PopeRnes . SPASBIFICA TO EXCERCISE . fodeerte, Dy Dt XH A siropllfy Grd Sysiemaitia the Study of the properties oh al Serents and millions of thet’ Compounds ty Bored On Chamicol properties the varfous Ulements have now bean divided “nto Af ffevent yours. @® mendeeey wed atonke Welgnk Go tha basis of Clawt fication ef elarrents nr the Periodic table. He Sincerely Stuck to Is bonis leaving Ouk blank Spacer Uber Bomards wer not Known ak Yhak Hine Foreg, tha elomank Gallium aftr aluminium and germanium ABE silicon LWere rot Krowh ab theb fime He Callod thure Corus ar eka-bown ard eka-silicon, @ Mendaleen Pexiodie low | she Physiol and chamieal The Physical ard Chunn?ool Properlies 6b a clement arr { Propatien of ao coments aw & Periodic Function of they | a Perrodic funclon of thety arornic Udeights atom number, @D nob, de o1a9 Sixt Period , deckons can be Piled fn only 63,44, 5d and bp Sabshells wher enagion frorme fn oder bs L4u$ssd< bp rTherd ar 16 ortitels Sted tr ita pertad . Aceerdirg jo pants excuston principle Coch orbital Car actommedale, two elecrom> , Tewfsre 1b ovitals Contain 32 clachors oH SKM period . Meds periodic. laud \ © Ge pebong® te p-block claret, peviod -T — Grvoup «4 lock - P-Heck. @ Elemank “Chlorine WITH atorsic Pureker 17, QQ Laustenciurn (Z=103) & Berkellum(2=47) Ti) Seo boigiven (2 = 106) @ emer th the fave Group have strilar eleclronic. Conftqurion ard kuna hove Girntlox physical and ChinStah Provertter . Alorte odivs Tt Se dabtrd od tre digana. belwenn the Corte Gh Te nucleas Ord tae Ookerrast SUL Ob The atom. Porte. Rodis’ De 2 doped om tre distonee helen te Contre oh He rwckus amd IL Oubrrnagt short @& The Oh, B+ con le o Catfor eY on anton. Arorfe Radius Snerema» dovin tra gvoup , ghtle gsing down We gtoup Whe Shek Trereores adh electrons prexedk SMe OvWEAIMO Shed Yerrolied Goya. Bvt dishance Frekearen, Or a rerudk tre for o altwotion ep tia Nuclews for Tee Noliace Aasrors Aodeoe> ond hemor rom Yadis Inewarwra . Aroric Radio» dacremer ooioss tra Dertal pcross na porrech Te over CeehOr® Yemen th mL Sowa ghouk buk nuclear Choe Sreveost> by oe unit. Due to Te the abhackor of Me Nucl fo DL ouler edadvor> Sroyenies vesubkr fin TH BLOOM Gh Atomic Siw. Oy cise? CD Deodactronie Specieny Tow af di Musk dlomants which have alackYors are Hanover OD Deodactroric Speier magi toe | pyr. 3be° Same rumba pile Sahin n¥, 0%) Fone By KY, gy" not, ABT @. AN tre Yors contoims loe Anh ovr Called Yeodlethronic fons, b) Ponte wadii & Peodachonit Fors decreaye with Tre frorenne_ ep tra udeah Charge. Jonic edi? dacteate fn te Oden RP oe > F >and Smet ast @ gn Cations — ow Sa loss ob ome oy move Qiastrora In ohyeonve vucleon change - As a Cedk Ne fore Ob atbmclion beh Tre nudebs od Rdookrons Tcieaxts Yewsting tn dactear % S12 . Sin Arions _ Thaw La addition oh Ore of mare Saehwors decreores Yre ebbppelive nuclear Chasse Ao o Yoaulk, the Sore Oh abreckon th Tra uders Sor he dsdvors checkeows Yegubbing Sty relent Of S22 reas The ) Fovirak on enthalpy ;- Dr Sy We minimum Qmoumt ef eneigy Yequived te ee THe mast loosely bound eledvon Som an PSolaled LOWS 7 ra 8 ods to Comet ik Tho & Goreous Calon. im re Usith Whi an elottron ta atbacted by Ho CES 6 ON ado: 4. win Sts mole. ae ee ee ; Cue. Tle Sniershomit Qrcan ob attraction prema “1 The Coed, Fornizali that a OM en State, siwnlor Bore “os opplicable . ho a eet only feolated gonesun ar Con ° we bm Srclsd opt ration enthatpy Gy Zlechon Gein evtelgy: Be de te energy Yelomgd uhim an telétoad Joreov> ators in Tho Grud stcle @ccepts on extvon elackyon jo Form We Qoreows negative ton. Grourd State mead He alors must be present Sn tLe rene Stole Sole volun fa SSAA Qorroud Bhorn ts tn fle excited shots | Lervor op emmgy will be Yolaed ,whur tt yeks Converted bo arrount onion by accephing om clochon. D Erogy op be Eto te Gemwrd Sel > -aste xo Gragy 6) Se Sachon aytity 20 Boas vequined fo Yernove On eledron fh The gyound gake % hydrogen alorn = 0 - Care x0!) = aio '%s Donration enthalpy per mole, & hydaogen akon = ale xt x bore x18 leg ANF X10 Xb 012 KIO lovo = 1BID.BEKT MOY! (or) = I3}a.36ato-Imort ; 2. (9 Be > 18 aS > oulivmest & fs tn ageorbitel B ssh rshap) 5 outtrmest Cty in ap -orvtel as dedrons ort — Strongly attracked by Wa yuelewd than ap easton less orcouink ef energy 3a Teqiaad +8 Yomoye AP LOCO thors a5 olache vdeo DLW 6b Be as Nights than thal ob O° 4 %B 4 oa ‘ Dy = thas ops AP-oriitels ot hay foyed 5 move Sfelele ‘, 0 -!s rshopt > ap- orbitals %s neither half Bek nov Completa Ried, Bean Ailes to remove on e fron py atom than O alor, AS a veawk | BP eb 2a Highen thom that oh 0. F aida ap’ > Miah nudan cage (+9). The efyark 4 FncYeared nuclear charge uk weighls the epyeek of, Slabiitty dua to exactly half filled orsttals and loverthon that Of F. x) “OTH | Nard O ©. Noa -ieastophas) mg —1s*rs-apbas” ! se Ferre 28 oveite Complebshy failed 39 ovbtel “more Stble) Jews Stalsle) : Bn both thar atom the frst @ oy paveroval From. 25 otbitel , BVH, Ob Nx Bs LWA Tham thok 6 Mg, No ait Nor Othe 5 Not ovate Soe) Megan MN Smit rT jenn GOS move Stable re ‘on mq, oh pag! Fr ALAL 6) % Sy More fndicegenet ahe two face AAT © Atonfe sire uahile acing doun Te gtoup, ne atomic she Byorened, OS the Ghalk ‘ncveares AS O Yewlh the distace 4 he Volones elechons Grom Ie nucleud Yncreaes aha Sore af altmction 6b ta Hucles for te Valor cleckons dacvenres amd hors fontraKon enthalpy decteared @ Serewrtvg phe pgaivion Hy) Mew Shells thendynber 6 Snner Oschor shells Which hie Wa Volunce electrons Snoveabeds AL Ghiedding abyeck ov we Screwning efpect Wnereanes . AS a Yawk pe Pore. O attrackon a) the nucleus Soy the Lal. Cactons — Duvthen dectoares ond hunt ba foniralon Mihaly deeveakes . @. AS we go down the group inner Ghaiks “netemp., Me thidd'ing Ofer Oh Ventorees. electors “weveanes hy Ynner Core elochr $Horn yo pudens. Te alynetve Sorce on eleckems fyyas the puclens Bs ieny strong de Tosiration erthelpy Ascteanen Amin Tea. Guy Growp-12 > Gontaation enthaipy docteares Norm to AL Ga Xs having high fownetion enthaipy tran that OAX-2t Sa pecaun AL comer afr S-bleck aments, While Gro Comes ONG dBleck dawns. she eeldlirg by eachors d-bhek So wok ebyeckve- viderccr 7 oh Gro okorn exparierer hiphur ayyestive ruclem Chadge- compmud to AL Fron Gra t0 In, Loriroion, enthalpy docteaps becom of trcray fr te Shielding ofheck ord alomnic sre, Th has high foniration enthalpy than thet ObSh, Become Thaker eXpaien liighsr ebipestive nuclear Chage than Dy @®ey Aechron abyinity eb Chiovine 2s grave negative Compared to hak 6h Frusvint Moving down the g¥oup devon Opty dost ©) F 2. wee regative Than thak ob OrYgem O fon % Sormad When Orato Gainns gne elector ard erway peing Weoxd duniry ts Pros. so 1 Backwon —akyiviity for O-alom Sp Neg orive ote 2 Oo Bom dattor 3s addsd *n 0 fom Ham if forms 0* Pon The emrgy to Yeahs To be given 40 Coonla tha Strona Aadronie yepusion. do ar oladvon abpiritiy &h o-alvrn Aaa orae BO SP a ERAS goin eritsipy | _eleclworagathlny” : an tsilaled garcovs alert Glad pal ep eldcrors ks elactton gain enthalpy, FY on aor Which bs fn Churnica Compovrd fe 85 Clocknonagadivit'y Glecrro negart ity Bs a \oxiable Properly OF omy Bsoonarnk Oe B Aiton Sey diffuunk Connpourds She given Ste ment 3s Mneorreck ecawr ta olockroresalivity BH Nitrogen Bs Ai Plerwink ty Oy and Ny (y)ap Grou &h VackwMd” AS on olor expds o Strat aathror, $0 The gyrsnithy ob dackron decreas byl buk He pucleas Change dows net Change. Thus, tha electwon -cladron Yepulsfon decreas Tin ox atom . So Thane 35 an ‘neveur fh pe Oppeckve vauslea Chong Ther Thow Ss a deceme Sy re Yadius &b an alow, %) losseh QetON” Grevear fh te Stra eh an alone When Joss con ahockon. As it goins an electron, tha Qywonhily eb Cleckvons YORSts hy). Ths electYon -dachon repulsion Meveaxes 4m 0m okern Yeasudking fy On Tnetreor tn he Yodinngy an atom | Tonirovion enthalpy 6h Oy Akers Yelies on {8 NuMber ob Protons And elodword. Bub Whe Tso hopes Bh omy amank hese on eouah number o Sedrons And pyoors. Thus, Wo Fst Pontraion Erthrodpy 6 two \sptoper Ca Singdo- Vorment 9 Como. Non eetabs _ _ +h ) Thy Can tarily expol an clachon. Tay Cannot Costly expel on clockron, 1 YY Oxpr 1 5) They Cannot easily Yeekve an 1 4 phey Con Casily Yeceve An dochyon. ela chon ©) qhty Gorm Tonic Compourds | TRY Str Covalent Crapowrds AD Than oxides ort bowing | Thar oxides aw having actdic ratve hosic nolane . . 8) Thun elacbronagaliuity ia lewd | Cechronegatiulty a move. §) Reducing powr 2 high Reducing power = ia (Dy a elements ane Haagen Farcily has SS inte oulrrast Subshll Clemunty 5, F, Char, 2 & Ab ¥) Elena — rag jon, gr, Ra hos Wreiney 0 lexe ae” C) Elemects 0,5 has Yendiwey Yo Gorn ae. A) Glermants eb Group -17 axa having VRayusek , gos, metoh ound Ron-matols oa well ak Yoorn lernperatuve Group thew Zs only | Valor ghosbron fm the elements &% Aoup-). $0, herr Hendomey ja expel Yrs eleckon Sh ovder by achieve op Stole. down 2 ‘nek 295 Con Piguiation. AS we Move nN aroUR-L, ThE Von ization enttalpies op he dewents decteores. hus, Jers Cro.gy Lill bey, Volonen equuiad to expel te Sarkyon Ag a hog, ZX] tx vyrajoy bayoy wpspoy Byoasg wAqoyg arog hy Pert ales eae VoReTWo}, pe baynoy sx (in) smwalg (eo TPRWRMOU aNYOWA AVAL Wy (A) qawrrs Cp TAMAYO AYTIDA ATO we (IH) GeOMIAIZ *Ropoara wager t40 4sary 4Rry SAME WYP ATOM vy (A) qourayg @ sOnrtMOG ¥8YI_MO] OL MP AHR 4ROO{ gy CB) e193 @@) TMOG My ate 9 480 oy wo POP MAT ~ dnoxB PL Pav pared WHS ey Uy re Aaa TAZ - umjopeg vy paqunjz- KOuuMblyroo gg ae 7 } Fh (iy FAY VWPOLAd ry 4s dna’ spon 3 PAO Porrad armnoy ny Sg PARAM 4G - sano} a ZT Powsg - uotpanbrsucg oye i Mh @) “apo pled wy BL dB yumins pro Poured AL TH uy ws spoeayd TB MEMS wy IAGIG - uowwrnByvoy WEE OU oP OD FEY — sHerurp yon1g-¥ ot a P (I-U) <— syaurne 019-P {dese (09) 184 84 << gpnene YPAA-d 4 09) GU MH Bs yooq-g wo SHOWIMTACT MONTE YEMG yeVRIGB ~e @ ‘dao bery vane 408 ayn! ekrwarep Mme Go heinyDOaR amen 70 BY UOMO “OMI “HY Yada OF Pommba 29 IM Riug Frou Hen eka, TPG Yo eutyoyus’ Yogpruta, ML! dnarB TH NOP OF an SY UOLYPmA | TM AWE of oy Formpusl wt oF “UNME SUD GOH POUL -~wqIg Way of \apre Uy Yama | hug {8 Pawn, vey wo Li-dnor'g 4p Swng 1 Tbs gq voto (oy) 2 uoudo @) Seana op wade Ge) puny, Z P woyte @) “pause % 0 woud Ge) > voydo “qraamuy sy 9 uoude Ge) “2 voydo @ EM at Unpaid) Le gms (g Hd00 Gd @ Tos ( Gwe ww @ St & @

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