OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
MIDTERM
ROSE IMELDA GARCIA
ADAPTED FROM: POWERPOINT/LECTURE
WEEK 7 POLITICAL CARICATURES
TREATY OF PARIS
Caricature - A caricature is a rendered image showing the
features of its subject in a simplified or exaggerated way
through sketching, pencil strokes, or other artistic drawings,
poking fun at its subject.
In literature, caricatures are made by exaggerating
personality and behavior, as well as physical appearance.
They are created for a humorous or grotesque effect, or to
make a subtle point about politics or human behavior.
Political Caricature and its Relevance
- In Philippine history, the caricatures are graphic
depictions of events that occurred during the
American colonial period, including all of the
challenges, scandals, and influence that the
Americans brought to the Filipinos. Its purpose was
to provide editorial commentary on politics,
politicians, and current events
- Philippine political cartoons gained full expression
during the American Era, Filipino artists recorded
national attitudes and highlighted their shortcomings
where it tries to sway your opinion toward the
cartoonist' point of view.
- The unique way in which a caricature represents an
opinion and captures the audience's imagination is
a reason enough for historians to examine these
political cartoons.
A. Is the Police Brided?
- THIS CARTOON DEPICTS THE FIRST of Manila's
periodic police scandals
- In 1917 a mysterious informant named Pedro Chua
wrote the Philippines Free Press alleging that senior
police were accepting bribes from Chinese
gambling houses in Binondo and Quiapo districts
B. New Bird of Prey
- As Manila’s population began to pilot upward during
World War I, housing became scarce and rents
escalated. Rising rent combined with high food
prices to reduce the Manila working class in sudden
poverty
C. While the Priest Lives Alone in a Big Building
- Like many nationalists of his day, Vicente Sotto, the
publisher of The Independent, never missed a
chance to attack the Catholic Church. The editorial
below this cartoon urged the government to
confiscate the large priests’ residence attached to
Santa Cruz parish church
D. Where The Mosquito Is King, Donde El Mosquito Es
Rey
- Built on a swamp and ringed with streams and
ponds Manila is a natural breeding ground for
malarial mosquitos. During the 19th century,
Spanish public health procedures were grossly
inadequate to the imperatives of Manila's site, and
the Americans found the city of cesspool of ill health
when they occupied it in 1898.
E. “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” “Libertad, Igualdad,
Fraternidad”
- The Philippine Assembly passed a law authorizing
all legislators, active or retired, to bear firearms. The
Manila press was outraged, but the legislators
ignored the opposition and promulgated the law
over the screams of protest
F. The Returning Student – El Estudiante Vuelve
- When Manila emerged as the national center for
university education during the 1920s, the annual
March ritual of the city-wise student returning home
to his village was played out in barrios across the
archipelago.
G. Brothers Under The Skin – Hermanos En El Fondo
- Brothers Under the Skin urges Filipinos, in the
name of Rizal whose birthday was the following
day, to end social conflict and deal with each other
fairly.
- As the Depression worsened, Central Luzon
peasants mounted strikes and demonstrations to
win tenancy reforms. Refusing concessions,
landlords in Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija
provinces ponded with goon squad repression
H. The Loyalty of the Filipinos
- World War I sparked an outburst of pro-American
loyalty among Filipinos and transformed Uncle
Sam’s media image. The prewar cartoons of
1907-08 showed him as a satanic monster, drawn in
Caucasian caricature with a great nose, fanged
teeth, and crooked smile. These three cartoons
from war and post-war issues of the nationalist
newspaper The Independent, by contrast, show him
as a figure worthy of Filipino love and respect.
- The Loyalty of the Filipinos (below) was published
on 14 April 1917, only ten days after the U.S.
Congress declared war on Germany and America
entered the conflict. The artist Fernando Amorsolo
draws a wise, handsome Uncle Sam leading little
Juan, loyal and smiling, on the road to War
I. The Latest—Lo Ultimo
- Throughout 1933 the battle over acceptance or
rejection of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting independence
bill continued to divide Philippine politics.
- After Senator Osmeña and Speaker Roxas
successfully lobbied the U.S. Congress for its
passage in 1932, Senator Quezon, fearing loss of
leadership if his two rivals returned home heroes,
led the battle for rejection. When all three leaders
returned from Washington in June 1933, the
struggle for power began in earnest
- As in The Latest (above), the Philippine Legislature,
now under his control, voted to reject the H-H-C Bill
in October 1933.
-
TREATY OF PARIS
Tratado de Paris de 1898; Kasunduan sa Paris ng 1898
o Treaty of Peace between the United States of
America and the Kingdom of Spain
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Type: Peace Treaty
Signed: 10th of December 1898
Location: Paris, France
Condition: Exchange of Ratifications
Language used: English and Spanish
Countries involved: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Mariana Islands
and Philippines
TIMELINE OF SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
February 15, 1898 – The massive explosion of the battleship
USS Maine in Havana harbor
April 24-25, 1898 – Spain issued a declaration of war
against the US on the 24th. The US declared war on the
25th.
May 1, 1898 – The first battle of the Spanish-American war
was in Manila Bay.
July 1 – Battle of San Juan
July 3 – Destroyed the Spaniards
July 17 – The Spanish surrendered.
August 12, 1898 – The brief and one-sided war came to a
conclusion when Spain and the US signed an armistice.
August 13, 1898 – The mock battle in the Philippines
● The local Spanish and American generals, who
were legally still at war, secretly and jointly planned
the battle to transfer control of the city center from
the Spanish to the Americans while keeping the
Philippine Revolutionary Army out of the city center.
➔ George Dewey is best known for his victory at the
Battle of Manila Bay on 1st of May 1898 during the
SpanishAmerican War, with the loss of only a single
crewman on the American side.
FELIPE AGONCILLO
➔ A Filipino lawyer and diplomat who denied
participation despite his petitions, he was not
allowed to join.
➔ The demand was ultimately accepted with great
reluctance by Spain, with the stipulation that the
United States should pay Spain $20 million
nominally for public buildings and public works in
the Philippines.
➔ The treaty was vigorously opposed in the U.S.
Senate as inaugurating a policy of “imperialism” in
the Philippines and was approved on Feb. 6, 1899,
by only a single vote. (57-27)
PHILIPPINE – AMERICAN WAR
● Two days earlier, hostilities had begun at Manila
between U.S. troops and insurgents led by Emilio
Aguinaldo. For more than three years the Filipinos
carried on guerrilla warfare against U.S. rule.
Treaty of Peace Between the United States of America
and the Kingdom of Spain (Treaty of Paris)
by the President of the United States of America
Treaty of Peace between the United States of America
and Her Majesty the Queen Regent of Spain; concluded
signed by their respective plenipotentiaries at Paris on
the tenth day of December 189

October 1, 1898 – The first meeting regarding peace

negotiations took place in Paris.
WEEK 8 FILIPINO GRIEVANCES
CORAZON’S SPEECH
December 10, 1898 – The Treaty of Paris was signed at
20:50.
GREGORIO F. ZAIDE
April 11, 1899 – The Treaty of Paris took effect
● “Dean of Filipino Historiographers”
TREATY OF PARIS PLENIPOTENTIARIES ● A Filipino historian, author and politician from the
town of Pagsanjan, Laguna in the Philippines.
AMERICAN REPRESENTATIVE
● William R. Day ● Known as "Goyo" and "Dean of Filipino
● Sen. Cushman K. Davis Historiographers."
● Sen. William P. Frye ● The most traveled Filipino historian.
● Sen. George Gray ● He was one of the founders of the International
● Honorable Whitelaw Reid Association of Historians of Asia (IAHA).
SPANISH REPRESENTATIVE ● Was also elected as President of the Philippine
● Don Eugenio Montero Rios Historical Association
● Don Buenaventura De Abarzuza ● First Asian to win the United Nations Study Awards
● Don Jose De Garnica in 1957.
● Don Wenceslao Ramirez De Villa-Urrutia ● Diploma of Outstanding Writings on Filipino
● Don Rafael Cerero
● Jules Cambon National Heroes.
● The most traveled Filipino historian.
● Awarded by the Philippine government the
prestigious Republic Cultural Heritage Award in
GEORGE DEWEY – HERO OF MANILA 1968.

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MIDTERM
ROSE IMELDA GARCIA
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● Winning as mayor of Pagsanjan from 1971 to 1975
ZAIDE’S MAJOR WORKS
● A Documentary History of the Katipunan (1931)
● History of the Katipunan (1939)
● Philippine Political and Cultural History (1949)
● Great Events in Philippine P History (1951) The
Philippine Revolution (1954)
● Jose Rizal: Life, Works and Writings (1957)
● History of the Filipino People (1958)
● World History (1965)
● Great Filipinos in History (1970)
● Jose Rizal: Asia's First Apostle of Nationalism
(1970)
● The Pageant of Philippine History (1979)
● History of Asian Nations (1980)-
● ose Rizal: Life, Works, and Writings of a Genius,
Writer, Scientist, and National Hero (with Sonia M.
Zaide, 1983)
● Riquezas Filipinas en los Archivos de Mexico (Titled
in Spanish language
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
● This text is taken from Gregorio F. Zaide and Sonia
Zaide's documentary sources of Philippine History,
and was originally published as Appendix of
Maximo M. Kalaw's Philippine Government under
the Jones Law.
● The document was approved by the Commission on
Independence on November 17, 1926.
● The reason behind this document was Governor
Wood.
● The document is a form of protest particularly
against Executive Order No.37 and served as an
impeachment request for Governor Wood.
PHILIPPINES AND AMERA
● American flag - "emblem of freedom",
not "subjugation" not a symbol of altruism, not of
selfishness or greed
● Filipinos placed their trust in the Americans' pledge
to help them acquire self-government and
independence. "Our good, not her gain"
Leonard Wood (October 9, 1860 – August 7, 1927)
● Wood was a United States Army major general,
physician, and public official.
● He graduated from Harvard Medical School and
was conscripted into the U.S. Army as a medical
doctor.
● A Military Governor in Cuba (1899-1902) and in
Mindanao (1903)
● Wood commanded the Philippine Division of the
U.S Army (1906-1908)
● Became Chief of Staff in the U.S (1910-1914)
● A republican candidate for the presidency but lost in
nomination to Warren Harding (1920).
● Wood came to the Philippines sent by President
Harding to serve on a special mission to the
Philippines in 1921
● Wood was the governor-general of the Philippines
from 1921 to 1927
SUMMARY
o The period of American colonization of the Philippines
lasted 48 years, from the cession of the Philippines to the
U.S. by Spain in 1898 to U.S. recognition of Philippine
independence in 1946.
o The avowed purpose is to train us in the art of
self-government and grant us independence.
o Promised that our country would be conserved and
developed for the benefit of people.
o The first 20 years of civil government were marked by
mutual understanding and loyal cooperation between
Americans and Filipinos.
o The president of the US sent General Wood to the
Philippines to fulfill his promise.
EXPECTATION – Filipinos expected that spirit of cooperation
would be maintained. Political emancipation would be
complete.
REALITY – There was a train of arbitrary acts Resulting in
the curtailment of our autonomy & the destruction of our
constitutional system Reversal of America's Philippine Policy.
ARBITARY ACTS OF GENERAL WOOD
● He has refused his assent to laws which were the
most wholesome & necessary heads of department.
● He has set at naught both the legal authority and
responsibility for the Philippine heads of
departments.
● He has substituted his constitutional advisers for a
group of military attaches without legal standing in
the government and not responsible to the people.
● He has reversed the policy of Filipinizing the service
of the government by appointing Americans even
when Filipinos of proven capacity were available.
● He has obstructed the carrying out of national
economic policies and duties adopted by the
Legislature, merely because they are in conflict with
his personal views.
● He has unduly interfered in the administration of
justice.
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EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 37 – Based on an opinion
rendered by the Judge Advocate General of the United
States and the confirmatory opinion of the acting Advocate
General on November 17
CORAZON AQUINO’S SPEECH BEFORE
THE US CONGRESS OF 1986
MARIA CORAZON COJUANGCO AQUINO
o The 11th president (and first female president) of the
Philippines
o Born January 25, 1933, in Tarlac, Philippines Graduated
from the College of Mount St. Vincent in New York in 1953,
with a bachelor's degree in both French and Mathematics
o Widow of Senator Benigno Aquino.
o Was widely accredited as the “Mother of Asian
Democracy”
o Presidential term: February 25, 1986-June 30, 1992
SPEECH OF PRESIDENT CORAZON AQUINO DURING
THE JOINT SESSION OF THE U.S. CONGRESS,
SEPTEMBER 18,1986
Time written: Assumed between April – September
Time delivered: September 18, 1986, 7 months after the
EDSA revolution (Feb 25, 1986)
3 years after the assassination of Senator Benigno Aquino
(1983)
Place Written: Philippines
Place Delivered: Washington DC, U.S. Congress
INTENT OF THE SPEECH: To declare the freedom of the
Filipinos from the Marcos regime. To mark a new beginning
for the Filipinos and their government. To appeal for financial
assistance by informing the Americans about the Philippines’
state
CONTENT SUMMARY
- On September 22, 1972, opposition Senator Benigno
Aquino Jr. Together with Senators, publishers, and anyone
who had spoken up for democracy was arrested at the
Manila Hilton Hotel in Ermita, Manila by elements of the
Philippine Constabulary-Metropolitan Command
(PC-METROCOM) led by Col. Romeo Gatan. This arrest
happened a day after President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed
Proclamation Number 1081 declaring the entire Philippines
under Martial Law.
- On August 27, 1973, Ninoy was brought back to Fort
Bonifacio where he faced a Military Tribunal on charges of
murder, illegal possession of firearms, and subversion. They
locked him up in a tiny, nearly airless cell in a military camp
in the north.
- On August 13, 1983, Aquino began a meandering,
week-long flight that took him from Boston to Los Angeles
and through Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan.-" And then,
we lost him, irrevocably and more painfully than in the past.
The news came to us in Boston. It had to be after the three
happiest years of our lives together. But his death was my
country’s resurrection in the courage and faith by which
alone they could be free again. The dictator had called him a
nobody "
- She held out in the 1984 election.
- "But I was not fighting for lawyers but for the people in
whose intelligence I had implicit faith. By the exercise of
democracy, even in a dictatorship, they would be prepared
for democracy when it came. And then, also, it was the only
way I knew by which we could measure our power even in
the terms dictated by the dictatorship."
- In May 1984, new elections for parliament took place and
opposition parties claimed 58 of the 183 available seats even
though there were large allegations of election fraud.
Corazon had publicly endorsed all of the candidates running
for the opposition parties.
- Marcos recently called for 'snap,' or early, presidential
elections amid sharp domestic and U.S. criticism over his
handling of a growing communist insurgency and a severe
economic crisis.-She would consider running against Marcos
if 1 million signatures had been collected urging her to enter
the race. Former newspaper publisher Joaquin Roces, 72,
said his group had collected 1,005,882 signatures as of 6:35
p.m. Monday in support of her candidacy.
The ultimate result was the election of:
- Mrs. Corazon Aquino as President
- Mr. Salvador Laurel as Vice-President of the Philippines.
- And yet, despite all these serious challenges, not once did
Aquino consider declaring martial law. Her stubborn
adherence to the democratic process (“Archibald MacLeish
had said that democracy must be defended by arms when it
is attacked by arms and by truth when it is attacked by lies.
- In March 1986 Aquino proclaimed a provisional constitution
and soon thereafter appointed a commission to write a new
constitution.
- It is stated also that Filipinos face a communist insurgency
that feeds on economic deterioration, even though they carry
a great share of the free world defenses in the Pacific. These
are only two of the many burdens the people carry even as
they try to build a worthy and enduring house for their new
democracy. Half the export earnings, $2 billion out of $4
billion, which was all they could earn in the restrictive
markets of the world, went to pay just the interest on a debt
whose benefit the Filipino people never received.
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"Still, we fought for honor, and, if only for honor, we shall
pay. And yet, should we have to wring the payments from
the sweat of our men’s faces and sink all the wealth piled
up by the bondsman’s two hundred fifty years of
unrequited toil?”
RELEVANCE OF THE SPEECH
o Shows the importance of democracy not just in our
government system but also in our society
o The speech serves as a reminder that once absolute
power is granted to a wrong person, abuse and corruption
will be widespread in his administration.
o Informed the world regarding the challenges the Filipinos
went through but also one of the greatest in Philippine
History
o Managed to gain monetary aid from the Americans and
strengthen bonds with foreign countries
WEEK 9 RAIDERS OF THE SULU SEA
A LEGACY OF HEROES, STORY OF
BATAAN AND CORREGIDOR
WORKS OF JUAN LUNA AND FERNANDO
AMOROSOLO
RAIDERS OF THE SULU SEA
● A Historiography documentary film focusing on
Zamboanga City depicting how the Spaniards
defended the city with the Fort Pilar as Spain’s
last stronghold and bastion of defense and
economic expansion in the South of the Philippines.
● It depicts the Southeast Asian flourishing free
trading in the area and the adverse effects and
repercussions when Europeans such as the
English, Dutch, and Spanish wanted to control the
economy as well as colonize and Christianize.The
documentary centers on the activities of the slave
raiders as a way of retaliation against the colonizers
and a way to defend their way of life against
oppression.
● The Sulu and Maguindanao sultanates were then
the two main kingdoms controlling the Muslim
colonies of the southern Philippines. With the king
of Maguindanao, Rajah Dalasi, at the helm, they
launched a bloody attack on Fort Pilar
3 DIFFERENT GROUPS OF MUSLIMS
1. Tausug - A tribe without maritime experience, but known
for its fierce warriors and widespread political power
2. Illanun - The one which was very important in piracy
history. Long-standing seafaring community
3. Balangingi Tribe or Samal - Occupied the chain of
islands between Basilan and Sulu islands. Also a
long-standing seafaring community
ANCIENT MARITIME VESSELS AND WEAPONS
1. GARAY
● Built from bamboo, wood, and the nipa palm and
could carry more than 100 sailors.
● This single-sailed ship was 25 meters long and six
meters across and housed a powder magazine and
cannon at the bow.
● With 30 to 60 oars on each side, the garay was
faster than any other seagoing vessel of its time
2. SALISIPAN
● Small boats designed for coastal raids
3. KALIS
● Sword with a mystical side
4. BARONG
● One the Tausug warriors used to cut off an M-14, a
carbine
● A single-edged leaf-shaped blade made of thick
tempered steel
● This approximately one-meter long weapon was
used in close hand-to-hand battle to cut Spanish
firearms down to size.
5. KRIS
● Weapon of warfare and ceremony
● Measuring up to 1.2 meters in length, was not only
carried by slave raiders into battle but also by
nobles and high-ranking officials of the southern
sultanates
● Double-edged and with either a smooth or wavy
blade
6. KAMIPALAN
● Heavy single-edged sword adorned with hair to
make it look even more intimidating
● At the tip of the blade are two horns projecting from
the blunt side which are used to pick up the head of
a decapitated body
Zamboanga City - Sits at the tip of the southernmost
peninsula of the Philippines, strategically located along an
important sea route between then north and south regions of
the Philippines.
- Its geographical advantage made it valuable to the
Catholic Spaniards who colonized it in the 16th
century.
- Spanish colonists built forts to protect their interests
in the city and to discourage potential invaders.
- The frontline of these defenses was Fort del Pilar, a
ten-meter high fortress that sprawled over two acres
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December 8, 1720 - Fort del Pilar was attacked by the
Maguindanao King Rajah Dalasi
- Rajah Dalasi and the Sulu sultanate, who controlled
the Muslim colonies in Southern Philippine, joined
forces.
- They attacked the town around the fort and cut
down the line of provisions for the Spaniards.
- They have hundreds of ships carrying 3000
thousand of battle-hardened raiders against 600
Spaniards at Fort Pilar
LEGACY OF HEROES STORY OF BATAAN
AND CORREGIDOR
● It discusses World War 2 in the Philippines and
how thousands of heroic young Filipinos braved the
odds and struggled to defend and protect the
freedom of their people and motherland.
● The film centers on the stories of valor and
heroism by the gallant Filipino veterans of
World War 2. Through the eyewitness accounts of
patriotic Filipino and American men who fought, the
documentary returns to the events of the war,
beginning from the attacks of the Japanese at Pearl
Harbor, Hawaii, and then the Philippines
immediately after, to the battles in Bataan and
Corregidor and the Death March where courage
and sacrifice rose to its heights creating a saga in
Philippine history and a legacy of heroes that will
always be remembered.
● This tells the “truer story” behind the “forgotten war”
of Bataan and Corregidor — savage battles that
violently hurled falsely reassured Filipinos and the
ill-prepared Philippines into the Second World War
in the Pacific.
● Produced by the Department of National Defense of
the Philippines and the Philippines Veterans Affairs
Office this series of videos documents the
outstanding courage, heroism, and nobility of
Filipinos regardless of the inevitable fall of the
country to the unrelenting Imperial Japanese
military juggernaut.
● An outcome inevitably irreversible despite the fierce
resistance of the mostly Filipino and American
defenders as the United States government
relegated succor to the loyal but unwarily naive
Philippine Commonwealth as secondary to
America’s commitment to her European allies.
● This historical account belies many of the myths
that have long distorted the realities of
Philippine-American relations and is a must for the
serious student of history, geopolitics, and military
matters. On a lighter yet equally revealing note it
also gives a glimpse of pre-war Manila and
Philippine society
●
WORKS OF JUAN LUNA AND FERNANDO
AMORSOLO (PAINTINGS)
JUAN LUNA y NOVICIO (1857-1899)
● A great Filipino painter, and occasionally a sculptor
● He was a prominent propagandist who pushed for
political reforms along with Jose Rizal
● His victory taking the gold medal in the 1884 Madrid
Exposition of Fine Arts for his “Spoliarium”, along
with the 2nd prize silver of fellow Filipino painter
Felix Hidalgo, created a celebration that would be a
highlight in the memoirs of members of the
Propaganda Movement
The following are some of the most historically and culturally
significant masterpieces of Juan Luna y Novicio:
1. Spoliarium (1884)
2. Parisian Life (1892)
3. Blood Compact (1886)
FERNANDO AMORSOLO y CUETO (1892-1972)
● First National Artist in Painting (1972) of the
Philippines, and is also referred to as the
"Grand Old Man of Philippine Art"
● Amorsolo graduated from both Liceo de Manila Art
School in 1909 and the University of the Philippines
School of Fine Arts. He also graduated from U.P.
with honors in 1914, and received a study grant in
Madrid, Spain
● While in New York, his art was influenced by an
encounter with postwar impressionism and
cubism, creating a uniquely
The following are some of the most historically and culturally
significant masterpieces of Fernando Amorsolo y Cueto:
1. The making of Philippine Flag
2. Antipolo (1947)
3. Rice Planting (1922)
WEEK 10 FIRST MASS
CAVITE MUTINY AND REBELLION CASE
(GOMBURZA)
BACKGROUND OF THE FIRST MASS
● Antonio Pigaffeta was a famous Italian traveler
who studied navigation and was known by the
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name of Antonio Lambardo or Francisco Antonio
Pigaffeta “Chronicle of the Magellan Expedition”
● Magellan expedition entitled “Primo Viaggio Intorno
al Mondo” or “First Voyage Around the World”
TIMELINE
March 16, 1521 a “high land” named “Zamal” that was
sighted by the Magellan’s expedition
March 17 - 25 they landed on “uninhabited island” or
1521 known as “Humunu” (Homonhon)
stayed for 8 days
March 25, 1521 left the island of Homonhon and
change route towards west southwest,
between four islands namely: Cenalo,
Hiunanghan, Ibusson, and Albaeirn.
Afterward, they sailed westward
towards Leyte, then continued
southward, returning westward to
Mazaua
March 28, 1521 reached the Island Mazaua
March 29, 1521 Two members of Magellan’s
expeditions joined the native king and
his companions as their guests
staying when they returned to the
shore. One of the two was Pigaffeta
March 30, 1521 Pigafetta and his companion dined
and drank with the King and His son
March 31, 1521 Magellan ordered a mass to be
celebrated which was officiated by
Father Pedro Valderrama
➔ The first Holy Mass marked the birth of the
Roman Catholicism in the Philippines
➔ Along the shores of what was referred to in the
writings of Antonio Pigafetta as “Mazaua”
➔ “Mazaua” - Limasawa or Masao
Limasawa Claim based on Pigafetta’s Account
o “Limasawa” is the current name of the island.
“ Mazaua” which was mentioned in Pigafetta’s Account
o “In the Morning of Holy Thursday, March 28, they anchored
off an island where the previous night they had seen the light
or bonfire
o The first king mentioned was named Raia Colambu which
as the king/chieftain of Mazaua
o The cross was set up on the summit of highest mountain
Masao Claim based on Pigafetta’s Account
o The relevance between “Mazaua” from Antonio Pigafetta’s
account to “Masao” from Butuan City
Geographical Coordinates
o “It lies in a latitude of nine and two-thirds degrees towards
the Arctic Pole, and in a longitude of one hundred and
sixty-two degrees from the line of demarcation
Translated: “It lies in a latitude of nine and two-thirds degree
toward the Arctic Pole”
Original: “..neuf degrez et deux tiers” - NINE DEGREES
AND TWO THIRDS
nine degrees and two thirds - 9 oo’ 40’’
is not equal to
nine and two third degrees - 9 40’ oo”
o Accdg to Pigaffeta. the distance from Mazaua to Cebu was
35 leagues (140 miles) Limasawa and Cebu are only 8- km
apart
o The king was said to have arrived on their ship in
Balanghai. Butuan present features at least nine discovered
Balanghai artifacts
o Butuan City, Agusan del Norte is rich in Gold
CONCLUSION
- There is no concrete evidence that the first mass in Butuan
occurred and many claims were inconsistent, such as
according to historian Father Francisco Colin, S.J, Magellan
arrived first in Butuan, then went to Limasawa, and finally to
Cebu. However, Father Francisco Combes, S.J., a Jesuit
writer, has a different point of view. For him, Magellan visited
Limasawa twice.
- Limasawa Island, Southern Leyte, should be upheld as the
location of 1521 Easter Sunday Mass since it is universally
acknowledged that the reasons and facts put forth by the
pro-Butuan proponents are not strong enough to support
overturning or repealing the decision in the case
- Limasawa Island presented more concrete and
accurate evidence according to its location, tradition,
and eye-witness for the First Mass in the Philippines in
contrast to the facts that proponents who claim Butuan
wherein they only reveal the artifacts and some of the
coordinates that they may seem to have an inconsistency to
the argument
- There are very reliable indications that the first mass took
place in Limasawa. Initially, according to Francisco Albo’s
journal, Magellan’s expedition was moving toward
Limasawa’s southernmost point. Second, Antonio Pigaffeta’s
account of the expedition’s itinerary, which he has also
documented with sketches and maps that lead to Limasawa,
given the fact that they were a part of the Magellan
expedition, their accounts are credible sources
Additional Information
QUINCENTENNIAL CELEBRATION
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July 15, 2022 ahead of 500th anniversary National
Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP)
reaffirmed Limasawa as the site of the First Easter
Sunday Mass in the Country
CAVITE MUTINY: OVERVIEW
● Controversy that surrounds the event of the Cavite
Mutiny
● The mutiny happened in 1872
● Frs. Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, and Jacinto
Zamora, more well known as the “GomBurZa”
● Executed with the use of “garotte” a month after
the said mutiny
FILIPINO VERSION
Who wrote the report?
o Trinidad Hermengildo Jose Maria Juan Francisco Pardo de
Tavera y Gorricho also known by his name T.H. Pardo de
Tavera
➔ He was born on April 13 1857 in Escota, Manila
➔ He died on March 26, 1925
➔ Coming from a wealthy and prominent family of
mixed Portuguese, Spanish, Irish, Greek, and
Filipino heritage. Pardo was born and raised at the
heart of the Spanish Colonial establishment
➔ The family owned a number of businesses and
properties including much of the present-day
Escolta
➔ His parents was Felix Pardo de Tavera and Juliana
Gorricho de Pardo de Tavera
➔ His father Felix, who died when Pardo was only
seven, was an influential lawyer who served as a
member of the governor-general’s advisory council
➔ His mother Julaiana was from a wealthy, illustrious
Filipino family
➔ He also had an uncle Joaquin who as a part of the
individuals that were persecuted and expatriated to
the Marianas Islands due to the unruly abuse of
government authority by the Governer-General and
the congregation of friars of the Spanish Colonizers
in the Philippines
➔ Earning his degree in medicine in 1881, he
published research articles on health and medical
practices while studying language and cultures in
which he wrote about as well
➔ He published essays and articles on cartography
particularly on the Murillo Velarde Map, on the
Sanskrit influences on the Tagalog language, on the
history of printing in the Philippines, and on
Pharmacy, Public Health, and Hygiene
- Dr Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera is a scholar and
researcher from the Philippines.
According to him, the incident was merely a mutiny by
native Filipino soldiers and laborers at the Cavite
arsenal who were dissatisfied with the loss of their
privileges. Indirectly, Tavera blamed Gov. Izquierdo’s
cold-blooded policies, such as the elimination of privileges
for workers and native army members of the arsenal, as well
as the prohibition on the establishment of schools of arts and
trades for Filipinos, which the general saw as a cover-up for
the formation of a political club.
- The rebellion began when the Spanish government
imposed unjust punishment on innocent priests,
GomBurZa
CLAIMS
o On the night of January 20 1872 they killed the
commanding officer of the Cavite arsenal and other officers
o When the news of the mutiny reached Manila, General
Izquierdo and immediately ordered the reinforcement of
Spanish troops in Cavite
o This mutiny was used as a powerful lever among the
soldiers in Cavite by the Spanish resident and friars
o Because friars feared that their power within the colony
would soon be removed
o They took advantage of the incident and presented it to
the Spanish government as part of a major conspiracy
throughout the archipelago with the objects of destroying
Spanish sovereignty
o The alleged “revolution” of Cavite was to strengthen the
power of the friars in the Philippine Islands.
o The Madrid government came to believe the scheme was
true without conducting a thorough investigation of the real
facts or extent of the alleged revolution
It convicted the three martyred Filipino priests and whether
or not they were involved in the mutiny
The event led to the awakening of nationalism and
eventually to the outbreak of the philippine revolution of 1896
SPANISH VERSION
Who wrote the report?
o Jose Antonio Julian Montero y Vidal was a Spanish
Historian
o Rafael Geronimo Cayetano Izquierdo y Gutierrez
Jose Montero y Vidal
Date of Birth: January 28, 1851
Place of Birth: Gergal, Spain
Date of Death: February 27, 1936
➔ He studied Jurisprudence at Madrid and later
worked as an employee of the Ministry of
Development and Overseas
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➔ A writer who specialized in documenting important
events in the Philippines islands by the quarter of
the 19th century. As a Spanish Historian, he
interpreted the mutiny as an attempt to remove and
overthrow the Spanish Colonizers in the Philippines
➔ Also, the account of Jose Montero y Vidal embodies
the official interpretation of the mutiny in Cavite as
part of a general revolt directed by the three priests
and their lay and clerical colleagues in Manila and
Cavite. His work becomes more credible because of
his wide range of objectives or remarks that provide
enough information that the reader can basically
understand what his writing is all about. Also, his
work became authentic because of the one piece of
evidence which is the goal of assassinating the
Governor-General along with a number of Spanish
settlers and officials
➔ Lastly, Montero’s version of Cavite mutiny was
strongly hostile To the Filipino reformist aspiration,
and has no doubt of the guilt of those executed or
exiled and further placed much of the blame for the
revolt an alleged tolerance of recently replaced
Governor-general Carlos maria dela torre
Rafael Geronimo Cayetano Izquierdo y Gutierrez
o Spanish military officer, politician, and statesman who was
born 30 September 1820 and night on November 9, 1883.
o From April 4 1871 to January 8 1873 he was the
governor-general of the Philippines
➔ He was famous for his use of the iron fist
government in contrast to his predecessor. Carlos
mara dela torre y Navacerrada liberal government.
CLAIMS
Jose Montero y Vidal
o Asserts that the withdrawal of the benefits that the Cavite
arsenal workers had received in the form of exemption from
tribute was what sparked the mutiny
Rafael Geronimo Cayetano Izquierdo y Gutierrez
o Insurrection was motivated and prepared by the native
clergy by the mestizos and native lawyers and by those
known as Abodadillos. Some were residents of Manila,
others other from Cavite, and some were from the nearby
provinces
o Rebels wanted to overthrow to the Spanish
government to install new leaders such as Father Gomez
and Zamora
o They took advantage of the ignorance of those classes and
the propensity of the Indio to steal they offered (to those who
revolted) the wealth of the Spaniards and of the regular
clergy, employment and ranks in the army: and to this effect
they said that fifteen native battalions would be created, in
which the soldiers who revolted would have jobs as officers
and chiefs
CONCLUSION
The Spanish Version Is generally considered to be more
detailed and comprehensive as it was written by the colonial
authorities who had access to resources such as official
reports and first-hand accounts
WEEK 11 FIRST CRY FOR INDEPENDENCE
What is the First Cry?
“CRY”
➔ translated from the Spanish word el grito de
rebellion or el grito for short which means “cry for
rebellion”
“THE FIRST CRY”
➔ generally signified as the ‘first call for rebellion’ it
is marked as the beginning of the Philippine
Revolution or seeking independence for the
Philippines from Spanish colonial rule with the use
of violence and arms
PIO VALENZUELA (Cry of Pugad Lawin)
Claim
Date: August 23, 1896
Place: Pugadlawin
Made by:
- Dr. Pio Valenzuela
- One of the leaders of the Katipunan and was an
eyewitness of the event
First Account
Key staging point of the cry happened on August 26 1896 in
Balintawak. Pio Valenzuela held this account when the
events were still vivid in his memory.
Second Account
Later in his life and with a declining memory, in his Memoirs
of the Revolution, without consulting the written documents
of the Philippine Revolution, he claimed that the cry took
place at Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896, instead
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SPECIFICATION OF DATES GREGORIA DE JESUS (Version of the First cry)

August 19-20 August 22, August 23,
1896 1896 1896 Claim
Date: August 25, 1896
Balintawak is the 500 members of Considerable Place: Near Caloocan
First place for the the Katipunan debate and
refuge of met at the house discussion being Made by:
Bonifacio, Jacinto, and yard of carried out at the
Procopio Apolonio Pugad Lawin, in - Gregoria De Jesus
Bonifacio, Samson at the house, - Lakambini of the Katipunan
Teodoro Plata, Kangkong. store-house, and - Wife of Supremo Andres Bonifacio
Auguedo Del Briccio Pantas, yard of Juan - The custodian of the secret documents, seal, and
Rosario, and Pio Alejandro Ramos with over
some weapons of the Katipunan
Valenzuela. The Santiago, 1,000
first arriving there Ramon Katipuneros. The
on August 19 and Bernardo, discussion was Account
him on August 20 Apolonio on whether or not “The activities of the Katipunan had reached nearly all
1896 Samson, and the revolution corners of the Philippine archipelago so that when its
others were should be started
there also on August 29. existence was discovered and some of the members
Only Teodoro arrested, we immediately returned to Caloocan. However,
Plata protested as we were closely watched by the agents of the
Spanish authorities, Andres Bonifacio and other katipuneros
SANTIAGO ALVAREZ (Cry of Bahay Toro) left the town some days. It was then that the uprising began,
with the first cry for freedom on August 25, 1896.
Claim Meanwhile, I was with my parents. Through my friends, I
Date: August 24, 1896 learned that the Spanish were coming to arrest me.
Place: Bahay Toro Immediately, I fled the town at eleven o’clock at night,
secretly going through the rice fields to La Loma, with the
Made by: intention of returning to Manila. I was treated like an
- Santiago Alvarez apparition, for, sad to say, in every house where I tried to get
- A well-known Katipunero but was not an a little rest, I was driven away as if the people therein were
eye-witness of the event frightened for their own lives. Later, I found out that the
occupants of the houses that I had visited were seized and
Account severely punished, and some even exiled. One of them was
The cry occurred after the adjournment of the meeting held an uncle of mine whom I had visited on that night to kiss his
on August 24 1896 at the barn of Melchora Aquino at hand, and he died in exile.”
Sampalukan, a barrio of Bahay Toro
Summary
SPECIFICATION OF DATES Gregoria de Jesus is the wife of Andres Bonifacio. in her
August 23, 1896 August 24, 1896 version of the first cry, it is stated that it happened near
Caloocan on August 25, 1896. when the existence of the
At the barn of Melchora About 1,000 Katipuneros Katipunan was discovered some of the members were
Aquino, at a place called attended. Then Bonifacio arrested and they immediately returned to Caloocan. it was
Sampalukan, barrio of decided to hold a meeting then that the uprising began. during that time Gregoria de
Bahay Toro, about 500 inside the big barn, beginning
Katipunetos gathered the meeting at 10 o’clock in the Jesus was noticed by her friends that the Spanish authorities
together morning. It was ended by were coming to arrest her, she immediately fled to town at
midday with loud cried of “Long 11:00 secretly going through rice fields to the La Lorna not
Live the Sons of the Country” returning to Manila
(Mabuhay ang mga anak ng
Bayan!)
Conclusion
It Is not credible because she did not provide detailed
information compared to other accounts, her version is more
like the narration of her story rather than an account that
provides detailed information of the main context and

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occurrences when the cry happened. Her account was more

focused on her escape from the Spanish authorities rather
PEOPLE INVOLVED TIME
than the information on the revolt of the katipuneros. In her
sum, her version lacks adequate information about the cry. In Andres Bonifacio, Emilio The meeting was opened
addition, she was in distress when she was narrating her Jacinto, Aguedodel Rosario, at 9 o’clock, with the
account due to her escape from Spanish authorities which Tomas Remigio, Briccio purpose being to discuss
can alter her mental process and reliability as a source Pantas, Teodora Plata, Pio when the uprising will take
Valenzuela, Enrique place
Pacheco, and Francisco
THE GUARDIA CIVIL’S REPORT (on the first Carreon were some of the
cry of Balintawak) attendees

Claim
Date: August 25, 1896
Place: Balintawak
Made by:
- Olegario Diaz
- Spanish Commander of Guardia Civil Veterana
Manila
- Investigated the discovery of the Katipunan
Summary
Bonifacio and his followers fled to the nearby town of
Caloocan in august 23 1896 and they were moved to the
Barrio of Balintawak and followed by 224 men. On the 24th
day of the same month, they were attacked by the Guardia
Civil on the outskirts of Balintawak and immediately retreated
to their hiding place. On the next day August 25, a large
meeting was held attended by over 5,000 members the
meeting began discussions on how to face the situation if
arrests happened
Some members suggested surrendering to the Spanish
authorities, but Bonifacio was firmly opposed and took up
arms once. bonifacio's proposal has been approved and
demonstrates the influence of leadership. orders were
immediately sent out to Manila, Cavite, Nueva Ecija, and
other provinces for the katipuneros to strike at dawn on
Sunday, August 30
Conclusion
- According to him, They Cry happened in Balintawak on 26
of August
- The version of Guillermo Masangkay are also
supported of evidence. The claims of Masangkay were at
a top scale
Summary
The cry for freedom was an important turning point in our
History. It marked the instance when Filipinos finally refused
Spanish colonial to fight for independence and freedom
signaling the beginning of the Philippine revolution. It is an
important historical event, but even so, the different accounts
of the event do not seem to agree on the date and exact
place it occurred
There is significant disagreement among the accounts as to
where and when the cry occurred. Using primary and
secondary sources. It occurred in many locations:
Balintawak, Pugad Lawwin, near Caloocan, and Bahay Toro
with the dates: August 23, 24, 25, or 26 1896. Bonifacio's
movement from one location to another in order to evade the
Spanish government, which was pursuing the katipuneros
This explains why there are multiple accounts of the cry.

GUILLERMO MASANGKAY (Cry of Balintawak)

Claim
Date: August 26 1896
Place: House of Apolonio Samson in Balintawak

Made by:
- Katipunan General Guillermo Masangkay
- Eyewitness of the Event
- Childhood friend of Bonifacio

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