RIPH111_1ST SEM_2ND YR @ABEGAIL MAGBANUA
HISTORICAL METHOD
 The English word history is derived from the
Greek word “istoia” meaning learning
 According to Aristotle, history is the
systematic account of a set of natural
phenomena whether or not chronological
ordering was a factor in an account, and this is
considered as natural history. As time passed,
the equivalent Latin word “scientia”, which is
science in English later was used more to
designate non-chronological systematic
accounts of phenomena.
 Presently, the word “history” means the “past
of mankind”. History is the study of past
events, particularly in human affairs.
 History in German is “Geschichte”, meaning,
“that which has happened”. This means that the
word implies that history teaches and we may
learn from the lessons of history.
 With the definition of history, it brings man to
a recognition that history cannot be
reconstructed, that the past of mankind, much
of it, is beyond recall. And that even the best of
our memories cannot re-create our past.
 The reconstruction of the total past of
mankind is the total goal of historians which,
however, is unattainable. Historians will never
really know everything that happened in the
past.
 The problem that every historian confronts is
that the evidence they rely on is likely to be
fragmented, incomplete and even
contradictory. The result is, each historian’s
conclusions are influenced by the evidence
they have selected from what is available and
from how they interpreted it.
 And from whatever a historian only has will be
the only thing that he can use to connect him
to the past.
The process of critically examining and analyzing the
records and survivals of the past.
To study objectively (intention of acquiring detached
and truthful knowledge independent of one’s personal
reactions) a thing must first be an object and must have
an independent resistance outside the human mind).
Most of history is based on the human mind since most
of history is based upon recollection (written or spoken
history).
In reconstruction, only a part of what was observed is
remembered, only a part of what was remembered is
recorded, only a part of what was recorded survives,
only a part of what survived comes to the historian’s
attention.
Only of a part of what is credible has been grasped, only
a part of what has been grasped can be expounded and
narrated by the historian.
HISTORICAL SOURCES
 Objects from the past or testimony concerning
the past which historians use to create their own
depiction of the past.
1. According to Form
*Written Sources
 Published materials (books, journals etc.) and
manuscript (handwritten and unprinted like
archival materials and memoirs)
*Non written Sources
 Oral history, artifacts, fossils, etc.
2. According to Origin
*Primary Sources
 Testimony of an eyewitness
 It is any source of information that was created,
written, or narrated during the time under
investigated.
 It must have been produced by a contemporary
of that is narrated. It is a document or physical
object written or created during the time under
study. These sources were present during an
1
RIPH111_1ST SEM_2ND YR @ABEGAIL MAGBANUA
experience or time period and offer an inside
view of a particular event. Internal Criticism
EXAMPLES  deals with the problem of credibility.
 Written Sources Tests of credibility are:
 Images  Determine the Character of the Author, his
 Artifacts and Fossils reliability, and his ability and willingness to tell
 Oral Testimony the truth
*Secondary Sources  date
 Interpret and analyze primary sources  Determine the Corroboration, historical facts
 They are one or more steps removed from the rest upon the testimony of two or more
event. Examples are printed textbooks reliable witnesses

HISTORICAL CRITICISM
 Settles matters on the form and content of a  Records of social and cultural observations
source  Chronicles
 it is the subjective writing that expresses the  Human Fossils (remains of ancient man
writer’s opinion or evaluation of a text. imbedded in the earth such as bones, hair, skin
etc.)
 Artifacts ( cultural evidences of man in the past
External Criticism such as tools and implements)
 Records of Detective Investigations
 Deals with the problem of authenticity  Royal Decrees and Laws
 To spot hoaxes, fakes, forgeries and fabrications  Official Reports
Tests of Authenticity are:  Maps
 Determine the date if it is Anachronistic: a  Memoirs or Autobiographies
material, skill or culture does not exist at that  Personal accounts: record of interviews
time  Newspapers and Magazines: reports of
 Determine the author in the uniqueness of his correspondents
handwriting or signature  Legislative journals
 Determine the provenance or  Court Records


custody: genuineness
Determine the Semantics, meaning of a text or
REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY

word
Determine the Hermeneutics, the ambiguities
SOURCES
 National Archives of the Philippines
OTHER  National Library of the Philippines
 Determine the Author  National Historical Commission of the
Philippines
 Determine the date of the document
 National Museum of the Philippines
 Anachronistic style (napapanahon, kung legit
ung time)
Other Repositories of Primary Sources are the
 Orthography (spelling, hypen etc)
libraries of various universities in the Philippines
 Semantics (meaning)
such as the University of the Philippines, the Ateneo
 Hermeneutics (interpretation)
de Manila Rizal Library and Museum, the American
 Provenance or custody
Historical Collection in ADMU, and the University of
Sto. Tomas Central Library and Museum.

2
RIPH111_1ST SEM_2ND YR @ABEGAIL MAGBANUA
POPE ALEXANDER VI
 Hobby having sex
 Demarcation line
 3G
a. God
MARCO POLO b. Gold
 Venetian Merchant c. Glory
 China
 Travels of Marco Polo (Nag trend)

ANTONIO LOMBARDO
a.k.a Antonio Pigafetta

HENRY THE NAVIGATOR

 Prince of Portugal
 Ship/sea Lover <3
 Established schools
✘ Ship builders
✘ Sailors
✘ Craftsmen

 Venice, Italy
 Geography
 Cartography
FERNAO MAGALLES
a.k.a Ferdinan Magellan
 Portuguese
 Captain
 Good boy din to promise
3
RIPH111_1ST SEM_2ND YR @ABEGAIL MAGBANUA
MARCH 22
 the captain-general sent his slave ashore to
ask the king is he had any food to have it
carried to the ships and to say that they come
to the islands as friends and not as enemies.
They have met and toured Raia Colambu and
Raia Siaui to their ship giving visa vis the
trading opportunity on both parties.
MARCH 31
 The first recorded mass done by the Spaniards
happened and the resurrection of the cross on
the top of the highest mountain for the
protection of the natives in any catastrophe
might happen and a symbol of Christianity.
The Raia give his one man to accompanied
Magellan to Zubu (Cebu), the largest island
and the center of trading of the whole
archipelago.
APRIL 7
 Magellan fleet reached Zubu. Magellan has the
honored to talk to the king of Zubu despites of
not giving a tribute to the king
APRIL 8
 the first blood compact happened between the
natives and the Spaniards.
APRIL 9
 they ask the natives to where they should bury
 270 men the dead member of the crew.
 Ships APRIL 12
 Trinidad  the merchandise of them were traded into
 Victoria gold but the captain-general refused to have a
 San Antonio lots of gold in his ship because he thinks that
 Santiago some of the merchandise they have are
 Concepcion precious than gold.
MARCH 16, 1521 APRIL 13
 They landed on the island of Zamal (Samar).  Magellan’s crew members was preparing for
MARCH 17 the mass tomorrow.
 the captain-general desired to land on another APRIL 14
island (Homonhon) which was uninhabited  the mass conversion of Christians happen in
and to get water. They set up two tents on the the island of Zubu. Raia Humabon, his wife and
shore for the sick and had a sow killed for other people who converted to Christianity
them. changed their names into the Christian and
MARCH 18 Spanish names. Magellan named Raja
 Nine men reached the shore giving those gifts Humabon as Fernando and his wife as Juana,
and foods; in return they give back also foods both names are derived in the ruling monarch
good for four days. of Spain. Magellan gave the Sto Niño as a gift to
4
RIPH111_1ST SEM_2ND YR @ABEGAIL MAGBANUA
the wife of Raia Humabon and also as a
replacement to their idol.
APRIL 26
 Zula, chief of the island of Matan (Mactan),
sent one of his sons to the captain-general to
inform that Raia Cilapulapu (Lapu-Lapu) did
not recognized the authority of the king of
Spain. Magellan, himself together with some of
his men and the Christian natives organized a
coalition to sue Raia Cilapulapu.
APRIL 27
 a spear with poison hit the leg of Magellan
causing him to deteriorate, afterwards a large
number of natives come to him to kill him. The
troops were ordered to surrender and to go
back on shore by the captain-general to avoid
large number of casualties.
MAY 1
 Raia Humabon arranged a party for the fleet of
Magellan but all crew members who attended
that party die because of poisoning, except
Enrique de Malacca, the slave of Magellan. It is
also the last sighting to Enrique because he
was completely vanished after the incident.
That day also they left Zubu because they think
that there life is endangered due to the fact
that the Raia Humabon attempted to kill them
all.
Excerpt from Santiago Alvarez's
Katipunan and the Revolution:
Memoirs of a General and
Teodoro Agoncillo's History of
the Filipino People
SANTIAGO ALVAREZ
 A revolutionary general and a founder and
honorary president of the first directorate of
the Nacionalista Party
 Also known as Kidlat ng Apoy because of his
inflamed bravery and dedication as
commander of Cavite's famous battles
 The only child of revolutionary general
Mariano Alvarez
TEODORO AGONCILLO
 A prominent 20th-century Filipino historian
 He and his contemporary Renato Constantino
were among the first Filipino historians
renowned for promoting a distinctly
nationalist point of view of Filipino history.
Excerpt from Robert Fox's The
Tabon Caves and William Henry
Scott's Prehispanic Source
Materials for the Study of
Philippine History
ROBERT FOX
 An anthropologist and leading historian on the
prehispanic Philippines
 He led a six-year archaeological research
project in Palawan, focusing mainly on the
caves and rock shelters of Lipuun Point in the
southern part of the island. Its most
outstanding site is the Tabon Cave complex,
the large main cave delivered the only
Pleistocene human fossils found in the
Philippines to date. The fossil finds include a
skullcap, jaw bones, teeth and several other
fragmented bones. Dubbed as the "Tabon
Man", the finds represent more than just one
individual.
 He was the leading historian on the
Prehispanic Philippines. He led a six-year
archaeological research project in Palawan,
focusing mainly on the caves and rock shelters
of Lipan Point in the southern part of the
island.
WILLIAM HENRY SCOTT
 A historian of the Gran Cordillera Central and
Prehispanic Philippines
 He published his dissertation, titled
“Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of
Philippine History” in 1968.
 Tabon Man (Brown race) (Earliest skull
found in the Philippines were found in
Palawan
 They inhabited the land for 22,000-24,000
years
5
RIPH111_1ST SEM_2ND YR @ABEGAIL MAGBANUA
 Excavated by 3 individuals of Physical
Anthropologist
 There are some tendencies that the fossils
were disturbed my megapodes Birds
 Tabon man – It refers the first group of people
who inhabited on our archipelago and the one
also called as “Pre-Mongoloid,” Mongoloid” DOWRIES
being the term anthropologists apply to the  are anything given by the groom to the parents
racial stock by which the South East Asian and of his wife to be before their wedding day.
Pacific Islanders came from. SIMBAHAN
 which means a temple or place of adoration
and when they wished to celebrate a festival,
 by Juan de Portocarrero aka Juan de pandot or worship.
Plasencia BATHALA,
 Written by Juan de Portocarrero aka Juan de  seems to signify “all powerful”, or “maker of all
Plasencia who was a member of the things”.
Franciscan who came with the first batch of
missionaries to the Philippines in 1578. He
TALA,
was one of those who assigned to do mission
 the morning star
works in Southern Tagalog area. Plasencia
helped in the foundation and organization of DIAN MASALANTA
numerous towns in Quezon, Laguna, Rizal and  the patron of lovers and of generation.
Bulacan. LACAPATI AND IDIANALE
 The Customs of the Tagalog where he vividly  the patrons of cultivated lands and husbandry.
described the political, social, economic, and - BUWAYA – Water lizard
cultural practices of the Filipinos before they CATOLONAN
were Christianized. Plasencia died in Liliw,
 the head priest of the natives; it can be male or
Laguna in 1590.
female.

 1578
MAGAGAUAY
 witches who deceived by pretending to heal
 Franciscan
the sick.
 Doctrina Christiana
TAGALOG – TAGA-ILOG MANYISALAT
a. Manila  same as the magagauay, however they had the
b. Quezon power of applying remedies to lovers that they
c. Laguna - liliw would abandon and despise their own wives
d. Rizal and in fact could prevent them from having
e. bulacan intercourse with the wife.

TAGALOG SONAT
 Barangay “balangay”  it was his office to help one to die, at which
time he predicted the salvation or
 50-100 family
condemnation of the soul.
 Social strata
a. Datu PANGATAHOJAN
b. Maharlika  was a soothsayer, and predicted the future
c. Aliping namamahay MANCOCOLAM
d. Aliping saguiguilir  whose duty it was to emit fire from himself at
night, once or oftener each month.
6
RIPH111_1ST SEM_2ND YR @ABEGAIL MAGBANUA
HOCLOBAN
 without the use of medicine, and by simply
saluting or raising the hand, thy killed whom
 A Spanish friar of the Franciscan Order.
they chose.
 He spent most of his missionary life in the
SILAGAN Philippines, where he founded numerous
 if they saw anyone clothed in white, to tear out towns in Luzon and authored several religious
his liver, and eat it, thus causing his death. and linguistic books, most notably the
MAGTATANGAL Doctrina Cristiana (Christian Doctrine), the
 whose purpose was to show himself at night to first book ever printed in the Philippines.
many persons, without his head or entrails.
OSUANG
 people say that they have seen it flying and
that he murdered men and ate their flesh.

MANGAGAYOMA
 they made charms for lovers out of herbs,
stones, and wood, which would infuse the
heart with love.
Excerpt from Antonio Pigafetta's
First Voyage Around the World
[Chronicle]
 A Filipino General during the Philippine
ANTONIO PIGAFETTA Revolution
 An Italian scholar and explorer from the  He was one of the highest-ranking officer in
Republic of Venice. the Philippine Revolution and was one of the
 He joined the expedition to the Spice Islands highest-ranking officers of the revolutionary
led by explorer Ferdinand Magellan under the society Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galang na
flag of King Charles I of Spain and, after Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, or simply
Magellan's death in the Philippines, the and more popularly called Katipunan, being a
subsequent voyage around the world. member of its Supreme Council.
 During the expedition, he served as Magellan's
assistant and kept an accurate journal which
later assisted him in translating the Cebuano
language. It is the first recorded document
concerning the language.

7
RIPH111_1ST SEM_2ND YR @ABEGAIL MAGBANUA
KARTILLA
 served as the guidebook for new members of
the organization, which laid out the group's
rules and principles. The first edition of the
Kartilya was written by Andres Bonifacio.
Emilio Jacinto later pen a revised Decalogue.
 Filipino revolutionary leader, educator,
lawyer and statesman who served first as a
legal and constitutional adviser to the
Revolutionary Government, and then as the
first Prime Minister of the Philippines upon
the establishment of the First Philippine
Republic.
 He is regarded as the "Utak ng Himagsikan" or
"Brain of the Revolution".
 Mabini performed all his revolutionary and
governmental activities despite having lost the
use of both his legs to polio shortly before the
Philippine Revolution of 1896.
 The Philippine Declaration of
Independence occurred in Kawit, Cavite
on 12 June 1898 where Filipino
revolutionary forces under General Emilio
Aguinaldo proclaimed the sovereignty and
independence of the Philippine islands from
Spanish colonization after the latter was
defeated at the Battle of Manila Bay on 1 May
1898 during the Spanish-American War.
 The Act of the Declaration of Independence
was prepared and written by Ambrosio
Rianzares Bautista in Spanish, who also read
the said declaration. The Philippine
Declaration was signed by ninety-eight
persons, among them an American army
officer who witnessed the proclamation.
 The Act declared that the Filipinos “are and
have the right to be free and independent,” and
that the nation from ”this day commences to
have a life of its own, with every political tie
between Filipinas and Spain severed and
annulled”.
 A Filipino revolutionary, politician, and
military leader who is officially recognized as
the first and the youngest President of the
Philippines (1899–1901) and first president of
a constitutional republic in Asia.
ADDITIONAL
NOTES
 History is the documented study of the past.
 History is reserved for accounts of phenomena
especially human affairs in chronological
order.
 History is the past of mankind.
8
RIPH111_1ST SEM_2ND YR @ABEGAIL MAGBANUA
 History is the story of a nation’s rise,
development and fall.
 History is the sharing of important narratives
that involve the shaping of a society and its
people.
 History gives us the capacity to understand
and analyze issues and concerns of our
contemporary world.
 History enables one to participate in finding
solutions of present-day problems in the
society.
 History teaches us to see the world through
different perspective.
 History enables us to analyze critically the
present contexts of society and beings.
 History records and explains the events of the
past which includes people, places, and dates.
 it is the process of critically examining and
analyzing the records and survival of the past.
 it is the subjective writing that expresses the
writer’s opinion or evaluation of a text.
EXTERNAL CRITICISM
 it is a kind of historical criticism that is
concerned with establishing the authenticity
or genuineness of data.
 Tries to answer the problem of authenticity of
the material.
 Authenticity- means a reliable or accurate
representation of information.
Test of Authenticity
 Anachronistic style
 Orthography- the way in which the words of a
language are spelled.
 Determine the date of the document
 Determine the author
 Semantics- concerns on the determination of
the meaning of a text.
 Hermeneutics
 Provenance or custody
 Anachronistic reference to events
INTERNAL CRITICISM
 it is the attempt of the researcher to restore
the meaning of the text.
 Tries to answer the problem of credibility of
the material.
 Credibility- compromises the objective and
subjective believability of a source.
Test of Credibility
 Identification of the author
 Determination of the approximate date
 Ability to tell the truth
 Willingness to tell the truth
 Corroboration
 any objects from the past or testimonies of the
eyewitness concerning the past on which
historians depend in order to create their own
depiction of the past.
 Eyewitness- a person, who has personally
seen, experienced and can give first-hand
description of what happened during an event.
 Testimony- it is a form of evidence obtained
from a person who has seen the actual event
under study.
A. PRIMARY SOURCE
 it is any source of information that was
created, written or narrated during the time
under investigated.
 Four Main Categories of Primary Sources
 Written Sources such as diaries and memoirs,
journals, minutes of meetings, speeches etc.
 Images
 Artifacts And Fossils such as Human Remains
 Oral Testimony
B. SECONDARY SOURCE
 it interprets and analyzes an original source.
 Examples Secondary Sources
 History Books
 Periodicals
 Serials
 Written by the Antonio Lombardo aka Antonio
Pigafetta , he studied astronomy, geography
and cartography. His biographers described
him as well-educated young man possessing
9
RIPH111_1ST SEM_2ND YR @ABEGAIL MAGBANUA
an avid curiosity of the world around him. He
was among the 18 survivors who returned to
Spain on September 6, 1522 aboard the
Victoria with Juan Sebastian Elcano, as the
captain.
 Pigafetta’s account is the longest and most
comprehensive. It recounted the individual
fates of the five ships (Trinidad, San Antonio,
Concepcion, Santiago and Victoria) that
comprised the Magellan expedition.
END OF PRELIM
 Happened on the Feast Day of the Virgin of
Loreto, January 20, 1872 at Fort San
Felipe, Cavite.
 A memorial event the Philippines that
happened in 1872.
 The Cavite Mutiny had two faces: the Filipino
version was authored by Dr. T. H. Pardo de
Tavera and the Spanish version was
provided by Jose Montero y Vidal.
 Around 200 men comprised of soldiers,
laborers and residents rose arms against
Spanish officials to express their
disappointments to the government because
of:
a. The iron-fisted governor-general
assigned in the Philippines during the
Spanish colonization was Gov. Gen.
Rafael Izquierdo.
b. Abolition of privileges of native Filipino
workers.
c. The central government of Spain
announced to deprive the friars in the
Philippines to all powers of intervention.
d. The three martyr priests were implicated
by Governor General Rafael Izquierdo in
the Cavite Mutiny because they recall the
idea of secularization, grant for Filipino
priest to officiate mass in their parishes,
for regular clergy. For that so, the three
martyr priest were accused for that
subversive act. The three martyr priests,
also known as GOMBURZA, were Padre
Mariano Gomez, Padre Jose Burgos,
and Padre Jacinto Zamora who were
executed on February 15, 1872 in the
manner of garrote.
 The founding head of the Katipunan was Andres
Bonifacio, the Supremo of the Katipunan who
asked to visit Dr. Jose Rizal in Dapitan to
encourage him to support the Katipunan, but the
Dr. Pio Valenzuela latter refused the offer
because he thinks that Filipinos are not yet
ready to have their own government.
 On August 19, 1896 the Colonial Government of
Spain discovered the existence of Katipunan.
Many members of the Katipuneroes were
arrested.
 The Katipuneroes met to plan for the revolution,
so the Supremo call the attention of its surviving
members to gather on the barn of Cabesang
Melchora hence it used to believed that it was
happened on the two sites either Balintawak
nor on Pugad Lawin which is now part of Brgy.
Project 8, Quezon City.
 The First Cry of the Philippine Revolution was in
August 1896 to defend the people’s freedom.
The awakening of nationalism among the
Filipinos that was commemorated by tearing of
the cedulas by the Katipuneroes yelling “Long
Live the Sons of the People”.
 Dr. Pio Valenzuela wrote his memoirs about
the revolution in 1896. And Gregoria De Jesus,
wife of Andres Bonifacio, gave her account about
the event.
 The defeat of the Katipunan in Manila during the
Philippine revolution, Bonifacio and his men
retreated in the mountains of Montalban, Rizal.
10
RIPH111_1ST SEM_2ND YR @ABEGAIL MAGBANUA
 A leader of the reformist movement in Spain, Dr.
Jose Rizal was arrested, tried, and sentenced to
death by a Spanish court-martial after being
implicated as a leader of the Philippine
Revolution. The night before his death by firing
squad at the Luneta on December 30, 1896,
accounts exist that Rizal allegedly retracted his
Masonic ideals and his writings and reconverted
to Catholicism following several hours of
persuasion by Jesuit priest.
 A Catholic Prayer book was discovered by
Father Manuel Garcia on the cell room of Rizal.
 The question of authenticity of presented
documents as primary source. The following
primary sources are of two kinds: the first two
are the official accounts as witnessed by Jesuit
priests presented to their own personal account
of the event. Father Villaclara and Father
Balaguer went to the chapel cell of Jose Rizal in
Fort Santiago to persuade Rizal to retract.
(Official accounts witnessed by Jesuits priests).
 And the other two are critical analyses by two
Rizalist scholars who doubted the story of the
retraction: Rafael Palma’s and Austin Coates
critical analysis.
1. FR. VICENTE BALAGUER
 He claimed to have persuaded Rizal to
denounce Masonry and return to Catholic
faith.
 He solemnized the marriage of Rizal and
Josephine Bracken hours before the former’s
execution.
 “ In the morning of December 29, Father
Vilaclara and I went to Fort Santiago where
the chapel cell of the convict was.”
 “I found Dr. Rizal impatient. He asked for the
formula of the Prelate.”
 The retraction letter was signed by Dr. Rizal
together with Señor Fresno, Chief of the
Picket and Señor Moure, Adjutant of the
plaza.
2. FR. PIO PI
 He issued an affidavit recounting his
involvement in securing the retraction
document from the Archbishop of Manila.
 “Aloud and slowly, and even with a certain
solemnity, he read his own retraction…”
 He pleased Rizal to sign the retraction letter
because of some objections. And he said that
Rizal signed it with his own hands.
3. RAFAEL PALMA
 He claimed that Rizal was a man of character
and had demonstrated it in his many
circumstances of his life.
 The retraction of Rizal was an ecclesiastical
fraud.
 The document of retraction was kept secret
so that no one except authorities was able to
see it at that time.
 The canonical marriage with Josephine
Bracken was denied.
4. AUSTIN COATES
 The act of conversion and retraction of Jose
Rizal was mere hearsay.
 He believed that Father Balaguer’s account
had in fact ruined the church’s case and
unwittingly revealed his own fraud.
 There was no signed letter of retraction.
 Rizal knew too well the damage such letter
would do him. He believed before God he
had nothing to retract.
 The Katipunan, a revolutionary movement
against Spanish colonial rule, was founded by
Andres Bonifacio but due to the defeat of the
Katipunan in Manila, Bonifacio and his men
retreat to the mountain of Montalban. Hence, it
was a different story in Cavite. In here, the
Katipunan under Emilio Aguinaldo managed to
subdue the Spanish forces by surprise and take
control of the province. However, the Katipunan
in Cavite was divided into two factions; the
11
RIPH111_1ST SEM_2ND YR @ABEGAIL MAGBANUA
Magdiwang and Magdalo group. Emilio
Aguinaldo invited the Supremo Andres Bonifacio
to mediate the conflict between the two and also
to discuss some clarification about Katipunan,
like: the “K” in the middle of the sun in the
Katipunan flag used in the Revolution stood
for Kalayaan not for Kaharian.
 When he arrived the two groups finally agreed
to form a revolutionary government which
would lead the revolution.
 The first election of president and the election of
officers of the Philippines and the Pamahalaang
Panghihimagsik were held in Barrio Tejeros,
San Francisco de Malabon. The Tejeros
assembly was convened in March 25, 1897
according to Santiago Alvarez’s account.
 Panghihimagsik, thou he is not around
during the Assembly.
 Mariano Trias, the elected Vice-President of
the Revolution during the Tejeros Assembly.
 Emiliano R. de Dios was elected as the offer
for Director of Wars.
 Andres Bonifacio was elected Director of
Interior. However, Daniel Tirona questioned
Andres Bonifacio’s qualifications to his
position, and insisted that Jose del Rosario, to
whom they think is capable to handle the
position of the Secretary of Interior because of
his educational attainment and career, would
take over the position of Andres Bonifacio
instead. Due to the insult received by Andres
Bonifacio he declared the election null and
void.

END OF MIDTERM

 Emilio Aguinaldo
 Baldomero Aguinaldo
 Mariano Trias Closas
 Daniel Tirona
 Antonio Montenegro

 Andres Bonifacio
 Santiago Alvarez
 Severino de las Alas
 Mariano Alvarez
 Cayetano Topacio

 Jacinto Lumbreras was the first chairman of

the committee during the Tejeros Assembly
but he passed down the chairmanship to
Andres Bonifacio as a symbol of respect to
the Supremo of Katipunan.
 The First Philippine Republic was composed
of around eight officials, and the highest
position was President.
 The declared winner after the votes for
president were counted during the Tejeros
Assembly was Emilio Aguinaldo. Making him
the first elected president of the
Pamahalaang

12