Unit_5.

1. Which of the following organisms is an aero tolerant anaerobe?

a) Sarcocystis sp b) Giardiasis c) Entamoeba histolytica d) Toxoplasma gondii

Answer: c) Entamoeba histolytica

2.Which of the following measures help to prevent spread of protozoan parasites?

a) Avoiding contact with contaminated food

b) Avoiding contact with sewage contaminated water

c) Heating food above 60°C

d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above.

3.What is the size of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites? trophozoites? A) 10-20 μm b) 10-60 pm c) 2-4
weeks d) 100 oocytes

Answer: b) 10-60 um

4. What are the most common symptoms of toxoplasmosis in humans?

a.Mucus and blood in stool, abdominal pain, and fever

b.Severe diarrhea, vomiting and weight loss

c.Fever with rash, headache, and muscle ache

d.Nausea, stomachache, and diarrhea

Answer: c) Fever with rash, headache, and muscle ache

5. How long can the cysts of Entamoeba histolytica survive in a warm and moist Environment?

a) 3-6 hr b) Over a year

c.A few days d) A few weeks

Answer: b) Over a year.

6. Where were aflatoxins first reported in 1960?

a) United States b) England c) India d) Russia

Answer: b) England

7. How many mycotoxins are produced by A. flavus?

a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5

Answer: a) 2
8. Mycotoxins are produced by which type of organisms?

a) Bacteria b) Viruses c) Fungi d) Protozoa

Answer: c) Fungi

9. What is the maximum level of aflatoxins permissible under international guidelines?

a) 60 ppb b) 50 ppb c) 40 ppb d) 30 ppb

Answer: d) 30 ppb

10. What are the four main aflatoxins?

a) B1, G1, B2, G2 b) AFB, B1, AO2, GC1 c) B1, B2, C1, D2 d) G1, G2, B1, B2

Answer: a) B1, G1, B2, G2

11. Which of the following can feed on toxic algae and become toxic?

a. Dinoflagellates b. Bivalve mollusks c . Diatoms d. Phytoplankton

Solution: b. Bivalve mollusks

12. What is the main cause of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP)?

a. Eating toxic filter feeding molluscs b. Toxic dinoflagellates c. Saxitoxin D. None of the above.

Solution:c .eating toxic filter feeding molluscs

13 ) What is the main toxin responsible for Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP)? A.. Okadaic acid b.
Domoic acid c. Saxitoxin d. Brevitoxins

Solution: d. Brevitoxins

14) What is the most allowed level of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxin in shellfish? a. 20 µg/100g
b. 80 µg/100g c. 22 µg/100g d. 50 µg/100g

Solution: b. 80 µg/100g

15) What is the main effect associated with Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP)? a. Paralysis b.
Respiratory failure c. Neurological symptoms d. Abdominal pains

Solution: c. Neurological ssymptom

16) What is the most allowed level of Domoic acid in shellfish? a. 20 µg/100g b. 80 µg/100g c. 22
µg/100g d. 20 mg/kg

Solution: d. 20 mg/kg

17) What is the main toxin responsible for Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP)? a. Okadaic acid b.
Domoic acid c. Saxitoxin d. Brevitoxins

Solution: a. Okadaic acid

18) What is the mortality rate associated with Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP)? a. 1-2% b. 1-22% c.
0-4% d. 4-10%

Solution: b. 1-22%

19) How long does it take for the symptoms of illness to develop after ingesting toxic molluscs? a. 20-30
minutes b. 1-2 hours c. 2-3 hours d. 3-4 hours

Solution: b. 1-2 hours

20) What is the main cause of Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP)? a. Eating bivalve mollusks b. Toxic
dinoflagellates c. Saxitoxin d. Diatoms

Solution: d. Diatoms.

21.Which of the following protozoan parasites can cause amoebic dysentery?

a) Sarcocystis sp b) Entamoeba histolytica c) Toxoplasma gondii d) Giardiasis

Answer: b) Entamoeba histolytica

22.Which of the following is the definitive host for Toxoplasma gondii?

a) Domestic and wild cats b) Cattle and pigs c) Humans d) Birds

Answer: a) Domestic and wild cats

23.What is the minimum dose required for infection with Giardiasis in humans?

a) 10 cysts or more b) 2 – 4 weeks c) 100 oocytes d) 1cm

Answer: a) 10 cysts or more

24.How can Sarcocystis sp be transmitted? a) By consuming contaminated water and fish b) Through
contact with sewage contaminated water c) By consuming infected porcine and bovin meat d)
Through contact with contaminated food

Answer: c) By consuming infected porcine and bovin meat

25.What are the most common symptoms of Giardiasis?

a) Fever, nausea, vomiting and weight loss

b) Diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps and fatigue

c) Muscle pain, fever with rash and headache .

d) Nausea, stomachache and diarrhea

Answer: b) Diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps and fatigue.

26. What is the most likely cause for poisoning episode in Ireland following consumption of
contaminated mussels?

A. Ciguatera Fish Poisoning b. Gymnodimines c. Spirolides d. Cyclic imines

Answer: b. Gymnodimines

27. What does the term LD50 refer to?

a. Lethal Dose 99% b. Lethal Dose 50% c. Lethal Dose 20% d. Lethal Dose 90%

Answer: b. Lethal Dose 50%

28. What is the molecular weight range of the gymnodimines?

a. 180 – 500 Da b. 500 – 520 Da c. 520 – 900 Da d. 900 – 1200 Da

Answer: b. 500 – 520 Da

29.) What coral reef fish is known to cause Ciguatera Fish Poisoning?

a. Snapper b. Barracuda c. Tuna d. Trout

Answer: b. Barracuda

30) What dinoflagellates are associated with shellfish in tropical waters?

a. Karenia selliformis

b. Gambierdiscus toxicus

c. Protoperidinium cassipes

d. Alexandrium ostenfeldii

Answer: b. Gambierdiscus toxicus

31) What was the most recent species identified with Azaspiracids?

a. Mytilus edulis b. Crassostrea gigas c. Ensis siliqua d. Cancer pagurus

Answer: d. Cancer pagurus

32) What toxic structure do the Azaspiracids have in common?

a. Spirocyclic b. Gynmodimines c. Cyclicimines d. Ptierotoxins

Answer: c. Cyclicimines

33) What type of Azaspiracids have been found in the digestive glands of Okinawan bivalves? A.
Gymnodimines b. Pinnatoxins c. Spirolides d. Ptierotoxins.

Answer: c. Cyclicimines

34) What type of Azaspiracids have been found in the digestive glands of Okinawan bivalves? A.
Gymnodimines b. Pinnatoxins c. Spirolides d. Ptierotoxins

Answer: d. Ptierotoxins

35) What does the organism Protoperidinium cassipes belong to?

a. Crustacean b. Bivalve c. Nematode d. Heterotrophic dinoflagellate

Answer: d. Heterotrophic dinoflagellate

36) In which tissue are Azaspiracids found in the highest concentrations?

a. Viscera b. Muscle c. Skin d. Liver

Answer: d. Liver

37) What toxin is produced by the symbiont bacteria associated with puffer fish?

a. Saxitoxin b. Histamine c. Aminoperhydroquinazoline d. Morganella morgani

Answer: c. Aminoperhydroquinazoline

38) How can histamine poisoning in fish be prevented?

a. Salting or marinating the fish

b. Freezing the fish for 24 hours

c. Cooking the fish at 37 0 C

d. Both A and B

Answer: d. Both A and B

39) Which type of parasite are associated with seafood-related illness?

a. Nematodes b. Cestodes c. Flukes d. All of the above

Answer: d. All of the above

40) Which toxin is found in the skin, liver, viscera, gonads, intestine and muscle of puffer fish?

a. Scombroid poisoning b. Histamine c. Tetrodotoxin d. Anisakis simplex

Answer: c. Tetrodotoxin

41) What effect does Capillaria philippinensis have on humans?

a. Sudden onset of abdominal pain b. Meningitis c. Creeping sensation d. Severe diarrhea

Answer: d. Severe diarrhea

42) What is the maximum permissible limit of seafood in histamine?

a. 50 ml b. 50 ppm c.50 km d. 50 cm

Answer: b. 50 ppm

43) What fish is associated with D. latum infection?

a. Tuna b. Seer fish c. Freshwater fish d. All of the above

Answer: D. All of the above.

44. Which toxin is most widely studied and more toxic among mycotoxins?

a) Aspergillus toxin b) Penicillium toxin c) aflatoxin d) Mesophilic toxin

Answer: c) Aflatoxin

45. What is the temperature range at which mycotoxins to produce aflatoxin?

a) 25-500 0 C b) 40-520 0 C c) 35-450 0 C d) 25-400 0 C

Answer: d) 25-400 0 C

46. Which Aspergillus species produce B1 and B2 mycotoxin?

a) A. flavus b) A. niger c) A. parasitiocus d) A. napus

Answer: a) A. flavus

47. What are the foods that support aflatoxin production?

a) Dairy products, bakery products, cereals, forage crops, dry fish

b) Bakery products, milk, beef, cereals, fruits

c) Bakery products, milk and vegetables

d) Eggs, bakery products, diary products, cereals, fish

Answer: a) Dairy products, bakery products, cereals, forage crops, dry fish

48. What is the syndrome caused due to ingestion of mycotoxin?a. Mutagenesis. B.

Carcinogenesis.c.Mycotoxicosis.D.Aspergillosis.

Solution. Myco toxicosis.

49.Mycotoxins are produced by which type of organisms?

a) Bacteria b) Viruses c) Fungi d) Protozoa

Answer: c) Fungi

50. What is the maximum level of aflatoxins permissible under international guidelines?

a) 60 ppb b) 50 ppb c) 40 ppb d) 30 ppb

Solution. D. 30 ppb