VICTORY INTERNATIONAL SCHOOLS

DAMMAM

SIMPLIFIED NOTES FOR

CHAPTER
PERIODIC TABLE

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The Periodic Table of Elements

The Periodic Table of Elements

• The periodic table is a table containing all elements arranged in

ascending order from the one with lowest atomic number to the one
with highest atomic number.
• There are 8 vertical groups (Columns) in the periodic table. The group
number is equal to the number of electrons in the outer most energy shell
of the atoms of the elements in the group. Therefore, elements of the
same group share the same chemical properties.
• There are seven horizontal periods (rows) in the periodic table. The
period number is also the number of occupied energy shells in the atoms
of the elements in the period.
So, if an element has 3 valence electrons, it will be in group 3. And

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 if it has 4 occupied energy shells, it will be in period 4.

• valency increases with the group till group 4, then decreases.

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Group 1

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The transition elements
The transition elements are the block of 30 elements in the middle of the
periodic Table. They are all metals, and include most of the metals we
use every day – such as iron, tin, copper, and silver.
Physical properties:
1) hard, tough and strong. They are not soft like the Group I metals.
2) high melting points. But mercury is an exception. It is liquid at room
temperature. (It melts at -39 ° C.)
3) malleable (can be hammered into different shapes) and ductile (can
be drawn out into wires).
4) good conductors of heat and electricity. Of all the metals, silver is
the best conductor of electricity, and copper is next.
5) high density. They are heavy.
6) Iron,cobaltand nickel are magnetic.Here is some data for transition
elements, with sodium for comparison:

Element Symbol Density Melting point

Iron Fe 7.9 g / cm3 1535° C
copper Cu 8.9 g / cm3 1083° C
nickel Ni 8.9 g / cm3 1455° C
sodium Na 0.97 g / cm3 98° C

Chemical properties
1)They are much less reactive than the Group I metals.For example copper
and nickel do not react with water, or catch fire in air – unlike sodium.

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2) In general, the transition elements do not corrode readily in the
atmosphere (as cobalt,chromium,nickel) (But iron is an exception – it
rusts easily).
3) Most transition elements form coloured compounds. In contrast, the
group I metals form white compounds.
Transition Metal Ion Color
Co2+ Cobalt (II) pink
Cu2+ Copper (II) blue-green
Fe2+ Iron (II) green
Fe3+ Iron (III) Red brown
CrO4- (chromate) yellow
Cr2O72- (dichromate) orange
MnO4-(manganate) purple
Cr3+ (chromium) green

4) The metal and their compounds show catalytic activity. For example,
- Iron is used in the industrial production of ammonia gas (Haber
process). (except zinc)
- Vanadium (V) oxide is used (in contact process) for manufacture of
sulfuric acid.
- Manganese dioxide in decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
5) The transition elements show variable(more than one) valency / oxidation
state. Most can form ions with different charges. (except zinc)
Example copper: Cu+, Cu2+ iron: Fe2+, Fe3+

So that they can form more than one compound with an element. This is
because of their variable valency. For example:
copper(I) oxide, Cu2O copper (II) oxide, CuO
iron (II) oxide, FeO iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3
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6) Most transition elements can form complex ions.

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Group 0 or group VIII: Noble gases:
This group of non-metals contains the elements Helium-He,Neon-Ne,
Argon-Ar, Krypton-Kr, and xenon-Xe .
We get the other noble gases from the air, in the fractional distillation
of liquid air. These elements are all:
1) Non-metals
2) Colorless gases, which occur naturally in air.
3) Monatomic – they exist as single atoms.
4) They are inert or unreactive. They do not normally react with anything in
order to gain, lose or share electrons, because they have complete filled
outer shell, that is they are called noble.
Uses of noble gases
Helium: Used to fill balloons and airships, because it is much lighter than air
and unreactive will not catch fire.
Neon: Used in advertising signs. It glows red when electricity passes through
it.
Argon is used as a filler in ordinary tungsten light bulbs.
It provides an inert atmosphere That prevents metal filament (tungsten) from
burning. Filament lasts longer.

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