Name: Karen Cotejo Score: ___________

Schedule: W-F(8:30-11:30) Date:December 15, 2022

Online Activity No. 06 Plant

Bioactive Compounds

Introduction:
Many of the most useful bioactive chemicals – those that exert effects upon the physiology of an organism – have
been isolated from plants. Many of these have been identified as alkaloids. Alkaloids are organic compounds containing
nitrogen rings, and the name also implies that it is basic in solution. These compounds have a bitter taste and according to
standard naming, most of it ends in the suffix – INE. These alkaloids can often act on neurotransmitters, the natural chemical
messengers of the nervous system. These compounds may either be a stimulant or a depressant. Notable examples of these
compounds include caffeine, cocaine, morphine and nicotine.
Another group of physiologically active substances are the terpenes. These belong to a group of plant chemicals that
serve a variety of functions in plants. These contain lactones that are often attributed as the active ingredients in herbal
preparations.
Glycosides are another group of substances that can have physiological changes. The cyanogenic glycosides release
cyanide, the cardio active glycosides affect the circulatory system. Examples of cardioactive glycosides include digitalis and
Lily of the Valley.
Saponins are also a class of bioactive compounds that contain a steroid component. These are physiologically
important because of the many steroid hormones are classified as steroids.

A. Bioactive Compounds. Complete the table below ALKALOIDS

Plant Source Bioactive compounds(name Parts used Medicinal Use
(Scientific name) more than 1 if applicable) (e.g. leaf, bark) (e.g. anticancer)

Tobacco carbon monoxide, hydrogen Leaf -antiseptic and to stop

cyanide, benzene, bleeding
SN: Nicotiana tabacum
formaldehyde, nicotine, -inhaled through the
phenol, polycyclic aromatic nose) for medicinal and
hydrocarbons ritualistic purposes
- blown into the ear to
(National Library of treat earaches.
Medicine, 2022) (National Library of
Medicine, 2022)

Lobelia phenolics, flavonoids, The dried leaf, stem, and -antioxidant

SN: Lobelia nicotianifolia
Areca nut
SN: Areca catechu L.
anthraquinones, coumarin, root powder -cytotoxic
terpenes, saponins, and alkaloids (Pharmacognosy (Pharmacognosy Magazine,
(Pharmacognosy Magazine, Magazine, 2022) 2022)
2022)
Phenolic compounds Nut • Antioxidant, anti-
aging,
Flavonoid Seed antihelminthic,
Catechin antimicrobial,
analgesic, and anti-
(Intech Open, 2022) Leaves
inflammatory
[2, 10, 11, 12, 13].
(Intech Open, 2022) • It can reduce the
risk of dental caries.
• Apoptosis and cell
cycle arrest in
carcinoma cell lines
• Hypolipidemic
• Hypoglycemic
activity
 • Antidepressant
• Α-glucosidase
inhibitory
• Antihypertensive
• Immunomodulatory
activity
• Vascular relaxation
• Anticonvulsant
activity
• Anti-allergic

(Intech Open, 2022)

Belladonna atropine, hyoscine Roots treating arthritis pain
(scopolamine), and leaves -colds or hay fever
SN: Atropa belladonna
hyoscyamine, have fruits -bronchospasms caused
anticholinergic properties. (Encyclopedia pub, by asthma
2022) -whooping cough
(Encyclopedia pub, 2022) -hemorrhoids
-nerve problems
-Parkinson's disease,
colic
-irritable bowel
syndrome
-motion sickness.
(Encyclopedia pub, 2022)
Egyptian Henbane -Hyoscyamine Stem - relieve muscle
-scopolamine Leaves tremors
SN: Hyoscyamus muticus
Flowers - calming effect
Extract

Jimson Weed - tropane alkaloids leaves - used as a mydriatic

hyoscyamine seeds (dilates the pupils)
SN: Datura stramonium
- scopolamine (American Botanical before surgery
- minor tropane alkaloids Council, 2022) - seeds are sometimes
(American Botanical used to make medicine
Council, 2022) (American Botanical
Council, 2022)
Withania -alkaloids -leaves -antiAsthma
-steroids -antidiabetes
SN: Withania somnifera
-phenolics -roots -antihypertension
- flavonoids -flowers -stress
-bark -anti arthritic diseases,
-anticancer.
- stem
Duboisia -Scopolamine Leaves -Antispasmodic
-hyoscyamine -analgesic.
SN: Duboisia myoporoides
- minor alkaloids
- butylscopolamine
 Pituri -Scopolamine Leaves used as a stimulant and in
-hyoscyamin Flower larger doses as an
SN: Duboisia hopwoodii
- nicotine. analgesic
Coca -Cocaine Leaves reduction of fatigue and
-benzoylecgonine Bark the mitigation of thirst
SN: Erythroxylum coca -ecgonine and hunger.
Cinchona quinine, quinidine, Bark used for increasing
cinchonine, cinchonidine, Leaves appetite; promoting the
SN: Cinchona ledgeriana Moens
quinic acid, keno-tannic Flower release of digestive
acid, qinovin, and kinova- juices; and treating
tannic acid bloating, fullness, and
other stomach problems
Cuprea flavonoids and phenolic Leaves treat several diseases
compounds including diarrhoea,
SN: Alocasia cuprea
constipation, diabetes,
and cancer.
Ipecac alkaloids, cephaeline, and roots used in the emergency
methyl-cephaeline treatment of certain kinds
SN: Carapichea ipecacuanha
(emetine) of poisoning
Hydrastis isoquinoline alkaloid roots and leaves antibiotic,
Berberine immunostimulatory,
SN: Hydrastis canadensis
anticonvulsant, sedative,
febrifugal, hypotensive,
uterotonic, choleretic, and
carminative
Blood root -Chelerythrine Roots -Antiseptic
-berberine Leave -anti-inflammatory.
SN: Sanguinaria - oxysanguinarine
-Sanguinarine
Curare - alkaloid tubocurarine Seed used as a general
Leaves anesthetic and muscle
SN: Chondrdendron tomentosum
relaxant in various types
of surgeries
Opium -Morphine Seed used to diagnose an
-codeine abnormal connection
SN: Papaver somniferum
-heroin. between the bowel and
the bladder (vesicoenteric
fistula).
Rauwolfia alkaloids of the indole Roots effective treatment for
alkaloid family, including hypertension
SN: Rauvolfia serpentina
ajmaline, ajmalicine,
reserpine, and serpentine
Catharantus Vinca Alkaloids Roots anticancer
Leaves
SN: Catharanthus
Nux vomica strychnine and brucine seed treatment of
Minor alkaloids neurodisorders, arthritis
SN: Strychnos nux-vomica
Protostrychnine and vomiting.
Vomicine
n-oxystrychnine,
pseudostrychnine,
isostrychnine, chlorogenic
acid
-a glycoside.
 Calabar bean physostigmine Seed used for eye problems,
constipation, epilepsy,
SN: Physostigma venenosum
cholera, and tetanus.
Ergot rye lysergic acid as well as its Seed excessive bleeding during
precursor, ergotamine. menstrual periods, to
SN: Claviceps purpurea.
expel placenta after
childbirth
Jaborandi -Pilocarpine Leaves used for diarrhea,
-Isopilocarpine glaucoma, and to cause
SN: Pilocarpus
-Pilocarpidine. sweating.
White Hellebore hypotensive ester alkaloids Flower relieves diarrhea with
and jervine. Leave vomiting and profuse
SN: Veratrum album
Seed sweating.

Green Hellebore hypotensive ester alkaloids Leaves used for epilepsy, spasms,
-jervine Seed high blood pressure,
SN: Helleborus
- alkaloids leaves fever, fluid retention, and
nervousness.
Colchicum alkaloid colchicines roots and seeds used to treat gout and a
certain inherited disease
called familial
 SN: Colchicum autumnale Mediterranean fever.
Khat cathinone and cathine leaves used for depression,
(norpseudoephedrine) fatigue, obesity, stomach
SN: Catha edulis
ulcers, and male
infertility.
Mescal Buttons psychoactive compound Flesh/fruit analgesic, treating things
mescaline. including toothaches,
SN: Lophophora williamsii
rheumatism, asthma,
and even cold symptoms.
Coffee -Caffeine seed used for diabetes,
-chlorogenic acids (CGAs) cancer, heart disease,
SN: Coffea
- trigonelline high blood pressure,
- tryptophan alkaloids dementia
-diterpenes
-secondary metabolites.
Cacao Theobromine. seed infectious intestinal
Serotonin. diseases and diarrhea,
SN: Theobroma cacao
Anandamide. asthma, bronchitis, and
Fenylethylamine. as an expectorant for
lung congestion
Tobacco Nicotine leaves relieve pains and to
manage inflammatory
SN: Nicotiana tabacum
diseases caused by
swelling
Kola nut Caffeine seed short-term relief of
theobromine fatigue, depression,
SN: Cola acuminata
chronic fatigue
syndrome (CFS),
melancholy, lack of
normal muscle tone
(atony), exhaustion,
dysentery, a type of
diarrhea called atonic
diarrhea, weight loss,
and migraine headaches
Guarana guarana (Box 1), caffeine, seed antimicrobial,
theobromine, and antioxidant,
SN: Paullinia cupana
theophylline anticarcinogenic,
stimulating, and
cognitive functions, as
well as liver protection
and weight loss.
Paraguay Tea acid and phenolic acids leaves and stems weight reduction, anti-
inflammatory effects,
SN: Ilex paraguariensis
vasodilation and
hypocholesterolemic
effects.

CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES

Plant Source Bioactive compounds Parts used Medicinal Use

(Scientific name) (name more than 1 if (e.g. leaf, bark) (e.g. anticancer)
applicable)
 Digitalis Digoxin dried leaves expectorant and
digitoxin, treatment for epilepsy,
SN: Digitalis
swelling, and sore
throats.
Convallaria -convallatoxin, Roots cardiotonic
-convalloside, diuretic
SN: Convallaria majalis
-lokunjoside.
Apocynum cardenolides Roots rheumatism, coughs, pox,
whooping cough, asthma,
SN: Apocynum cannabinum L. (Apocynaceae)
internal parasites,
diarrhea, and to increase
lactation.
Adonis -Adonidin Roots Sedative
-aconitic acid Flowers cardiac glycosides
SN: Adonis vernalis
Black Hellebore -magnoflorine -Leaves drug possesses drastic
-benzylisoquinoline - -root purgative, emmenagogue
SN: Helleborus niger
alkaloids -underground stem and anthelmintic
-tetracyclic properties
-pentacyclic triterpenoid
saponina
-ranunculin
-cardiac glycosides.
Squill -bufadienolide Dried bulb diuretic, emetic,
-glycosides expectorant, and
SN: Urginea maritima
cardiotonic.
Strophantus -Cimarin Seed antimicrobial, wound-
-k-strophanthinP healing, antioxidant,
SN: Strophanthus
-k – strophanthoside analgesic, and
anticarcinogenic
properties.
 Apocynum cardenolides Roots rheumatism, coughs, pox,
whooping cough, asthma,
SN: Apocynum cannabinum L. (Apocynaceae)
internal parasites,
diarrhea, and to increase
lactation.

SAPONINS
Plant Source Bioactive compounds(name Parts used Medicinal Use
(Scientific name) more than 1 if applicable) (e.g. leaf, bark) (e.g. anticancer)

Glycyrrhizin, volatile root and rhizome respiratory disorders,

Licorices
compounds, flavonoids, and hyperdipsia, epilepsy,
SN: Glycyrrhiza saponins fever, sexual debility,
paralysis, stomach ulcers,
rheumatism, skin
diseases, hemorrhagic
diseases, and jaundice.
Ginseng ginsenosides, saponins, roots and rhizomes promoting immune
flavonoids, polyphenols and function, central nervous
SN: Panax ginseng
volatile oils system (CNS) function,
relieving stress, and for
its antioxidant activities
Dioscorides menthol, menthone, Roots anaesthesia
isomenthone,menthyl
SN: Viennese Dioscorides
acetate

CYANOGENIC
Plant Source Bioactive compounds Parts used Medicinal Use
(Scientific name) (name more than 1 if (e.g. leaf, bark) (e.g. anticancer)
applicable)
Wild Cherry tocopherols, vitamins, bark and fruit Used in whooping cough,
polyphenols and terpenes bronchitis
SN: Prunus avium
(lunginflammation)
Apricot Phenolics flesh, stem, peel, asthma, constipation,
Flavonoids discarded tuber and infertility, vaginal
SN: Prunus armeniaca
anthocyanins the leaf infections,
Cassava alkaloid compound, flesh, stem, peel, tiredness, dehydration in
flavonoid, tannin, discarded tuber and people with diarrhea,
SN: Manihot esculenta Crantz
anthraquinone, the leaf sepsis, and to induce
phlobatannin, saponin, labor
protein, vitamins A, C and E
and mineral such as
calcium, magnesium,
phosphor, iron ions, sodium,
and chloride
Almond -sterols seed -mild laxative
-tocols - soothe mucous
SN: Prunus dulcis
membranes
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